1995-2014年拉萨河流域水环境变化及其驱动力
|
摘要
探究自然环境和人类活动影响下的河流水环境变化,对于流域水资源管理和保护有重要意义。目前从较长时间尺度上系统开展拉萨河流域水环境的研究较少,基于拉萨河流域达孜、卡林、才纳3个环境监测中心站近20年(1995—2014)的水质资料,综合单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法评估拉萨河流域水环境状况,并采用Mann-Kendall检验法分析其多年变化趋势。同时,从经济社会和自然环境两个方面通过灰色关联分析法识别了影响流域水环境变化的关键驱动因子,以期为流域水环境保护提供借鉴。结果表明:(1)总体上,拉萨河流域水环境状况良好,满足水功能区要求;(2)水体中pH、溶解氧、化学需氧量、总磷等指标的取值较高,在0.7左右,是拉萨河流域水环境需重点关注指标;(3)水环境质量稍有下降,内梅罗指数从1995年的0.62增加到2014年的0.73;(4)近20年来拉萨河流域水环境变化的主要驱动因子为降水量、牲畜存栏数、人口数、农村人口数和国民经济生产总值等,农牧非点源污染是拉萨河流域的主要污染源,要重点关注和管控。
Studying the influence of the natural environment and human activities on river water environment is of great significance for the management and protection of river basin water resources. Systematic and long-term research on water environment of the Lhasa River Basin is needed to provide necessary technical support for scientific decision-making. Based on the water quality data of three environmental monitoring stations in the Lhasa River Basin( Dazi,Kalin,and Caina) over the past 20 years( 1995—2014),the single factor index method and the Nemerow index method were applied to assess the water environment. The Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the multi-year trends of the water environment. Further,the key driving factors affecting change in the water environment of the river basin were identified from the economic,social,and natural environment using the grey correlation analysis method,which can provide a reference for protection of the watershed water environment. The results showed that:( 1) the overall water quality at the three environmental monitoring stations was in good condition and met the requirements of the water function zone;( 2) the index of pH,dissolved oxygen,ammonia nitrogen,and total phosphorus was about 0. 7( higher than other indexes),and could be the main indexes affecting the water environment in Lhasa River Basin;( 3) the water environment of the Lhasa River basin was in good condition with a certain degree of a downward trend,and the Nemerow index increased from 0.62 in 1995 to 0.73 in 2014;( 4) The water environment has changed in the Lhasa River basin in the past 20 years,and was mainly affected by precipitation,livestock stock population,rural population,and GDP. The main source of pollution in the Lhasa River basin was non-point source pollution from rural areas and agriculture,which should be focused on and controlled in the future.
Studying the influence of the natural environment and human activities on river water environment is of great significance for the management and protection of river basin water resources. Systematic and long-term research on water environment of the Lhasa River Basin is needed to provide necessary technical support for scientific decision-making. Based on the water quality data of three environmental monitoring stations in the Lhasa River Basin( Dazi,Kalin,and Caina) over the past 20 years( 1995—2014),the single factor index method and the Nemerow index method were applied to assess the water environment. The Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the multi-year trends of the water environment. Further,the key driving factors affecting change in the water environment of the river basin were identified from the economic,social,and natural environment using the grey correlation analysis method,which can provide a reference for protection of the watershed water environment. The results showed that:( 1) the overall water quality at the three environmental monitoring stations was in good condition and met the requirements of the water function zone;( 2) the index of pH,dissolved oxygen,ammonia nitrogen,and total phosphorus was about 0. 7( higher than other indexes),and could be the main indexes affecting the water environment in Lhasa River Basin;( 3) the water environment of the Lhasa River basin was in good condition with a certain degree of a downward trend,and the Nemerow index increased from 0.62 in 1995 to 0.73 in 2014;( 4) The water environment has changed in the Lhasa River basin in the past 20 years,and was mainly affected by precipitation,livestock stock population,rural population,and GDP. The main source of pollution in the Lhasa River basin was non-point source pollution from rural areas and agriculture,which should be focused on and controlled in the future.
引文
[1]王磊,张磊,段学军,董雅文,秦贤宏.江苏省太湖流域产业结构的水环境污染效应.生态学报,2011,31(22):6832-6844.
[2] Singh K P,Malik A,Mohan D,Sinha S. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality ofGomti River(India)-a case study. Water Research,2004,38(18):3980-3992.
[3] Chang H. Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the Han River and its tributaries,Seoul,Korea,1993-2002. Water,Air,and SoilPollution,2005,161(1/4):267-284.
[4]?ener?,?ener E,Davraz A. Evaluation of water quality using water quality index(WQI)method and GIS in Aksu River(SW-Turkey). Science ofthe Total Environment,2017,584-585:131-144.
