小麦与蚕豆间作系统施氮对蚕豆赤斑病发生和冠层微气候的影响
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摘要
通过田间小区试验,设N_0(0 kg·hm~(-2))、N_1(45 kg·hm~(-2))、N_2(90 kg·hm~(-2))、N_3(135 kg·hm~(-2))4个施氮水平,研究不同施氮水平下小麦与蚕豆间作对蚕豆赤斑病发生和冠层微气候的影响,探讨间作系统氮肥调控下冠层微气候变化及其与蚕豆赤斑病发生的关系.结果表明:施氮提高了蚕豆单、间作种植模式下蚕豆赤斑病发病盛期的病情指数,增幅27.2%～58.0%,增加了病情进展曲线下面积(AUDPC),增幅15.0%～101.8%,N_3水平下赤斑病病情指数和AUDPC最高.施氮使蚕豆冠层温度降低0.2～1.1℃,冠层透光率降低1.7%～29.7%,冠层相对湿度增加0.5%～28.7%.与单作相比,间作蚕豆赤斑病病情指数显著降低36.3%～48.1%,AUDPC显著降低44.0%～53.6%,冠层温度和透光率分别提高2.1%～8.7%和12.0%～53.8%,相对湿度降低11.6%～31.6%.相关分析表明,冠层温度和透光率与赤斑病病情指数呈显著负相关,而湿度与病情指数呈显著正相关.表明高氮恶化了冠层微气候环境,加重了蚕豆赤斑病的发生和危害,而间作对蚕豆冠层微气候的改善是控制蚕豆赤斑病发展的重要原因.
A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of nitrogen application levels, i.e. N_0(0 kg·hm~(-2)), N_1(45 kg·hm~(-2)), N_2(90 kg·hm~(-2)), N_3(135 kg·hm~(-2)), on the severity of chocolate spot and canopy microclimate in wheat and faba bean intercropping system, and to explore the relationship of canopy microclimate change and severity of chocolate spot. The results showed that the disease index of chocolate spot increased by 27.2%-58.0% in the peak infection stage, and the area under disease progress curve(AUDPC) increased by 15.0%-101.8% for both monocropped and intercropped faba bean after nitrogen application. The peak value of disease index and AUDPC appeared at N_3(135 kg·hm~(-2)) level. After nitrogen application, canopy temperature decreased by 0.2-1.1 ℃ and canopy light transmittance decreased by 1.7%-29.7%, but canopy relative humidity increased by 0.5%-28.7%. Compared with monocropped faba bean, wheat and faba bean intercropped significantly decreased the chocolate spot disease index by 36.3%-48.1% and AUDPC by 44.0%-53.6%. Canopy temperature and light transmittance of intercropped faba bean increased by 2.1%-8.7% and 12.0%-53.8%, respectively. The canopy relative humidity was decreased by 11.6%-31.6%. There were significantly negative correlation between canopy temperature and light transmittance with disease index of faba bean chocolate spot. The canopy humidity was positively correlated with disease index. Our findings showed that high nitrogen application deteriorated canopy microclimate of faba bean that led to occurrence and harm of chocolate spot, and that the improvement of canopy microclimate by intercropping would be helpful for controlling faba bean chocolate spot.
A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of nitrogen application levels, i.e. N_0(0 kg·hm~(-2)), N_1(45 kg·hm~(-2)), N_2(90 kg·hm~(-2)), N_3(135 kg·hm~(-2)), on the severity of chocolate spot and canopy microclimate in wheat and faba bean intercropping system, and to explore the relationship of canopy microclimate change and severity of chocolate spot. The results showed that the disease index of chocolate spot increased by 27.2%-58.0% in the peak infection stage, and the area under disease progress curve(AUDPC) increased by 15.0%-101.8% for both monocropped and intercropped faba bean after nitrogen application. The peak value of disease index and AUDPC appeared at N_3(135 kg·hm~(-2)) level. After nitrogen application, canopy temperature decreased by 0.2-1.1 ℃ and canopy light transmittance decreased by 1.7%-29.7%, but canopy relative humidity increased by 0.5%-28.7%. Compared with monocropped faba bean, wheat and faba bean intercropped significantly decreased the chocolate spot disease index by 36.3%-48.1% and AUDPC by 44.0%-53.6%. Canopy temperature and light transmittance of intercropped faba bean increased by 2.1%-8.7% and 12.0%-53.8%, respectively. The canopy relative humidity was decreased by 11.6%-31.6%. There were significantly negative correlation between canopy temperature and light transmittance with disease index of faba bean chocolate spot. The canopy humidity was positively correlated with disease index. Our findings showed that high nitrogen application deteriorated canopy microclimate of faba bean that led to occurrence and harm of chocolate spot, and that the improvement of canopy microclimate by intercropping would be helpful for controlling faba bean chocolate spot.
