公众满意度视角下中国住房保障政策评价
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摘要
住房是民众的安身立命之所,提供住房保障是政府分内之事、应尽之责。为全面掌握民众对住房保障的满意程度,理清其中的影响因素,基于中国综合社会调查2013年度数据,结合OLS估计和分位数回归等方法,从公众满意度视角出发评价中国的住房保障政策。研究表明:(1)住房保障政策的满意度并不尽如人意,城镇居民评分甚至未达及格线。(2)住房保障的便利性是最大需求,且资源分配越均衡、公共性越强、提供的数量越充足,居民的满意度越高。进一步,居民信任感知与公平感知的水平越高,住房保障的满意度越高,可称得上是居民"既患不信,也患不公"。(3)分位数回归的结果表明,随着居民满意度的提升,便利的配套资源依然是最大需求,公共性与均衡性需求弱化,取而代之的是充足性需求不断强化。因此,首先应当强化住房保障政策的顶层设计,不仅要坚持政府的主导地位,加快立法进程,还要着力构建统一有效的管理体制。其次,尤其应当重视住房保障资源的便利性。一方面要进一步规范规章制度,明晰申请条件、审核程序等;另一方面要优化保障房的空间布局,尽力减少"空间错配"。
Housing is the basic element for residents to live. It is the government's responsibility to provide housing guarantee for the public. In order to fully grasp the people's satisfaction with housing security and clarify the influencing factors,this paper evaluates China's housing security policy from the perspective of public satisfaction based on the 2013 annual survey data of China's comprehensive social survey combining with the OLS estimation and quantile regression method. The study finds that:( 1) the housing security policy satisfaction is not satisfactory,urban residents were even below the pass line.( 2) the convenience of housing security is the greatest demand of residents. The more balanced allocation of resources,the stronger publicity and the more adequate of the number,the higher satisfaction degree the residents will have. Further more,the higher level of residents' perception of trust and fairness,the higher satisfaction degree the residents will have of housing security policy.( 3) With the residents' satisfaction ascension,convenient supporting resource remains the largest demand,commonality and balance demand weaken,instead the adequacy requirements of housing resources gradually strengthen.Therefore,first of all,we should strengthen the top-level design of housing security policy,not only to adhere to the government's dominant position,speed up the legislative process,but also focus on building a unified and effective management system. Secondly,we should attach great importance to the convenience of housing security resources. On one hand,we should further standardize the rules and regulations,clarify the application conditions and procedures,etc. On the other hand,the space layout of the guarantee room should be optimized to reduce the"space mismatch".
Housing is the basic element for residents to live. It is the government's responsibility to provide housing guarantee for the public. In order to fully grasp the people's satisfaction with housing security and clarify the influencing factors,this paper evaluates China's housing security policy from the perspective of public satisfaction based on the 2013 annual survey data of China's comprehensive social survey combining with the OLS estimation and quantile regression method. The study finds that:( 1) the housing security policy satisfaction is not satisfactory,urban residents were even below the pass line.( 2) the convenience of housing security is the greatest demand of residents. The more balanced allocation of resources,the stronger publicity and the more adequate of the number,the higher satisfaction degree the residents will have. Further more,the higher level of residents' perception of trust and fairness,the higher satisfaction degree the residents will have of housing security policy.( 3) With the residents' satisfaction ascension,convenient supporting resource remains the largest demand,commonality and balance demand weaken,instead the adequacy requirements of housing resources gradually strengthen.Therefore,first of all,we should strengthen the top-level design of housing security policy,not only to adhere to the government's dominant position,speed up the legislative process,but also focus on building a unified and effective management system. Secondly,we should attach great importance to the convenience of housing security resources. On one hand,we should further standardize the rules and regulations,clarify the application conditions and procedures,etc. On the other hand,the space layout of the guarantee room should be optimized to reduce the"space mismatch".
引文
Aliprantis D.and Hartley D.Blowing it up and knocking it down:The local and city-wide effects of demolishing high concentration public housing on crime[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2010,88:67-81.
Arnott R J.and Braid R M.A Filtering Model with Steady-state Housing[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,1997,27:515-546.
