美国国际税制改革及其影响
|
摘要
美国2017年颁布实施的《减税与就业法》改革了1986年实施的《税制改革法》的国际税制,主要针对跨国投资活动造成的避税和漏税问题,以及高新技术企业跨国投资的税收难题,设置全新的全球无形收入所得税、海外无形收入所得税、税基侵蚀与反滥用税立法。美国对跨国企业在海外递延的巨额盈利实施降低税率,推动资本回流措施,实现了从全球征税制向有限辖地征税制的转型,美国新国际税制的模式是参与豁免体制。国际税制的转型既会对美国海外资本流动产生影响,也会影响包括中国企业在内的外资企业的在美投资,尤其是对于在美大银行业务将产生潜在影响。未来,中美两国仍需继续展开双边投资协定的谈判,签订中美两国双边投资协定将有助于改善中美关系,重塑中美相互投资的格局。
The 2017 Tax Cut and Job Act( Pub. L. 115-97,TCJA)reformed the international tax system embodied in the Tax Reform Act of1986( Pub. L. 99-514,TRA). This reform directly addresses American Multinational Corporation's( MNC) longtime tax evasions,and the tax loopholes in international investment which has been conveniently exploited by the technology giants. The 2017 TCJA regulates three new tax rules of GILTI,FDII and BEAT. It is believed that President Trump's international tax reform will bring huge American tax fund inbound and bring back investment to the U. S.,and he can achieve the grand goal of "Make America Great Again". 2017 TCJA transforms the U. S. World-Wide Tax System into a Quasi-Participation Exemption Tax System( DRD),which keeps pace with the international tax trend. American new international tax reform has important impacts on the bilateral investment between China and the United States,and it is advised that China should be alerted with impacts of this reform on Chinese banking and invertment in the United States. China should renew the Bilateral Investment Treaty( BIT) talks with the United States,and if a deal could be reached,it will help to stabilize the bilateral relations,and reshape the bilateral investment in the future.
The 2017 Tax Cut and Job Act( Pub. L. 115-97,TCJA)reformed the international tax system embodied in the Tax Reform Act of1986( Pub. L. 99-514,TRA). This reform directly addresses American Multinational Corporation's( MNC) longtime tax evasions,and the tax loopholes in international investment which has been conveniently exploited by the technology giants. The 2017 TCJA regulates three new tax rules of GILTI,FDII and BEAT. It is believed that President Trump's international tax reform will bring huge American tax fund inbound and bring back investment to the U. S.,and he can achieve the grand goal of "Make America Great Again". 2017 TCJA transforms the U. S. World-Wide Tax System into a Quasi-Participation Exemption Tax System( DRD),which keeps pace with the international tax trend. American new international tax reform has important impacts on the bilateral investment between China and the United States,and it is advised that China should be alerted with impacts of this reform on Chinese banking and invertment in the United States. China should renew the Bilateral Investment Treaty( BIT) talks with the United States,and if a deal could be reached,it will help to stabilize the bilateral relations,and reshape the bilateral investment in the future.
引文
(1)Laurie Kellman, “Trump Signs MYM1.5 Trillion Tax Overhaul Package, ”Associated Press, Dec. 22, 2017,https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/12/22/trump-sign-tax-overhaul-package/108844256/.
(2)Daily Tax Report, “Johnson Controls, Tyco to Combine in Tax Inversion,” January 26, 2016, https://www.bna.com/johnson-controls-tyco-n57982066553/#!.
(3)Zachary R. Mider,“Ingersoll-Rand Cleared for U.S. Contracts Despite Inversion, ” Bloomberg News, December 22, 2014, https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/article9248612.html#storylink=cpy.
(4)Kevin Drawbaugh, “A Tax Inversion Is No Slam Dunk for Hot Stock Market Returns,” Reuters, Aug.18, 2014, https://www.businessinsider.com/r-when-companies-flee-us-tax-system-investors-often-dont-reap-big-returns-2014-18.
(5)“税务倒置”是指企业通过改变注册地的方式(一般是从高税率国家迁往传统的低税率国家,如荷兰、爱尔兰、百慕大等国家和地区),将原本适用的高税率变为适用的低税率,以实现避税的目的。参见chris@customapplicationsllc.com, “2014 Corporate Inversion Update,”September 5, 2014, http://www.ustaxinversion.com/2014/09/2014-corporate-inversion-update/。
(6)Joseph Lawler, “Untaxed Offshore Earnings of US Companies Rise to MYM 2.6 Trillion,”Washington Examiner, September 29, 2016, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/untaxed-offshore-earnings-of-us-companies-rises-to-26-trillion/article/2603249; Manuela Tobias, “Are there over MYM 4 Trillion of Untaxed Corporate Earnings Offshore, as Donald Trump Said?” August 3, 2017,http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/aug/03/donald-trump/are-there-over-4-trillion-untaxed-corporate-earnin.
(7)Dany Bahar,“When Renegotiating NAFTA, Trump Should Re-evaluate His Premises on International Trade,”Brookings, August 17, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/08/17/when-renegotiating-nafta-trump-should-re-evaluate-his-premises-on-international-trade/.