[5]山鹰,张玮,李典宝,王丽卿.上海市不同区县中小河道氮磷污染特征.生态学报,2015,35(15):5239-5247.
[6]张汪寿,李晓秀,王晓燕,于洋,任万平,李建辉.北运河武清段水污染时空变异特征.环境科学学报,2012,32(4):836-846.
[7]王超,单保庆,秦晶,张洪.海河流域社会经济发展对河流水质的影响.环境科学学报,2015,35(8):2354-2361.
[8]方广玲,香宝,杜加强,王宝良,张立坤,胡钰,徐杰.拉萨河流域非点源污染输出风险评估.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):247-254.
[9]李根,毛锋.我国水土流失型非点源污染负荷及其经济损失评估.中国水土保持,2008,(2):9-11.
[10]Shi H Y,Fu X D,Chen J,Wang G Q,Li T J. Spatial distribution of monthly potential evaporation over mountainous regions:case of the Lhasariver basin,China. Hydrological Sciences Journal,2014,59(10):1856-1871.
[11]刘凤,李梅,张荣飞,崔益斌.拉萨河流域重金属污染及健康风险评价.环境化学,2012,31(5):580-585.
[12]余婷婷,甘义群,周爱国,刘存富,刘运德,李小倩,蔡鹤生.拉萨河流域地表径流氢氧同位素空间分布特征.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2010,35(5):873-878.
[13]黄俊雄,徐宗学,巩同梁.雅鲁藏布江径流演变规律及其驱动因子分析.水文,2007,27(5):31-35.
[14]施云芬,刘月华,李英赞. 2001—2005年松花湖水质评价.水生态学杂志,2009,2(1):11-15.
[15]陈旭华.用尼梅罗(Nemerow)污染指数评价地表水营养状况的探讨.安全与环境学报,2003,3(2):24-26.
[16]高伟,陈岩,徐敏,郭怀成,谢阳村.抚仙湖水质变化(1980-2011年)趋势与驱动力分析.湖泊科学,2013,25(5):635-642.
[17]左其亭,刘欢,马军霞.人水关系的和谐辨识方法及应用研究.水利学报,2016,47(11):1363-1370,1379-1379.
[2] Singh K P,Malik A,Mohan D,Sinha S. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality ofGomti River(India)-a case study. Water Research,2004,38(18):3980-3992.
[3] Chang H. Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the Han River and its tributaries,Seoul,Korea,1993-2002. Water,Air,and SoilPollution,2005,161(1/4):267-284.
[4]?ener?,?ener E,Davraz A. Evaluation of water quality using water quality index(WQI)method and GIS in Aksu River(SW-Turkey). Science ofthe Total Environment,2017,584-585:131-144.
[5]山鹰,张玮,李典宝,王丽卿.上海市不同区县中小河道氮磷污染特征.生态学报,2015,35(15):5239-5247.
[6]张汪寿,李晓秀,王晓燕,于洋,任万平,李建辉.北运河武清段水污染时空变异特征.环境科学学报,2012,32(4):836-846.
[7]王超,单保庆,秦晶,张洪.海河流域社会经济发展对河流水质的影响.环境科学学报,2015,35(8):2354-2361.
[8]方广玲,香宝,杜加强,王宝良,张立坤,胡钰,徐杰.拉萨河流域非点源污染输出风险评估.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):247-254.
[9]李根,毛锋.我国水土流失型非点源污染负荷及其经济损失评估.中国水土保持,2008,(2):9-11.
[10]Shi H Y,Fu X D,Chen J,Wang G Q,Li T J. Spatial distribution of monthly potential evaporation over mountainous regions:case of the Lhasariver basin,China. Hydrological Sciences Journal,2014,59(10):1856-1871.
[11]刘凤,李梅,张荣飞,崔益斌.拉萨河流域重金属污染及健康风险评价.环境化学,2012,31(5):580-585.
[12]余婷婷,甘义群,周爱国,刘存富,刘运德,李小倩,蔡鹤生.拉萨河流域地表径流氢氧同位素空间分布特征.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2010,35(5):873-878.
[13]黄俊雄,徐宗学,巩同梁.雅鲁藏布江径流演变规律及其驱动因子分析.水文,2007,27(5):31-35.
[14]施云芬,刘月华,李英赞. 2001—2005年松花湖水质评价.水生态学杂志,2009,2(1):11-15.
[15]陈旭华.用尼梅罗(Nemerow)污染指数评价地表水营养状况的探讨.安全与环境学报,2003,3(2):24-26.
[16]高伟,陈岩,徐敏,郭怀成,谢阳村.抚仙湖水质变化(1980-2011年)趋势与驱动力分析.湖泊科学,2013,25(5):635-642.
[17]左其亭,刘欢,马军霞.人水关系的和谐辨识方法及应用研究.水利学报,2016,47(11):1363-1370,1379-1379.