Currie J,Yelowitz A.Are public housing projects good for kids?[J].Journal of Public Economics,2000,75(1):99-124.
David Donnison,Clare Ungerson.Housing Policy[M].London:Penguin Books Ltd.,1982.
David P.Varady,Mark A.Carrozza.Toward a Better Way to Measure Customer Satisfaction Levels in Public Housing:A Report from Cincinnati[J].Housing Studies,2000,15(6):797-825.
Digenis-Bury E,Brooks D L,Ostrem M,et al.Use of a population-based survey to describe the health of Boston public housing residents.[J].American Journal of Public Health,2008,98(1):85-91.
Disney R,Luo G.The Right to Buy Public Housing in Britain:A Welfare Analysis[J].Journal of Housing Economics,2017,35(1):51-68.
Dujardin C,Goffettenagot F.Does public housing occupancy increase unemployment?[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2008,9(6):823-851.
Gan X,Zuo J,Ye K,et al.Are migrant workers satisfied with public rental housing?A study in Chongqing,China[J].Habitat International,2016,56:96-102.
Gibb,K.Trends and change in social Housing Finance and provision with in the european union[J].Housing Studies,2010,17(2):325-336.
Goetz E G.Desegregation in 3D:Displacement,Dispersal and Development in American Public Housing[J].Housing Studies,2010,25(2):137-158.
Andersen G.The Three worlds of Welfare Capitalism[M].Cambriage:Polity Press,1990.
Huang Z,Du X.Assessment and determinants of residential satisfaction with public housing in Hangzhou,China[J].Habitat International,2015,47:218-230
Jacob B A.Public Housing Vouchers,and Student Achievement:Evidence from Public Housing Demolitions in Chicago[J].American Economic Review,2004,94(1):233-258.
Kemeny J.From Public Housing to the Social Market:Rental Policy Strategies in Comparative Perspective[M].1995.
Lowry,I.Filtering and Housing Standards:A Conceptual Analysis[J].Land Economics,1960,36(4):362-370.
Mcdonald J F.Fundamentals of urban economics[M].Prentice Hall(Higher Education Division,Pearson),1997.
Mohit M A,Ibrahim M,Yong R R.Assessment of residential satisfaction in newly designed public low-cost housing in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia[J].Habitat International,2010,34(1):18-27.
Schwartz A E,Mccabe B J,Ellen I G,et al.Public Schools,Public Housing:The Education of Children Living in Public Housing[J].Urban Affairs Review,2010,45(3):68-89.
Ukoha O M and Beamish J O.Assessment of residents’satisfaction with public housing in Abuja,Nigeria[J].Habitat International,1997,21(4):445-460.
Chen J,Yang Z,Wang Y P.The New Chinese Model of Public Housing:A Step Forward or Backward?[J].Housing Studies,2014,29(4):534-550.
蔡玉峰.廉租房住户退出机制探讨[J].管理世界,2009,(10):11-16.
程名望,史清华,Jin Yanhong,盖庆恩.农户收入差距及其根源:模型与实证[J].管理世界,2015,(7):17-28.
何立华,杨崇琪.城市居民住房满意度及其影响因素[J].公共管理学报,2011,(2):43-51+125.
纪江明,胡伟.中国城市公共服务满意度的熵权TOPSIS指数评价——基于2012连氏“中国城市公共服务质量调查”的实证分析[J].上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,(3):41-51.
贾康,张晓云.中国住房保障模式选择与政策优化:政府如何权衡“倒U曲线”演变中的机会公平与结果均平?[J].财政研究,2012,(7):2-15.
蒋和胜,王波.“十二五”以来中国保障性住房资金来源渠道分析[J].宏观经济研究,2016,(4):21-31.
李子奈,叶阿忠.高级应用计量经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2012.
刘林,李光浩,雷明.连片特困区少数民族农户收入差距的微观基础——以2011—2014年新疆南疆三地州为例[J].经济科学,2016,(3):87-99.
吕萍,周滔.农民工住房保障问题认识与对策研究——基于成本-效益分析[J].城市发展研究,2008,(3):110-114.
王晖.主要发达国家住房保障制度及其实施对中国的启示[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2006,(4):114-119.
