糯玉米全株青贮饲料特性及综合品质的研究
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摘要
【目的】探究糯玉米用作青贮饲料的可行性,为糯玉米全株青贮饲料化利用提供参考。【方法】以糯玉米(京科糯2000、黑糯1号、黑糯191)、粮饲兼用型玉米(郑单958、先玉335、浚单20)、青贮专用型玉米(北青210、曲辰九号、50096×50923)为材料,通过2年田间试验,对不同类型玉米散粉后的生物产量和干物质积累规律及全株含水量变化规律进行研究,确定适宜收获期。然后收获全株制作青贮饲料,测定全株青贮饲料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量,用饲料相对值(RFV)和品质分级指数(GI)对粗饲料品质进行分析,并通过相关分析和通径分析筛选影响生物产量的关键农艺性状,再对这些关键农艺性状与青贮饲料品质进行相关分析。【结果】在散粉后42d时,3种类型玉米的全株含水量为700g/kg左右(均处于1/4～3/4乳线期),因此将散粉后42d确定为最适收获期。利用GI对各品种玉米全株青贮饲料综合品质分析表明:糯玉米青贮饲料均为2级,粮饲兼用型玉米和青贮专用型玉米中各有2个2级。说明糯玉米饲用价值优于粮饲兼用型玉米和青贮专用型玉米。相关分析表明:增加穗位高,可以提高糯玉米的生物产量,降低糯玉米全株青贮饲料的NDF含量,提高动物采食量。【结论】将糯玉米收获全株制作青贮饲料是可行的,要获得高产优质的青贮用糯玉米,可以在抗倒伏的前提下对穗位高进行选择。
【Objective】This study explored the feasibility of using waxy corn as silage to provide reference for the utilization of whole plant waxy corn silage.【Method】Maize varieties including waxy maize(Jingkenuo 2000,Heinuo 1,and Heinuo 191),foodstuff type maize(Zhengdan 958,Xianyu 335,and Xundan20),and silage type maize(Beiqing 210,Quchen 9,and 50096×50923)were selected for analyzing the accumulation of biological yield and dry matter as well as the whole plant moisture content after pollination through two-year field experiments.The optimum harvest period was determined.Then,the whole plant was harvested to produce silage,and the contents of dry matter,crude protein,crude fat,NDF and ADF were measured,and RFV and GI were used to analyze the comprehensive quality of ensilage.Finally,the key index of biological yield was screened by correlation and path analysis,and the correlation of the key index and quality was analyzed.【Result】The whole plant moisture content of all three types was about 700g/kg(in the 1/4-3/4milk line)42days after pollination.Thus,the optimum harvest time was determined as 42 days.GI analysis demonstrated that waxy corn silages were all grade 2while foodstuff type corn and silage type corn each had two varieties in grade 2.It illustrates that the nutritive value of waxy maize was better than foodstuff type and silage type.Correlation analysis of key index and quality showed that increasing ear height can improve the biological yield while decrease the content of NDF of waxy maize,so as to improve the intake of animal.【Conclusion】This study shows that it is feasible to harvest waxy maize for producing silage and selecting the ear height in the premise of lodging resistance can obtain waxy maize silage with high yield and quality.
【Objective】This study explored the feasibility of using waxy corn as silage to provide reference for the utilization of whole plant waxy corn silage.【Method】Maize varieties including waxy maize(Jingkenuo 2000,Heinuo 1,and Heinuo 191),foodstuff type maize(Zhengdan 958,Xianyu 335,and Xundan20),and silage type maize(Beiqing 210,Quchen 9,and 50096×50923)were selected for analyzing the accumulation of biological yield and dry matter as well as the whole plant moisture content after pollination through two-year field experiments.The optimum harvest period was determined.Then,the whole plant was harvested to produce silage,and the contents of dry matter,crude protein,crude fat,NDF and ADF were measured,and RFV and GI were used to analyze the comprehensive quality of ensilage.Finally,the key index of biological yield was screened by correlation and path analysis,and the correlation of the key index and quality was analyzed.【Result】The whole plant moisture content of all three types was about 700g/kg(in the 1/4-3/4milk line)42days after pollination.Thus,the optimum harvest time was determined as 42 days.GI analysis demonstrated that waxy corn silages were all grade 2while foodstuff type corn and silage type corn each had two varieties in grade 2.It illustrates that the nutritive value of waxy maize was better than foodstuff type and silage type.Correlation analysis of key index and quality showed that increasing ear height can improve the biological yield while decrease the content of NDF of waxy maize,so as to improve the intake of animal.【Conclusion】This study shows that it is feasible to harvest waxy maize for producing silage and selecting the ear height in the premise of lodging resistance can obtain waxy maize silage with high yield and quality.
引文
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[2]彭晓培,肖西山,李静.不同青贮饲料营养价值的比较[J].中国畜牧杂志,2009,45(19):47-49.Peng X P,Xiao X S,Li J.Comparison of different silage nutritional value[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2009,45(19):47-49.
[3]姜慧新,翟桂玉,刘展生,等.带穗玉米秸秆青贮与不带穗玉米秸秆青贮饲喂奶牛的效果比较试验[J].中国畜牧杂志,2004,40(8):60-61.Jiang H X,Zhai G Y,Liu Z S,et al.Comparison of test results with corn straw silage and corn stover silage on feeding dairy cows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2004,40(8):60-61.
