社会支持对藏区中学生感恩与孤独感、情绪的中介作用
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摘要
为考察藏区中学生情绪和孤独感特点,及社会支持在感恩与情绪、孤独感间的中介作用.通过整体施测,采用感恩问卷、社会支持问卷、孤独感问卷和正负情绪量表对阿坝州金川县328名藏区中学生进行调查.结果表明:感恩与正情绪、社会支持正相关,与孤独感负相关;社会支持与孤独感、负情绪负相关,与正情绪正相关;结构方程分析表明,感恩能直接预测孤独感和正情绪,不能直接预测负情绪;社会支持在感恩与孤独感、正情绪间起部分中介作用,在感恩与负情绪间起完全中介作用.结论:感恩可通过社会支持的中介作用,改善其孤独感和负情绪体验,提升积极情绪.
To examine the characteristics of loneliness and emotions of Tibetan middle school students,and investigate the meditating function of social support on the relationship between gratitude,loneliness,and emotion of these students,a total of 328 Tibetan middle school students from Grade 7 to Grade 12 were selected by means of cluster sampling and subjected to research Gratitude by adopting questionnaires of Gratitude(GQ-6),Social Support,Adolescent Loneliness and Positive Affection and Negative Affection Scale(PANAS).Results:Gratitude was significantly and positively correlated with positive affection and social support,and negatively correlated with loneliness;Social support was negatively correlated with loneliness and negative affection,but positively correlated with positive affection;Structure equation modeling analysis showed that gratitude can directly predict loneliness and positive affections,yet with the exception of negative affection;social support partly mediates the relationship between gratitude and loneliness and positive affection,and completely mediates gratitude and negative affection.Conclusion:social support,through the mediating function of social support,can significantly improve the perceptional experience of loneliness and negative emotions,promote the positive ones.
To examine the characteristics of loneliness and emotions of Tibetan middle school students,and investigate the meditating function of social support on the relationship between gratitude,loneliness,and emotion of these students,a total of 328 Tibetan middle school students from Grade 7 to Grade 12 were selected by means of cluster sampling and subjected to research Gratitude by adopting questionnaires of Gratitude(GQ-6),Social Support,Adolescent Loneliness and Positive Affection and Negative Affection Scale(PANAS).Results:Gratitude was significantly and positively correlated with positive affection and social support,and negatively correlated with loneliness;Social support was negatively correlated with loneliness and negative affection,but positively correlated with positive affection;Structure equation modeling analysis showed that gratitude can directly predict loneliness and positive affections,yet with the exception of negative affection;social support partly mediates the relationship between gratitude and loneliness and positive affection,and completely mediates gratitude and negative affection.Conclusion:social support,through the mediating function of social support,can significantly improve the perceptional experience of loneliness and negative emotions,promote the positive ones.
引文
[1]MCCULLOUGH M E,TSANG J A,EMMONS R A.Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain:links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2004,86(2):295-309.
[2]张利燕,侯小花.感恩:概念、测量及其相关研究[J].心理科学,2010,33(2):393-395.
[3]LIN C C,YEH Y.How Gratitude Influences Well Being:A Structural Equation Modeling Approach[J].Social Indicators Research,2014,118(1):205-217.
[4]BHULLAR N,SURMAN G,SCHUTTE N S.Dispositional gratitude mediates the relationship between pastpositive temporal frame and well-being[J].Personality&Individual Differences,2015,76(1):52-55.
[5]罗利,周天梅.中学生感恩与主观幸福感的关系:抗挫折能力与社会支持的中介作用[J].心理发展与教育,2015,31(4):467-474.
[6]喻承甫,张卫,李董平,等.感恩及其与幸福感的关系[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(7):1110-1121.
[7]甘启颖.感恩心理与人际关系之间关系的探究[J].社会心理科学,2012,27(9):69-73.
[8]TULBURE B T.Appreciating the positive protects us from negative emotions:the relationship between gratitude,depression and religiosity[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2015,187:475-480.
[9]何安明,惠秋平,刘华山.大学生的感恩、孤独感与社会支持[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2014,28(10):782-785.
[10]KLEIMAN E M,ADAMS L M,KASHDAN T B,et al.Gratitude and grit indirectly reduce risk of suicidal ideations by enhancing meaning in life:Evidence for a mediated moderation model[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2013,47(5):539-546.
[11]DUSEN J P V,TiAMIYU M F,KASHDAN T B,et al.Gratitude,depression and PTSD:Assessment of structural relationships[J].Psychiatry Research,2015,230(3):867-870.
