我国土壤-蔬菜作物系统重金属污染及其安全生产综合农艺调控技术
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摘要
近年来,重金属污染耕地安全利用技术研究取得了突破进展,然而将这些关键技术与蔬菜传统高度集约化种植模式进行耦合的研究还比较少,大规模推广应用鲜见报道。因此,本文在查阅最新发表文献的基础上,梳理了我国土壤-蔬菜作物系统重金属污染状况,归纳了蔬菜作物重金属吸收积累特征,并总结了重金属污染蔬菜地安全生产综合农艺调控技术研究进展。当前,我国蔬菜地土壤重金属污染以中轻度为主,且区域分异明显。蔬菜作物重金属超标现象在全国各地时有发生,给蔬菜产业发展和人类健康带来了极大的危害。蔬菜作物对重金属的积累能力因种类、品种、部位而异,受基因型、土壤理化性质和外界环境条件的制约,因此调整种植布局、选用重金属低积累品种、合理轮间套作、施用土壤改良剂和钝化剂、优化水肥管理技术等农艺调控措施是目前中轻度重金属污染蔬菜地安全利用的重要技术途径。未来在进一步深入研究土壤-蔬菜系统重金属迁移转化规律的基础上,宜加强土壤-蔬菜地系统安全生产技术标准、传统种植模式与综合农艺调控措施耦合技术、长期定位试验及风险评价等方面的研究,以实现重金属中轻度污染蔬菜地的安全利用和农产品的安全生产。
In recent years, there have been great breakthroughs in safe utilization technologies for heavy-metal polluted farmlands. However, there are few studies on the coupling of these key technologies with traditional highly intensive vegetable planting patterns. There are also few reports on their large-scale popularization and application. Therefore, in this work, based on the latest literature, the heavy-metal pollution status of the soil-vegetable crop system in China, the characteristics of heavy-metal uptake and accumulation in vegetable crops,and the research progress of comprehensive agronomic regulation technologies for safe production of heavy-metal contaminated vegetable fields are summarized. Presently, the heavy-metal pollution of vegetable soils in China is mild and moderate, but the regional differentiation is pronounced. The phenomenon of heavy metals exceeding food-safety standards in vegetable crops has been found nationwide and has brought great harm to both the vegetable industry and human health. The ability of vegetable crops to accumulate heavy metals varies by species, variety, and tissue parts. It is also restricted to certain genotypes, soil features, chemical properties, and other environmental conditions. Comprehensive agronomic regulation technologies, such as adjusting planting layout, screening low heavy-metal accumulationvarieties, utilizing reasonable round-planting and intercropping, applying soil amendments and passivators, and optimizing water and fertilizer management are important methods of achieving safe utilization of mild heavy-metal pollution. In the future, studies on the transport and translocation of heavy metals in the soil–vegetable system will be still needed. Studies on the technical standards for safe production,planting-pattern coupling with comprehensive agronomic regulation technologies,, long-term positioning tests, and risk assessments should be strengthened to realize the safe utilization of heavy-metal contaminated vegetable fields and the safe production of agricultural products.
In recent years, there have been great breakthroughs in safe utilization technologies for heavy-metal polluted farmlands. However, there are few studies on the coupling of these key technologies with traditional highly intensive vegetable planting patterns. There are also few reports on their large-scale popularization and application. Therefore, in this work, based on the latest literature, the heavy-metal pollution status of the soil-vegetable crop system in China, the characteristics of heavy-metal uptake and accumulation in vegetable crops,and the research progress of comprehensive agronomic regulation technologies for safe production of heavy-metal contaminated vegetable fields are summarized. Presently, the heavy-metal pollution of vegetable soils in China is mild and moderate, but the regional differentiation is pronounced. The phenomenon of heavy metals exceeding food-safety standards in vegetable crops has been found nationwide and has brought great harm to both the vegetable industry and human health. The ability of vegetable crops to accumulate heavy metals varies by species, variety, and tissue parts. It is also restricted to certain genotypes, soil features, chemical properties, and other environmental conditions. Comprehensive agronomic regulation technologies, such as adjusting planting layout, screening low heavy-metal accumulationvarieties, utilizing reasonable round-planting and intercropping, applying soil amendments and passivators, and optimizing water and fertilizer management are important methods of achieving safe utilization of mild heavy-metal pollution. In the future, studies on the transport and translocation of heavy metals in the soil–vegetable system will be still needed. Studies on the technical standards for safe production,planting-pattern coupling with comprehensive agronomic regulation technologies,, long-term positioning tests, and risk assessments should be strengthened to realize the safe utilization of heavy-metal contaminated vegetable fields and the safe production of agricultural products.
引文
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