引文
[1] Huang Y (黄燕), Zhu Z-D (朱振东), Duan C-X (段灿星), et al. Genetic diversity of Botrytis cinerea isolates from broad bean. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47(12): 2335-2347 (in Chinese)
[2] El-Komy MH. Comparative analysis of defense responses in chocolate spot-resistant and susceptible faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars following infection by the necro-trophic fungus Botrytis fabae. The Plant Pathology Journal, 2014, 30: 355-366
[3] Xiao Y-B (肖焱波), Duan Z-Y (段宗颜), Jin H (金航), et al. Spared N response and yields advantage of intercropped wheat and faba bean. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2007, 13(2): 267-271 (in Chinese)
[4] Yang J-C (杨进成), Liu J-J (刘坚坚), An Z-Y (安正云), et al. Analyses on effect of interplanting on diseases and pests control and yield increase of wheat and faba bean. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University (云南农业大学学报), 2009, 24(3): 340-348 (in Chinese)
[5] Tavernier V, Cadiou S, Pageau K, et al. The plant nitrogen mobilization promoted by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Phaseolus leaves depends on fungus pathogenicity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007, 58: 3351-3360
[6] Kant S, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ. Understanding plant response to nitrogen limitation for the improvement of crop nitrogen use efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011, 62: 1499-1509
[7] Chen Y-X (陈远学), Li L (李隆), Tang L (汤利), et al. Effect of nitrogen addition on nitrogen nutrition and strip rust occurrence of wheat in wheat/faba bean intercropping system. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences (核农学报), 2013, 27(7): 1020-1028 (in Chinese)
[8] Solomon PS, Tan KC, Oliver RP, et al. The nutrient supply of pathogenic fungi: A fertile field for study. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2003, 4: 203-210
[9] Liu L-L (刘玲玲), Peng X-L (彭显龙), Liu Y-Y (刘元英), et al. Effects of K on rice blast and yield under different nitrogen managements in cold area of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(8): 2258-2262 (in Chinese)
[10] He F (贺帆). Effects of N rates on canopy microclimate and community health in irrigated rice. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences (安徽农业科学), 2010, 38(5): 2285-2287 (in Chinese)
[11] Lopes T, Hatt S, Xu QX, et al. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-based intercropping systems for biological pest control. Pest Management Science, 2016, 72: 2193-2202
[12] Zhu J-H (朱锦惠), Dong K (董坤), Yang Z-X (杨智仙), et al. Advances in the mechanism of crop disease control by intercropping. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2017, 36(4): 1117-1126 (in Chinese)
[13] Liang K-M (梁开明), Zhang J-E (章家恩), Yang T (杨滔), et al. Effect of rice arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia) intercropping on diseases, pests and yield of rice. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2014, 22(7): 757-765 (in Chinese)
[14] Jia X (贾曦), Wang L (王璐), Liu Z-L (刘振林), et al. Effects and analyses of intercropping pattern for maize and peanut on crops disease occurrence. Journal of Peanut Science (花生学报), 2016, 45(4): 55-60 (in Chinese)
[15] Xiao JX, Yin XH, Ren JB, et al. Complementation drives higher growth rate and yield of wheat and saves nitrogen fertilizer in wheat and faba bean intercropping. Field Crops Research, 2018, 221: 119-129
[16] Xiao J-X (肖靖秀), Zhou G-S (周桂夙), Tang L (汤利), et al. Effects of nitrogen and potassium nutrition on the occurence of Blumeria graminis (DC). Speer of wheat in wheat and faba bean intercropping. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2006, 12(4): 517-522 (in Chinese)
[17] Cao SQ, Luo HS, Jin MA, et al. Intercropping influen-ced the occurrence of stripe rust and powdery mildew in wheat. Crop Protection, 2015, 70: 40-46
[18] Lu Y (鲁耀), Zheng Y (郑毅), Tang L (汤利), et al. Effects of nitrogen application on manganese nutrition and occurrence of leaf spots of intercropped faba beans. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(2): 425-431 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhu J-H (朱锦惠), Dong Y (董艳), Xiao J-X (肖靖秀), et al. Effects of N application on wheat powdery mildew occurrence, nitrogen accumulation and distribution in intercropping system. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(12): 3985-3993 (in Chinese)
[20] Abomostafa RAL, Zeinab E, Ghareeb, et al. Combined and genetic analysis for multiple-disease resistance to chocolate spot and rust on faba bean yield. International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 2014, 8: 181-193
[21] Lyu X (吕新). Practice Guidance of Meteorological and Agrometeorological Experiment. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2006 (in Chinese)
[22] Song W (宋伟), Zhao C-X (赵长星), Wang Y-F (王月福), et al. Influence of different planting patterns on field microclimate effect and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.). Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2011, 31(23): 7188-7195 (in Chinese)