[4]崔淘气.玉米秸秆青贮与全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛的效果[J].中国奶牛,2003(1):24-26.Cui T Q.Effects of corn straw silage and corn silage on feeding cows[J].China Dairy Cattle,2003(1):24-26.
[5]陶更,许庆方.玉米青贮技术现状[J].山西农业科学,2013,41(12):1416-1420.Tao G,Xu Q F.Technical status of corn silage in China[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(12):1416-1420.
[6]国务院办公厅.中国食物与营养发展纲要(2014-2020年)[J].营养学报,2014,36(2):111-113.Office of the State Council.The outline of the development of food and nutrition in China(2014-2020)[J].Acta Nutrimenta Sinica,2014,36(2):111-113.
[7]郝林峰,惠霖,张丽珍,等.青贮玉米品种选择对生物产量和饲料价值的影响[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2016,37(Z1):29-33.Hao L F,Hui L,Zhang L Z,et al.Influence of silage maize varieties selection of biological yield and feed value[J].Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2016,37(Z1):29-33.
[8]戴忠民,高凤菊,王友平,等.青贮玉米的育种及发展趋势[J].玉米科学,2004,12(4):9-11.Dai Z M,Gao F J,Wang Y P,et al.Silage maize breeding and its development trend[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2004,12(4):9-11.
[9]潘金豹,张秋芝,郝玉兰,等.我国青贮玉米育种的策略与目标[J].玉米科学,2002,10(4):3-4.Pan J B,Zhang Q Z,Hao Y L,et al.The breeding strategy and objective of silage maize in China[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2002,10(4):3-4.
[10]杨国航,吴金锁,张春原,等.青贮玉米品种利用现状与发展[J].作物杂志,2013(2):13-16.Yang G H,Wu J S,Zhang C Y,et al.The status and development of silage maize varieties[J].Crops,2013(2):13-16.
[11]贾恩吉,何文安,邓少华,等.我国青贮玉米的发展、育种现状及育种目标[J].玉米科学,2007,15(4):149-150.Jia E J,He W A,Deng S H,et al.The breeding target,present condition and development of silage maize in China[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2007,15(4):149-150.
[12]刘纪麟.玉米育种学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.Liu J L.Maize breeding[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2002.
[13]杨引福.特种玉米生产及加工[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2001:63-64.Yang Y F.The production and processing of special maize[M].Beijing:Standards of Press of China,2001:63-64.
[14]穆秀明,闫贵龙,曹春梅,等.饲喂糯玉米秸秆对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响[J].饲料研究,2012(10):46-48.Mu X M,Yan G L,Cao C M,et al.Effect of feeding waxy maize straw on milk yield and quality[J].Feed Research,2012(10):46-48.
[15]徐艳荣,仲义,代秀云,等.我国青贮玉米的发展现状及种质改良[J].东北农业科学,2017,42(1):8-11.Xu Y R,Zhong Y,Dai X Y,et al.Development of silage maize in China:present situation and germplasm improvement[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural Sciences,2017,42(1):8-11.
[16]贺忠勇,陈万发.青贮玉米的种植及其在奶牛生产中的应用[J].中国奶牛,2013(7):61-63.He Z Y,Chen W F.The application of silage maize and its cultivation in dairy cattle production[J].China Dairy Cattle,2013(7):61-63.
[17]王永宏,陈绍江,赵健,等.青贮玉米饲料质量评价标准[J].宁夏农林科技,2006(5):3-4.Wang Y H,Chen S J,Zhao J,et al.Criteria for evaluation of quality of maize silage[J].Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2006(5):3-4.
[18] Rohweder D A,Barnes R F,Jorgensen N.Proposed hay grading standards based on laboratory analyses for evaluating quality[J].Journal of Animal Science,1978,47:747-759.
[19]张吉鹍,卢德勋,刘建新,等.粗饲料品质评定指数的研究现状及其进展[J].草业科学,2004,21(9):55-61.Zhang J K,Lu D X,Liu J X,et al.Research status and progress of forage quality evaluation index[J].Pratacultural Science,2004,21(9):55-61.
[20]徐国英,李培良,王桂彩.青饲青贮玉米收获适期研究[J].山西农业科学,1990(9):11-14.Xu G Y,Li P L,Wang G C.Study on the optimum period of silage corn harvest for forage[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,1990(9):11-14.
[21]王永宏,赵健,沈强云,等.青贮玉米生物产量及营养积累规律研究[J].玉米科学,2005,13(4):81-85.Wang Y H,Zhao J,Shen Q Y,et al.Studies on accumulation of organism yield and nutrition of silage maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2005,13(4):81-85.
[22]穆怀彬,侯向阳.用近红外光谱法快速分析玉米青贮饲料青贮发酵品质[J].红外,2011,32(10):35-39.Mu H B,Hou X Y.Rapid analysis of silage ferment quality of corn ensile using near infrared spectroscopy[J].Infrared,2011,32(10):35-39.
[23]何欣.动物营养与饲料[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2003:16-36.He X.Animal nutrition and feed[M].Changchun:Jilin Science and Technology Press,2003:16-36.
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