阳义南,章上峰.收入不公平感、社会保险与中国国民幸福[J].金融研究,2016,(8):34-50.
袁正,夏波.信任与幸福:基于WVS的中国微观数据[J].中国经济问题,2012,(6):65-74.
张清勇.中国住房保障百年:回顾与展望[J].财贸经济,2014,(4):116-124.
赵晔琴.论农民工纳人城市住房保障体系之困境——基于准公共产品限域的讨论[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2015,(6):68-75.
郑思齐,符育明,任荣荣.住房保障的财政成本承担:中央政府还是地方政府?[J].公共行政评论,2009,(6):109-125+204-205.
朱亚鹏.中国住房保障政策分析——社会政策视角[J].公共行政评论,2008,(4):84-109+199.
(1)作者感谢中国人民大学调查与数据中心及相关工作人员向本文提供数据支持。
(1)CGSS 2013数据分为四个部分,A部分基本情况、B部分CGSS十年回顾、C部分公共服务、D部分公民道德状况。且划分为随机抽取的一半样本的A卷和B卷,其中A卷涉及ABC三个部分,B卷涉及ABD三个部分。数据库网址:http://www.chinagss.org/。
(2)本文将农村居民也作为研究对象的原因主要有两点:第一,农村危房改造是针对农村居民住房保障政策,且当前大量农村居民进城务工,也是住房保障政策的重要受众群体。第二,本人关注不是享受到住房保障政策人群的满意度,而是关注广大民众对住房保障政策的总体观感与具体评价。当然,不可否认的是城镇居民是住房保障政策的主要受众群体,廉租房、公租房、房价调控等政策主要针对的是城镇居民,但农村居民,尤其是进城务工群体对住房保障政策的评价也颇具意义。
(1)CGSS 2013问卷涉及134个城市,由于公布的数据中关于调查对象的地理信息仅披露到了省一级,详见:关于CGSS数据地理信息披露的说明http://www.chinagss.org/index.php?r=index/artabout&aid=17。
Arnott R J.and Braid R M.A Filtering Model with Steady-state Housing[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,1997,27:515-546.
Currie J,Yelowitz A.Are public housing projects good for kids?[J].Journal of Public Economics,2000,75(1):99-124.
David Donnison,Clare Ungerson.Housing Policy[M].London:Penguin Books Ltd.,1982.
David P.Varady,Mark A.Carrozza.Toward a Better Way to Measure Customer Satisfaction Levels in Public Housing:A Report from Cincinnati[J].Housing Studies,2000,15(6):797-825.
Digenis-Bury E,Brooks D L,Ostrem M,et al.Use of a population-based survey to describe the health of Boston public housing residents.[J].American Journal of Public Health,2008,98(1):85-91.
Disney R,Luo G.The Right to Buy Public Housing in Britain:A Welfare Analysis[J].Journal of Housing Economics,2017,35(1):51-68.
Dujardin C,Goffettenagot F.Does public housing occupancy increase unemployment?[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2008,9(6):823-851.
Gan X,Zuo J,Ye K,et al.Are migrant workers satisfied with public rental housing?A study in Chongqing,China[J].Habitat International,2016,56:96-102.
Gibb,K.Trends and change in social Housing Finance and provision with in the european union[J].Housing Studies,2010,17(2):325-336.
Goetz E G.Desegregation in 3D:Displacement,Dispersal and Development in American Public Housing[J].Housing Studies,2010,25(2):137-158.
Andersen G.The Three worlds of Welfare Capitalism[M].Cambriage:Polity Press,1990.
Huang Z,Du X.Assessment and determinants of residential satisfaction with public housing in Hangzhou,China[J].Habitat International,2015,47:218-230
Jacob B A.Public Housing Vouchers,and Student Achievement:Evidence from Public Housing Demolitions in Chicago[J].American Economic Review,2004,94(1):233-258.
Kemeny J.From Public Housing to the Social Market:Rental Policy Strategies in Comparative Perspective[M].1995.
Lowry,I.Filtering and Housing Standards:A Conceptual Analysis[J].Land Economics,1960,36(4):362-370.