[12]周宵,安媛媛,伍新春,等.汶川地震三年半后中学生的感恩对创伤后成长的影响:社会支持的中介作用[J].心里发展与教育,2014,30(1):68-74.
[13]郑裕鸿,范方,喻承甫,等.青少年感恩与创伤后应激障碍症状的关系:社会支持和心理弹性的中介作用[J].心理发展与教育,2011,27(5):522-528.
[14]TOEPFER S M,WALKER K.Letters of gratitude:Improving well-being through expressive writing[J].Journal of Writing Research,2009,1(3):181-198.
[15]纪佩妤.青少年感恩心测量之研究[D].台北:国立台北教育大学,2009.
[16]EMMONS R A,MCCULLOUGH M E.Counting blessings versus burdens:an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2003,84(2):377-389.
[17]王艳梅.积极情绪的干预:记录愉快事件和感激的作用[J].心理科学,2009,32(3):598-600.
[18]KINI P,WONG J,MCINNIS S,et al.The effects of gratitude expression on neural activity[J].Neuroimage,2015,128:1-10.
[19]中国知网.文献[EB/OL].[2018-12-25].http://kns.cnki.net/kns/brief/default_result.aspx.
[20]NELSON S K,LYUBOMIRSKY S.Gratitude.Encyclopedia of Mental Health(2nd ed)[M].Waltham,MA:Academic,2016:277-280.
[21]HOWELLS K.An exploration of the role of gratitude in enhancing teacher-student relationships[J].Teaching&Teacher Education,2014,42(10):58-67.
[22]ASHER S R,PAQUETTE J A.Loneliness and peer relations in childhood[J].Current Directions in Psychological Science,2003,12(12):75-78.
[23]谢华,杨东,曾莉,等.四川省部分地区农村留守中学生孤独感现状调查[J].中国学校卫生,2008,29(10):942-943.
[24]赵冬梅,周宗奎,刘久军.儿童的孤独感及与同伴交往的关系[J].心理科学进展,2007,15(1):101-107.
[25]罗雅琛,边玉芳,陈欣银,等.父母拒绝与初中生抑郁的关系:有调节的中介效应[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2015,23(2):268-272.
[26]曲可佳,邹泓,余益兵.青少年孤独感与人格五因素的关系:人际关系能力的中介作用[J].心理学探新,2010,30(6):75-80.
[27]李学美,黄莹.云南省中学生抑郁症状与社会支持关系[J].中国公共卫生,2015,31(8):1001-1004.
[28]曾守锤.流动儿童的压力和社会支持状况及社会支持保护作用的研究[J].心理科学,2011,34(3):631-635.
[29]MCCULLOUGH M E,EMMONS R A,TSANG J A.The grateful disposition:a conceptual and empirical topography[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2002,82(1):112-27.
[30]魏昶,吴慧婷,孔祥娜,等.感恩问卷GQ-6的修订及信效度检验[J].中国学校卫生,2011,32(10):1201-1202.
[31]杨巧芳.青少年孤独感与情绪智力、亲子依恋的关系研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2013.
[32]DITOMMASO E,BRANNEN C,BEST L A.Measurement and Validity Characteristics of the Short Version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults[J].Educational&Psychological Measurement,2004,64(1):99-119.
[33]RUSSELL D W.UCLA Loneliness Scale(Version 3):reliability,validity,and factor structure[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1996,66(1):20-40.
[34]肖水源.《社会支持评定量表》的理论基础与研究应用[J].临床精神医学杂志,1994(2):98-100.
[35]WATSON D,CLARK L A,TELLEGEN A.Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect:the PANAS scales[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1988,54(6):1063-1070.
[36]邱林,郑雪,王雁飞.积极情感消极情感量表(PA-NAS)的修订[J].应用心理学,2008(3):249-254.
[37]周浩,龙立荣.共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法[J].心理科学进展,2004,12(6):942-950.
[38]方杰,张敏强,邱皓政.中介效应的检验方法和效果量测量:回顾与展望[J].心理发展与教育,2012,28(1):105-111.
[39]何安明,惠秋平.农村留守老人自我和谐的状况及其与感恩、情绪智力的相关性[J].中国老年学杂志,2013,33(5):1131-1133.
[40]代维祝,张卫,李董平,等.压力性生活事件与青少年问题行为:感恩与意向性自我调节的作用[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2010,18(6):796-798.
[41]汤茉玲.大学生感恩与人际交往、主观幸福感的关系研究[D].南京:东南大学,2010.
