摘要
住房是民众的安身立命之所,提供住房保障是政府分内之事、应尽之责。为全面掌握民众对住房保障的满意程度,理清其中的影响因素,基于中国综合社会调查2013年度数据,结合OLS估计和分位数回归等方法,从公众满意度视角出发评价中国的住房保障政策。研究表明:(1)住房保障政策的满意度并不尽如人意,城镇居民评分甚至未达及格线。(2)住房保障的便利性是最大需求,且资源分配越均衡、公共性越强、提供的数量越充足,居民的满意度越高。进一步,居民信任感知与公平感知的水平越高,住房保障的满意度越高,可称得上是居民"既患不信,也患不公"。(3)分位数回归的结果表明,随着居民满意度的提升,便利的配套资源依然是最大需求,公共性与均衡性需求弱化,取而代之的是充足性需求不断强化。因此,首先应当强化住房保障政策的顶层设计,不仅要坚持政府的主导地位,加快立法进程,还要着力构建统一有效的管理体制。其次,尤其应当重视住房保障资源的便利性。一方面要进一步规范规章制度,明晰申请条件、审核程序等;另一方面要优化保障房的空间布局,尽力减少"空间错配"。
Housing is the basic element for residents to live. It is the government's responsibility to provide housing guarantee for the public. In order to fully grasp the people's satisfaction with housing security and clarify the influencing factors,this paper evaluates China's housing security policy from the perspective of public satisfaction based on the 2013 annual survey data of China's comprehensive social survey combining with the OLS estimation and quantile regression method. The study finds that:( 1) the housing security policy satisfaction is not satisfactory,urban residents were even below the pass line.( 2) the convenience of housing security is the greatest demand of residents. The more balanced allocation of resources,the stronger publicity and the more adequate of the number,the higher satisfaction degree the residents will have. Further more,the higher level of residents' perception of trust and fairness,the higher satisfaction degree the residents will have of housing security policy.( 3) With the residents' satisfaction ascension,convenient supporting resource remains the largest demand,commonality and balance demand weaken,instead the adequacy requirements of housing resources gradually strengthen.Therefore,first of all,we should strengthen the top-level design of housing security policy,not only to adhere to the government's dominant position,speed up the legislative process,but also focus on building a unified and effective management system. Secondly,we should attach great importance to the convenience of housing security resources. On one hand,we should further standardize the rules and regulations,clarify the application conditions and procedures,etc. On the other hand,the space layout of the guarantee room should be optimized to reduce the"space mismatch".
引文
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(1)作者感谢中国人民大学调查与数据中心及相关工作人员向本文提供数据支持。
(1)CGSS 2013数据分为四个部分,A部分基本情况、B部分CGSS十年回顾、C部分公共服务、D部分公民道德状况。且划分为随机抽取的一半样本的A卷和B卷,其中A卷涉及ABC三个部分,B卷涉及ABD三个部分。数据库网址:http://www.chinagss.org/。
(2)本文将农村居民也作为研究对象的原因主要有两点:第一,农村危房改造是针对农村居民住房保障政策,且当前大量农村居民进城务工,也是住房保障政策的重要受众群体。第二,本人关注不是享受到住房保障政策人群的满意度,而是关注广大民众对住房保障政策的总体观感与具体评价。当然,不可否认的是城镇居民是住房保障政策的主要受众群体,廉租房、公租房、房价调控等政策主要针对的是城镇居民,但农村居民,尤其是进城务工群体对住房保障政策的评价也颇具意义。
(1)CGSS 2013问卷涉及134个城市,由于公布的数据中关于调查对象的地理信息仅披露到了省一级,详见:关于CGSS数据地理信息披露的说明http://www.chinagss.org/index.php?r=index/artabout&aid=17。