(8)115th Congress,“H.R.1 -An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Titles II and V of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2018,”Dec.22, 2017, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/ house-bill/1,2018-11-19.
(9)如《美国税法典》,第1248(i)节、第367节。
(10)“Pfizer Ends AstraZeneca Bid But The Tax Issues It Raised Live On,” Forbes, May 26, 2014.
(11)非受监管投资公司(RIC)或房地产投资信托(REIT)。
(12)20世纪70年代以来,欧盟各国先后引进、建立、实施了“专利盒”税制,对由科技创新和研发形成的知识产权等无形资产(专利、商标等)收益给予税收优惠待遇,以吸引对科技创新和研究开发领域的产业投资,创造并保护高价值的工作机会,聚集和培养创新研发人才和领导力,促进和提升本国经济向高端发展。
(13)“U.S.Tax Bill Provision likely to Spark EU Trade Dispute,”Reuters, December 21, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tax-trade-analysis/u-s-tax-bill-provision-likely-to-spark-eu-trade-dispute-legal-experts-idUSKBN1EF24X.
(14)Julie Martin,“Experts Consider next round of US International Tax Changes, BEAT as Leverage in EU Tax Negotiations, ” February 5, 2018, https://mnetax.com/experts-consider-next-round-us-international-tax-changes-using-beat-leverage-eu-tech-tax-negotiations-25866.
(15)“U.S. Repatriation Tax—Pay First Installment by April 17,” TaxNewsFlash-Canada, No.22, April 12, 2018.
(16)《DeepTech深科技》:《英特尔大举回撤美国本土,全球半导体行业大变局扑朔迷离》,2017年2月8日。参见https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/25182860 from_voters_page=true。
(17)Gene Munster, “Framing Apple's Cash Position Post Repatriation; No Change to M&A Philosophy,” Dec. 21, 2017, https://loupventures.com/framing-apples-cash-position-post-repatriation-no-change-to-ma-philosophy/.
(18)参见http://www.aihot.net/hardware/2537.html, 2018-11-19。
(19)Michael Mundaca, “Just the Facts: The Costs of a Repatriation Tax Holiday, ”March 3, 2011, https://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Just-the-Facts-The-Costs-of-a-Repatriation-Tax-Holiday.aspx.
(20)Nick Wells, “Companies Are Holding a MYM2.6 Trillion Pile of Cash Overseas that's Still Growing,”April 28, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/28/companies-are-holding-trillions-in-cash-overseas.html.
(21)Melissa Redmiles, “Statistics of Income Division, Internal Revenue Service. The One-Time Received Dividends Deduction,”.Statistics of Income Bulletin, Spring 2008, Volume 27, Number 4.
(22)Donald J. Marples, Jane G. Gravelle, Tax Cuts on Repatriation Earnings as Economic Stimulus: An Economic Analysis( Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011),p.4.
(23)U.S. International Transactions, Second Quarter 2018, Sept. 19, 2018, https://www.bea.gov/news/2018/us-international-transactions-second-quarter-2018.
(24)U.S. International Transactions: 1st Quarter 2018 and Annual Update, June 20, 2018, https://www.bea.gov/news/2018/us-international-transactions-1st-quarter-2018-and-annual-update; U.S. International Transactions: Second Quarter 2018, Sept 19, 2018, https://www.bea.gov/news/2018/us-international-transactions-second- quarter-2018.
(25)BEA, “U.S. International Transactions, Third Quarter 2018,” Dec. 19, 2018, https://www.bea.gov/news/2018/us-international-transactions-third-quarter-2018.
(26)1980年10月30日,中美两国签署《中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国关于投资保险和投资保证的鼓励投资协议和换文》,确认了美国海外跨国投资公司投资保险和保证制度适用于在华美资企业投资,但不涉及中国对美投资。参见http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=75951。
(27)Wayne M. Morrison, China-U.S. Trade Issues(Washington, D.C.: CRS, 2018), p.23.
(28)Evelyn Cheng, “Chinese investment in the US Drops 90% Amid Political Pressure, ” June 20, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/20/chinese-investment-in-the-us-drops-90-percent-amid-political-pressure.html.
(2)Daily Tax Report, “Johnson Controls, Tyco to Combine in Tax Inversion,” January 26, 2016, https://www.bna.com/johnson-controls-tyco-n57982066553/#!.
(3)Zachary R. Mider,“Ingersoll-Rand Cleared for U.S. Contracts Despite Inversion, ” Bloomberg News, December 22, 2014, https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/article9248612.html#storylink=cpy.
(4)Kevin Drawbaugh, “A Tax Inversion Is No Slam Dunk for Hot Stock Market Returns,” Reuters, Aug.18, 2014, https://www.businessinsider.com/r-when-companies-flee-us-tax-system-investors-often-dont-reap-big-returns-2014-18.