[42]LIN C C,YEH Y C.How Gratitude Influences WellBeing:A Structural Equation Modeling Approach[J].Social Indicators Research,2014,118(1):205-217.
[43]GRANT A M,WRZESNIEWSKI A.I won't let you down.or will I?Core self-evaluations,other-orientation,anticipated guilt and gratitude,and job performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2010,95(1):108-121.
[44]WOOD A M,MALTBY J,GILLETT R,et al.The role of gratitude in the development of social support,stress,and depression:Two longitudinal studies[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2008,42(4):854-871.
[45]沈友田,胡笑羽,叶宝娟.压力对大学生抑郁的影响机制:领悟社会支持与应对方式的中介作用[J].心理学探新,2018,38(3):267-272.
[46]江琴,ALBIN B.初中留守儿童社会支持特点与情绪行为问题的关系[J].中国学校卫生,2014,35(3):325-327.
[47]THOITS P A.Stress,coping,and social support processes:where are we?What next?[J].Journal of Health&Social Behavior,1995,35(1):53-79.
[48]宫字轩.社会支持与健康的关系研究概述[J].心理科学进展,1994,12(2):34-39.
[49]张丹.团体心理辅导对初中生感恩品质的干预研究[D].曲阜:曲阜师范大学,2012.
[50]WONG Y J,OWEN J,GABANA N T,et al.Does gratitude writing improve the mental health of psychotherapy clients?Evidence from a randomized controlled trial[J].Psychotherapy research:journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research,2016,28(2):1-11.
[2]张利燕,侯小花.感恩:概念、测量及其相关研究[J].心理科学,2010,33(2):393-395.
[3]LIN C C,YEH Y.How Gratitude Influences Well Being:A Structural Equation Modeling Approach[J].Social Indicators Research,2014,118(1):205-217.
[4]BHULLAR N,SURMAN G,SCHUTTE N S.Dispositional gratitude mediates the relationship between pastpositive temporal frame and well-being[J].Personality&Individual Differences,2015,76(1):52-55.
[5]罗利,周天梅.中学生感恩与主观幸福感的关系:抗挫折能力与社会支持的中介作用[J].心理发展与教育,2015,31(4):467-474.
[6]喻承甫,张卫,李董平,等.感恩及其与幸福感的关系[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(7):1110-1121.
[7]甘启颖.感恩心理与人际关系之间关系的探究[J].社会心理科学,2012,27(9):69-73.
[8]TULBURE B T.Appreciating the positive protects us from negative emotions:the relationship between gratitude,depression and religiosity[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2015,187:475-480.
[9]何安明,惠秋平,刘华山.大学生的感恩、孤独感与社会支持[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2014,28(10):782-785.
[10]KLEIMAN E M,ADAMS L M,KASHDAN T B,et al.Gratitude and grit indirectly reduce risk of suicidal ideations by enhancing meaning in life:Evidence for a mediated moderation model[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2013,47(5):539-546.
[11]DUSEN J P V,TiAMIYU M F,KASHDAN T B,et al.Gratitude,depression and PTSD:Assessment of structural relationships[J].Psychiatry Research,2015,230(3):867-870.
[12]周宵,安媛媛,伍新春,等.汶川地震三年半后中学生的感恩对创伤后成长的影响:社会支持的中介作用[J].心里发展与教育,2014,30(1):68-74.
[13]郑裕鸿,范方,喻承甫,等.青少年感恩与创伤后应激障碍症状的关系:社会支持和心理弹性的中介作用[J].心理发展与教育,2011,27(5):522-528.
[14]TOEPFER S M,WALKER K.Letters of gratitude:Improving well-being through expressive writing[J].Journal of Writing Research,2009,1(3):181-198.
[15]纪佩妤.青少年感恩心测量之研究[D].台北:国立台北教育大学,2009.
[16]EMMONS R A,MCCULLOUGH M E.Counting blessings versus burdens:an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2003,84(2):377-389.
[17]王艳梅.积极情绪的干预:记录愉快事件和感激的作用[J].心理科学,2009,32(3):598-600.
[18]KINI P,WONG J,MCINNIS S,et al.The effects of gratitude expression on neural activity[J].Neuroimage,2015,128:1-10.
[19]中国知网.文献[EB/OL].[2018-12-25].http://kns.cnki.net/kns/brief/default_result.aspx.
[20]NELSON S K,LYUBOMIRSKY S.Gratitude.Encyclopedia of Mental Health(2nd ed)[M].Waltham,MA:Academic,2016:277-280.
[21]HOWELLS K.An exploration of the role of gratitude in enhancing teacher-student relationships[J].Teaching&Teacher Education,2014,42(10):58-67.