[23] Lei E (雷恩), Huang X-H (黄晓惠), Ma T-F (马太芳), et al. Effects of different nitrogen application amounts on canopy temperature, solar radiation and blast of rice in Yunnan Hani terrace. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin (中国农学通报), 2015, 31(9): 44-50 (in Chinese)
[24] Jensen B, Munk L. Nitrogen induced changes in colony density and spore production of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordeion seedlings of six spring barley cultivars. Plant Pathology, 1997, 46: 191-202
[25] Liu X-N (刘小宁), Liu H-K (刘海坤), Huang Y-F (黄玉芳), et al. Relationships between nitrogen application rate, soil nitrate-nitrogen, plant nitrogen concentration and wheat scab. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(2): 306-317 (in Chinese)
[26] Han GY, Lang J, Sun Y, et al. Intercropping of rice varieties increases the efficiency of blast control through reduced disease occurrence and variability. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2016, 15: 795-802
[27] Wang G-M (王公明), Ding K-J (丁克坚). Effects of nitrogen level on rice morphological characters, inclusions and rice blast. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin (安徽农学通报), 2000, 6(2): 48-49 (in Chinese)
[28] Yang G-T (杨国涛), Fan Y-Y (范永义), Zhou C-F (卓驰夫), et al. The effect on microclimate and yield in rice population under different nitrogen treatments. Journal of Yunnan University (云南大学学报), 2017, 39(2): 324-332 (in Chinese)
[29] Qin JH, He HZ, Luo SM, et al. Effects of rice-water chestnut intercropping on rice sheath blight and rice blast diseases. Crop Protection, 2013, 43: 89-93
[30] Sahile S, Fininsa C, Sakhuja PK, et al. Yield loss of faba bean (Vicia faba) due to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) in sole and mixed cropping system in Ethiopia. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 2010, 43: 1144-1159
[31] Boudreau MA, Shew BB, Andrako LE. Impact of intercropping on epidemics of groundnut leaf spots: Defining constraints and opportunities through a 7-year field study. Plant Pathology, 2016, 65: 601-611
[32] Li L (李隆). Intercropping enhances agroecosystem services and functioning: Current knowledge and perspectives. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2016, 24(4): 403-415 (in Chinese)
[33] Sahile S, Fininsa C, Sakhuja PK, et al. Effect of mixed cropping and fungicides on chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) of faba bean (Vicia faba) in Ethiopia. Crop Protection, 2008, 27: 275-282
[2] El-Komy MH. Comparative analysis of defense responses in chocolate spot-resistant and susceptible faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars following infection by the necro-trophic fungus Botrytis fabae. The Plant Pathology Journal, 2014, 30: 355-366
[3] Xiao Y-B (肖焱波), Duan Z-Y (段宗颜), Jin H (金航), et al. Spared N response and yields advantage of intercropped wheat and faba bean. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2007, 13(2): 267-271 (in Chinese)
[4] Yang J-C (杨进成), Liu J-J (刘坚坚), An Z-Y (安正云), et al. Analyses on effect of interplanting on diseases and pests control and yield increase of wheat and faba bean. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University (云南农业大学学报), 2009, 24(3): 340-348 (in Chinese)
[5] Tavernier V, Cadiou S, Pageau K, et al. The plant nitrogen mobilization promoted by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Phaseolus leaves depends on fungus pathogenicity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007, 58: 3351-3360
[6] Kant S, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ. Understanding plant response to nitrogen limitation for the improvement of crop nitrogen use efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011, 62: 1499-1509
[7] Chen Y-X (陈远学), Li L (李隆), Tang L (汤利), et al. Effect of nitrogen addition on nitrogen nutrition and strip rust occurrence of wheat in wheat/faba bean intercropping system. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences (核农学报), 2013, 27(7): 1020-1028 (in Chinese)
[8] Solomon PS, Tan KC, Oliver RP, et al. The nutrient supply of pathogenic fungi: A fertile field for study. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2003, 4: 203-210
[9] Liu L-L (刘玲玲), Peng X-L (彭显龙), Liu Y-Y (刘元英), et al. Effects of K on rice blast and yield under different nitrogen managements in cold area of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(8): 2258-2262 (in Chinese)
[10] He F (贺帆). Effects of N rates on canopy microclimate and community health in irrigated rice. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences (安徽农业科学), 2010, 38(5): 2285-2287 (in Chinese)
[11] Lopes T, Hatt S, Xu QX, et al. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-based intercropping systems for biological pest control. Pest Management Science, 2016, 72: 2193-2202
