纳米银的神经毒理学效应
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摘要
纳米银是目前商品化程度最高的纳米材料之一。由于其独特的表面等离子共振性能、优良的抗菌活性,这种纳米材料已被广泛地应用于医药卫生、工业及日常生活等多个领域。随着纳米银应用领域的不断扩展,其生物安全性也受到了越来越多的关注。由于纳米银能够通过跨越血脑屏障等途径进入生物体脑部,因此纳米银的神经毒理学效应受到广泛关注,近年来已成为该领域研究热点之一。本综述总结了纳米银的脑累积效应以及进入脑组织的途径,主要包括经鼻通过嗅神经直接入脑和穿透血脑屏障。纳米银的神经毒性效应包括受暴露动物体的神经行为学改变、脑部的组织病理学效应或神经元和神经胶质细胞的形貌变化,与神经递质水平改变内在作用机制与氧化应激和炎性反应相关。纳米银的粒径、表面涂层和银离子释放是影响纳米银神经毒性的关键因素。本文最后提出当前纳米银神经毒理学研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。
Nanosilver is one of the most commercialized nanomaterials in the world. Due to its unique surface plasma resonance performance and excellent antibacterial activities, nanosilver has been widely used in many fields, such as medical area, health care, industrial products and our daily supplies. Meanwhile, the increasing application of nanosilver has drawn more and more attention to its biosafety. Previous toxicological studies have revealed diverse deleterious effects nanosilver may cause, wherein, neurotoxicity is highly concerned. This review mainly focuses on the neurotoxicological effects of nanosilver, and three aspects, including the bioaccumulation of nanosilver in brain and its penetration routes, neurotoxicological effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the influencing factors, are comprehensively discussed. The administration of nanosilver through diverse ways could cause brain silver accumulation, and its penetration routes to the brain were mainly involved with the direct nasal olfactory nerve transfer and the translocation of the blood-brain barrier. The neurotoxicological effects of nanosilver were evidenced by neurobehavioral changes in the exposed animals, histopathological alteration in the brain or cellular morphological changes in neurons and neuroglia cells, and the disturbance in the neurontransmitter secretion. The underlying mechanisms were related with oxidative damage and inflammatory responses. The factors, including particle size, surface coating and silver ion release, would potentially determine nanosilver induced neurotoxicity. Finally, the existing problems in neurotoxicological studies on nanosilver are pointed out, and the future perspectives in this area are proposed. The review would be of great help to risk assessment of the production, application and disposal of nanosilver.
Nanosilver is one of the most commercialized nanomaterials in the world. Due to its unique surface plasma resonance performance and excellent antibacterial activities, nanosilver has been widely used in many fields, such as medical area, health care, industrial products and our daily supplies. Meanwhile, the increasing application of nanosilver has drawn more and more attention to its biosafety. Previous toxicological studies have revealed diverse deleterious effects nanosilver may cause, wherein, neurotoxicity is highly concerned. This review mainly focuses on the neurotoxicological effects of nanosilver, and three aspects, including the bioaccumulation of nanosilver in brain and its penetration routes, neurotoxicological effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the influencing factors, are comprehensively discussed. The administration of nanosilver through diverse ways could cause brain silver accumulation, and its penetration routes to the brain were mainly involved with the direct nasal olfactory nerve transfer and the translocation of the blood-brain barrier. The neurotoxicological effects of nanosilver were evidenced by neurobehavioral changes in the exposed animals, histopathological alteration in the brain or cellular morphological changes in neurons and neuroglia cells, and the disturbance in the neurontransmitter secretion. The underlying mechanisms were related with oxidative damage and inflammatory responses. The factors, including particle size, surface coating and silver ion release, would potentially determine nanosilver induced neurotoxicity. Finally, the existing problems in neurotoxicological studies on nanosilver are pointed out, and the future perspectives in this area are proposed. The review would be of great help to risk assessment of the production, application and disposal of nanosilver.
引文
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