(5)“税务倒置”是指企业通过改变注册地的方式(一般是从高税率国家迁往传统的低税率国家,如荷兰、爱尔兰、百慕大等国家和地区),将原本适用的高税率变为适用的低税率,以实现避税的目的。参见chris@customapplicationsllc.com, “2014 Corporate Inversion Update,”September 5, 2014, http://www.ustaxinversion.com/2014/09/2014-corporate-inversion-update/。
(6)Joseph Lawler, “Untaxed Offshore Earnings of US Companies Rise to MYM 2.6 Trillion,”Washington Examiner, September 29, 2016, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/untaxed-offshore-earnings-of-us-companies-rises-to-26-trillion/article/2603249; Manuela Tobias, “Are there over MYM 4 Trillion of Untaxed Corporate Earnings Offshore, as Donald Trump Said?” August 3, 2017,http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/aug/03/donald-trump/are-there-over-4-trillion-untaxed-corporate-earnin.
(7)Dany Bahar,“When Renegotiating NAFTA, Trump Should Re-evaluate His Premises on International Trade,”Brookings, August 17, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/08/17/when-renegotiating-nafta-trump-should-re-evaluate-his-premises-on-international-trade/.
(8)115th Congress,“H.R.1 -An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Titles II and V of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2018,”Dec.22, 2017, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/ house-bill/1,2018-11-19.
(9)如《美国税法典》,第1248(i)节、第367节。
(10)“Pfizer Ends AstraZeneca Bid But The Tax Issues It Raised Live On,” Forbes, May 26, 2014.
(11)非受监管投资公司(RIC)或房地产投资信托(REIT)。
(12)20世纪70年代以来,欧盟各国先后引进、建立、实施了“专利盒”税制,对由科技创新和研发形成的知识产权等无形资产(专利、商标等)收益给予税收优惠待遇,以吸引对科技创新和研究开发领域的产业投资,创造并保护高价值的工作机会,聚集和培养创新研发人才和领导力,促进和提升本国经济向高端发展。
(13)“U.S.Tax Bill Provision likely to Spark EU Trade Dispute,”Reuters, December 21, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tax-trade-analysis/u-s-tax-bill-provision-likely-to-spark-eu-trade-dispute-legal-experts-idUSKBN1EF24X.
(14)Julie Martin,“Experts Consider next round of US International Tax Changes, BEAT as Leverage in EU Tax Negotiations, ” February 5, 2018, https://mnetax.com/experts-consider-next-round-us-international-tax-changes-using-beat-leverage-eu-tech-tax-negotiations-25866.
(15)“U.S. Repatriation Tax—Pay First Installment by April 17,” TaxNewsFlash-Canada, No.22, April 12, 2018.
(16)《DeepTech深科技》:《英特尔大举回撤美国本土,全球半导体行业大变局扑朔迷离》,2017年2月8日。参见https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/25182860 from_voters_page=true。
(17)Gene Munster, “Framing Apple's Cash Position Post Repatriation; No Change to M&A Philosophy,” Dec. 21, 2017, https://loupventures.com/framing-apples-cash-position-post-repatriation-no-change-to-ma-philosophy/.
(18)参见http://www.aihot.net/hardware/2537.html, 2018-11-19。
(19)Michael Mundaca, “Just the Facts: The Costs of a Repatriation Tax Holiday, ”March 3, 2011, https://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Just-the-Facts-The-Costs-of-a-Repatriation-Tax-Holiday.aspx.
(20)Nick Wells, “Companies Are Holding a MYM2.6 Trillion Pile of Cash Overseas that's Still Growing,”April 28, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/28/companies-are-holding-trillions-in-cash-overseas.html.
(21)Melissa Redmiles, “Statistics of Income Division, Internal Revenue Service. The One-Time Received Dividends Deduction,”.Statistics of Income Bulletin, Spring 2008, Volume 27, Number 4.
(22)Donald J. Marples, Jane G. Gravelle, Tax Cuts on Repatriation Earnings as Economic Stimulus: An Economic Analysis( Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011),p.4.
(23)U.S. International Transactions, Second Quarter 2018, Sept. 19, 2018, https://www.bea.gov/news/2018/us-international-transactions-second-quarter-2018.
(24)U.S. International Transactions: 1st Quarter 2018 and Annual Update, June 20, 2018, https://www.bea.gov/news/2018/us-international-transactions-1st-quarter-2018-and-annual-update; U.S. International Transactions: Second Quarter 2018, Sept 19, 2018, https://www.bea.gov/news/2018/us-international-transactions-second- quarter-2018.
(25)BEA, “U.S. International Transactions, Third Quarter 2018,” Dec. 19, 2018, https://www.bea.gov/news/2018/us-international-transactions-third-quarter-2018.
(26)1980年10月30日,中美两国签署《中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国关于投资保险和投资保证的鼓励投资协议和换文》,确认了美国海外跨国投资公司投资保险和保证制度适用于在华美资企业投资,但不涉及中国对美投资。参见http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=75951。
(27)Wayne M. Morrison, China-U.S. Trade Issues(Washington, D.C.: CRS, 2018), p.23.
(28)Evelyn Cheng, “Chinese investment in the US Drops 90% Amid Political Pressure, ” June 20, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/20/chinese-investment-in-the-us-drops-90-percent-amid-political-pressure.html.