[22]ASHER S R,PAQUETTE J A.Loneliness and peer relations in childhood[J].Current Directions in Psychological Science,2003,12(12):75-78.
[23]谢华,杨东,曾莉,等.四川省部分地区农村留守中学生孤独感现状调查[J].中国学校卫生,2008,29(10):942-943.
[24]赵冬梅,周宗奎,刘久军.儿童的孤独感及与同伴交往的关系[J].心理科学进展,2007,15(1):101-107.
[25]罗雅琛,边玉芳,陈欣银,等.父母拒绝与初中生抑郁的关系:有调节的中介效应[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2015,23(2):268-272.
[26]曲可佳,邹泓,余益兵.青少年孤独感与人格五因素的关系:人际关系能力的中介作用[J].心理学探新,2010,30(6):75-80.
[27]李学美,黄莹.云南省中学生抑郁症状与社会支持关系[J].中国公共卫生,2015,31(8):1001-1004.
[28]曾守锤.流动儿童的压力和社会支持状况及社会支持保护作用的研究[J].心理科学,2011,34(3):631-635.
[29]MCCULLOUGH M E,EMMONS R A,TSANG J A.The grateful disposition:a conceptual and empirical topography[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2002,82(1):112-27.
[30]魏昶,吴慧婷,孔祥娜,等.感恩问卷GQ-6的修订及信效度检验[J].中国学校卫生,2011,32(10):1201-1202.
[31]杨巧芳.青少年孤独感与情绪智力、亲子依恋的关系研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2013.
[32]DITOMMASO E,BRANNEN C,BEST L A.Measurement and Validity Characteristics of the Short Version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults[J].Educational&Psychological Measurement,2004,64(1):99-119.
[33]RUSSELL D W.UCLA Loneliness Scale(Version 3):reliability,validity,and factor structure[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1996,66(1):20-40.
[34]肖水源.《社会支持评定量表》的理论基础与研究应用[J].临床精神医学杂志,1994(2):98-100.
[35]WATSON D,CLARK L A,TELLEGEN A.Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect:the PANAS scales[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1988,54(6):1063-1070.
[36]邱林,郑雪,王雁飞.积极情感消极情感量表(PA-NAS)的修订[J].应用心理学,2008(3):249-254.
[37]周浩,龙立荣.共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法[J].心理科学进展,2004,12(6):942-950.
[38]方杰,张敏强,邱皓政.中介效应的检验方法和效果量测量:回顾与展望[J].心理发展与教育,2012,28(1):105-111.
[39]何安明,惠秋平.农村留守老人自我和谐的状况及其与感恩、情绪智力的相关性[J].中国老年学杂志,2013,33(5):1131-1133.
[40]代维祝,张卫,李董平,等.压力性生活事件与青少年问题行为:感恩与意向性自我调节的作用[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2010,18(6):796-798.
[41]汤茉玲.大学生感恩与人际交往、主观幸福感的关系研究[D].南京:东南大学,2010.
[42]LIN C C,YEH Y C.How Gratitude Influences WellBeing:A Structural Equation Modeling Approach[J].Social Indicators Research,2014,118(1):205-217.
[43]GRANT A M,WRZESNIEWSKI A.I won't let you down.or will I?Core self-evaluations,other-orientation,anticipated guilt and gratitude,and job performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2010,95(1):108-121.
[44]WOOD A M,MALTBY J,GILLETT R,et al.The role of gratitude in the development of social support,stress,and depression:Two longitudinal studies[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2008,42(4):854-871.
[45]沈友田,胡笑羽,叶宝娟.压力对大学生抑郁的影响机制:领悟社会支持与应对方式的中介作用[J].心理学探新,2018,38(3):267-272.
[46]江琴,ALBIN B.初中留守儿童社会支持特点与情绪行为问题的关系[J].中国学校卫生,2014,35(3):325-327.
[47]THOITS P A.Stress,coping,and social support processes:where are we?What next?[J].Journal of Health&Social Behavior,1995,35(1):53-79.
[48]宫字轩.社会支持与健康的关系研究概述[J].心理科学进展,1994,12(2):34-39.
[49]张丹.团体心理辅导对初中生感恩品质的干预研究[D].曲阜:曲阜师范大学,2012.
[50]WONG Y J,OWEN J,GABANA N T,et al.Does gratitude writing improve the mental health of psychotherapy clients?Evidence from a randomized controlled trial[J].Psychotherapy research:journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research,2016,28(2):1-11.