Mcdonald J F.Fundamentals of urban economics[M].Prentice Hall(Higher Education Division,Pearson),1997.
Mohit M A,Ibrahim M,Yong R R.Assessment of residential satisfaction in newly designed public low-cost housing in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia[J].Habitat International,2010,34(1):18-27.
Schwartz A E,Mccabe B J,Ellen I G,et al.Public Schools,Public Housing:The Education of Children Living in Public Housing[J].Urban Affairs Review,2010,45(3):68-89.
Ukoha O M and Beamish J O.Assessment of residents’satisfaction with public housing in Abuja,Nigeria[J].Habitat International,1997,21(4):445-460.
Chen J,Yang Z,Wang Y P.The New Chinese Model of Public Housing:A Step Forward or Backward?[J].Housing Studies,2014,29(4):534-550.
蔡玉峰.廉租房住户退出机制探讨[J].管理世界,2009,(10):11-16.
程名望,史清华,Jin Yanhong,盖庆恩.农户收入差距及其根源:模型与实证[J].管理世界,2015,(7):17-28.
何立华,杨崇琪.城市居民住房满意度及其影响因素[J].公共管理学报,2011,(2):43-51+125.
纪江明,胡伟.中国城市公共服务满意度的熵权TOPSIS指数评价——基于2012连氏“中国城市公共服务质量调查”的实证分析[J].上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,(3):41-51.
贾康,张晓云.中国住房保障模式选择与政策优化:政府如何权衡“倒U曲线”演变中的机会公平与结果均平?[J].财政研究,2012,(7):2-15.
蒋和胜,王波.“十二五”以来中国保障性住房资金来源渠道分析[J].宏观经济研究,2016,(4):21-31.
李子奈,叶阿忠.高级应用计量经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2012.
刘林,李光浩,雷明.连片特困区少数民族农户收入差距的微观基础——以2011—2014年新疆南疆三地州为例[J].经济科学,2016,(3):87-99.
吕萍,周滔.农民工住房保障问题认识与对策研究——基于成本-效益分析[J].城市发展研究,2008,(3):110-114.
王晖.主要发达国家住房保障制度及其实施对中国的启示[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2006,(4):114-119.
阳义南,章上峰.收入不公平感、社会保险与中国国民幸福[J].金融研究,2016,(8):34-50.
袁正,夏波.信任与幸福:基于WVS的中国微观数据[J].中国经济问题,2012,(6):65-74.
张清勇.中国住房保障百年:回顾与展望[J].财贸经济,2014,(4):116-124.
赵晔琴.论农民工纳人城市住房保障体系之困境——基于准公共产品限域的讨论[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2015,(6):68-75.
郑思齐,符育明,任荣荣.住房保障的财政成本承担:中央政府还是地方政府?[J].公共行政评论,2009,(6):109-125+204-205.
朱亚鹏.中国住房保障政策分析——社会政策视角[J].公共行政评论,2008,(4):84-109+199.
(1)作者感谢中国人民大学调查与数据中心及相关工作人员向本文提供数据支持。
(1)CGSS 2013数据分为四个部分,A部分基本情况、B部分CGSS十年回顾、C部分公共服务、D部分公民道德状况。且划分为随机抽取的一半样本的A卷和B卷,其中A卷涉及ABC三个部分,B卷涉及ABD三个部分。数据库网址:http://www.chinagss.org/。
(2)本文将农村居民也作为研究对象的原因主要有两点:第一,农村危房改造是针对农村居民住房保障政策,且当前大量农村居民进城务工,也是住房保障政策的重要受众群体。第二,本人关注不是享受到住房保障政策人群的满意度,而是关注广大民众对住房保障政策的总体观感与具体评价。当然,不可否认的是城镇居民是住房保障政策的主要受众群体,廉租房、公租房、房价调控等政策主要针对的是城镇居民,但农村居民,尤其是进城务工群体对住房保障政策的评价也颇具意义。
(1)CGSS 2013问卷涉及134个城市,由于公布的数据中关于调查对象的地理信息仅披露到了省一级,详见:关于CGSS数据地理信息披露的说明http://www.chinagss.org/index.php?r=index/artabout&aid=17。