[12] Zhu J-H (朱锦惠), Dong K (董坤), Yang Z-X (杨智仙), et al. Advances in the mechanism of crop disease control by intercropping. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2017, 36(4): 1117-1126 (in Chinese)
[13] Liang K-M (梁开明), Zhang J-E (章家恩), Yang T (杨滔), et al. Effect of rice arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia) intercropping on diseases, pests and yield of rice. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2014, 22(7): 757-765 (in Chinese)
[14] Jia X (贾曦), Wang L (王璐), Liu Z-L (刘振林), et al. Effects and analyses of intercropping pattern for maize and peanut on crops disease occurrence. Journal of Peanut Science (花生学报), 2016, 45(4): 55-60 (in Chinese)
[15] Xiao JX, Yin XH, Ren JB, et al. Complementation drives higher growth rate and yield of wheat and saves nitrogen fertilizer in wheat and faba bean intercropping. Field Crops Research, 2018, 221: 119-129
[16] Xiao J-X (肖靖秀), Zhou G-S (周桂夙), Tang L (汤利), et al. Effects of nitrogen and potassium nutrition on the occurence of Blumeria graminis (DC). Speer of wheat in wheat and faba bean intercropping. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2006, 12(4): 517-522 (in Chinese)
[17] Cao SQ, Luo HS, Jin MA, et al. Intercropping influen-ced the occurrence of stripe rust and powdery mildew in wheat. Crop Protection, 2015, 70: 40-46
[18] Lu Y (鲁耀), Zheng Y (郑毅), Tang L (汤利), et al. Effects of nitrogen application on manganese nutrition and occurrence of leaf spots of intercropped faba beans. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(2): 425-431 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhu J-H (朱锦惠), Dong Y (董艳), Xiao J-X (肖靖秀), et al. Effects of N application on wheat powdery mildew occurrence, nitrogen accumulation and distribution in intercropping system. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(12): 3985-3993 (in Chinese)
[20] Abomostafa RAL, Zeinab E, Ghareeb, et al. Combined and genetic analysis for multiple-disease resistance to chocolate spot and rust on faba bean yield. International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 2014, 8: 181-193
[21] Lyu X (吕新). Practice Guidance of Meteorological and Agrometeorological Experiment. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2006 (in Chinese)
[22] Song W (宋伟), Zhao C-X (赵长星), Wang Y-F (王月福), et al. Influence of different planting patterns on field microclimate effect and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.). Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2011, 31(23): 7188-7195 (in Chinese)
[23] Lei E (雷恩), Huang X-H (黄晓惠), Ma T-F (马太芳), et al. Effects of different nitrogen application amounts on canopy temperature, solar radiation and blast of rice in Yunnan Hani terrace. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin (中国农学通报), 2015, 31(9): 44-50 (in Chinese)
[24] Jensen B, Munk L. Nitrogen induced changes in colony density and spore production of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordeion seedlings of six spring barley cultivars. Plant Pathology, 1997, 46: 191-202
[25] Liu X-N (刘小宁), Liu H-K (刘海坤), Huang Y-F (黄玉芳), et al. Relationships between nitrogen application rate, soil nitrate-nitrogen, plant nitrogen concentration and wheat scab. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(2): 306-317 (in Chinese)
[26] Han GY, Lang J, Sun Y, et al. Intercropping of rice varieties increases the efficiency of blast control through reduced disease occurrence and variability. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2016, 15: 795-802
[27] Wang G-M (王公明), Ding K-J (丁克坚). Effects of nitrogen level on rice morphological characters, inclusions and rice blast. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin (安徽农学通报), 2000, 6(2): 48-49 (in Chinese)
[28] Yang G-T (杨国涛), Fan Y-Y (范永义), Zhou C-F (卓驰夫), et al. The effect on microclimate and yield in rice population under different nitrogen treatments. Journal of Yunnan University (云南大学学报), 2017, 39(2): 324-332 (in Chinese)
[29] Qin JH, He HZ, Luo SM, et al. Effects of rice-water chestnut intercropping on rice sheath blight and rice blast diseases. Crop Protection, 2013, 43: 89-93
[30] Sahile S, Fininsa C, Sakhuja PK, et al. Yield loss of faba bean (Vicia faba) due to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) in sole and mixed cropping system in Ethiopia. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 2010, 43: 1144-1159
[31] Boudreau MA, Shew BB, Andrako LE. Impact of intercropping on epidemics of groundnut leaf spots: Defining constraints and opportunities through a 7-year field study. Plant Pathology, 2016, 65: 601-611
[32] Li L (李隆). Intercropping enhances agroecosystem services and functioning: Current knowledge and perspectives. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2016, 24(4): 403-415 (in Chinese)
[33] Sahile S, Fininsa C, Sakhuja PK, et al. Effect of mixed cropping and fungicides on chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) of faba bean (Vicia faba) in Ethiopia. Crop Protection, 2008, 27: 275-282