青檀新害虫青檀绵叶蚜的生态学特性
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摘要
【目的】对青檀绵叶蚜的有效积温、温度对体型大小的影响、种群动态和趋性等生态学特性进行研究,为该害虫的综合防治奠定基础。【方法】有效积温:设置5个处理温度,将若干头无翅孤雌成蚜放入置好青檀叶的培养皿内,采用改进的树叶圆片法饲养,观察并记录不同温度处理下的发育历期,通过回归直线法计算出发育起点温度和有效积温;温度对体型大小的影响:设置不同的温度梯度,将若干头无翅孤雌成蚜放入置好青檀叶的培养皿内,采用改进的树叶圆片法饲养,观察、测量并记录每头成蚜的体长和体宽,所得数据用SPSS软件分析不同温度间蚜虫体型是否有显著性差异;种群动态:定期观察青檀绵叶蚜从越冬卵的孵化至叶片完全脱落的种群动态,然后绘制青檀绵叶蚜种群动态图表以及有翅蚜与无翅蚜数量及动态图表;趋性:根据蚜虫趋黄的特性,用黄色诱虫板在林间进行诱捕,在试验地树冠的不同高度悬挂黄板,每天定时统计蚜虫数量,最后进行数据汇总和处理。【结果】青檀绵叶蚜的发育起点温度(C)和有效积温(K)分别为(6.40±1.01)℃和(223.11±13.12)日度,计算得出K'/K=15.89,预测青檀绵叶蚜在山东枣庄地区1年可发生15～16代;在一定温度范围内,温度越高发育历期越短,相同龄期体型越小;在山东枣庄该虫有3个高峰期,分别是6月上旬(10日左右)、7月下旬(30日左右)和9月中旬(20日左右),种群动态受风雨等环境因素影响较大;在树冠中下层设置黄板对该虫的诱杀效果较好。【结论】在17～29℃温度范围内,青檀绵叶蚜的发育速率随温度升高而加快,发育历期随温度升高而缩短;对该虫在林间的发生规律及消长趋势进行总结,可为预测预报及综合防治提供理论依据;在实际生产推广黄板诱杀应用中,黄板应悬挂于树冠的中下层,诱捕时间应避开天敌瓢虫的高发期。
【Objective】Shivaphis pteroceltis is a new pest on Pteroceltis tatarinowii,a member of the national grade Ⅲ rare and endangered tree species. The pests had the characteristics of rapid propagating,large quantity,strong outbreak,and long time damage,and cause serious damage to leaves,fruits and young branches of P. tatarinowii. Based on the study of the biological characteristics of S. pteroceltis,the ecological characteristics,such as the effective accumulated temperature,the influence of temperature on the size,population dynamics,and the phototaxis,were further studied in this paper,to lay a foundation for integrated control the pest. 【Method】Five treatment temperatures were set to calculatethe development threshold temperatures and effective accumulated temperatures by the linear regression method.Developmental duration of the insect under different temperatures was observed and recorded by rearing some wingless parthenogenetic aphids in culture dish in which the leaves of P. tatarinowii were placed,and the improved method of leaf discs was used to rear the aphids. The body length and body width of each aphid were observed,measured and recorded in different temperature gradients. SPSS was used to analyze the data of body length and body width to investigate whether there was a significant difference on aphid size between different temperature treatments. Population dynamics from the hatch of the winter egg of S. pteroceltis to the leaf blade was regularly observed,and then the population dynamics figure of S. pteroceltis and winged and wingless aphids quantity dynamic figure were drawn. According to the characteristics of aphid yellow taxis,the yellow boards were hanged at different heights in P. tatarinowii forest in study sites. The number of aphids was daily counted,and at last the data was collected and processed. 【Result 】 The results showed: the developmental threshold temperature was( 6. 40 ± 1. 01) ℃ and the effective cumulative temperature was 223. 11 day degree ± 13. 12 day degree,and the K' / K = 15. 89,indicating that there were 15- 16 generations every year in Zaozhuang area. Within a certain range,with the increase of temperature,the development duration was shorter,and the size was smaller in the same age. There were three peaks of the aphid outburst,June 10 th,July 30 th and September 20 th,in Zaozhuang City,Shandong Province. Population dynamics was sensitive to the environment factors such as wind and rain.The trapping effect of yellow sticky card was better in the lower canopy. 【Conclusion】In the temperature range of 17- 29℃,with the increasing of temperature,the developmental rate of aphid increased and the developmental duration decreased. The pest occurrence trend and the change law provide a theoretical basis for the prediction and comprehensive control. In order to reduce the manslaughter for natural enemy of the pests,such as ladybird,in actual production,the high-incidence season of the natural enemy should be avoided in trapping the pests.
【Objective】Shivaphis pteroceltis is a new pest on Pteroceltis tatarinowii,a member of the national grade Ⅲ rare and endangered tree species. The pests had the characteristics of rapid propagating,large quantity,strong outbreak,and long time damage,and cause serious damage to leaves,fruits and young branches of P. tatarinowii. Based on the study of the biological characteristics of S. pteroceltis,the ecological characteristics,such as the effective accumulated temperature,the influence of temperature on the size,population dynamics,and the phototaxis,were further studied in this paper,to lay a foundation for integrated control the pest. 【Method】Five treatment temperatures were set to calculatethe development threshold temperatures and effective accumulated temperatures by the linear regression method.Developmental duration of the insect under different temperatures was observed and recorded by rearing some wingless parthenogenetic aphids in culture dish in which the leaves of P. tatarinowii were placed,and the improved method of leaf discs was used to rear the aphids. The body length and body width of each aphid were observed,measured and recorded in different temperature gradients. SPSS was used to analyze the data of body length and body width to investigate whether there was a significant difference on aphid size between different temperature treatments. Population dynamics from the hatch of the winter egg of S. pteroceltis to the leaf blade was regularly observed,and then the population dynamics figure of S. pteroceltis and winged and wingless aphids quantity dynamic figure were drawn. According to the characteristics of aphid yellow taxis,the yellow boards were hanged at different heights in P. tatarinowii forest in study sites. The number of aphids was daily counted,and at last the data was collected and processed. 【Result 】 The results showed: the developmental threshold temperature was( 6. 40 ± 1. 01) ℃ and the effective cumulative temperature was 223. 11 day degree ± 13. 12 day degree,and the K' / K = 15. 89,indicating that there were 15- 16 generations every year in Zaozhuang area. Within a certain range,with the increase of temperature,the development duration was shorter,and the size was smaller in the same age. There were three peaks of the aphid outburst,June 10 th,July 30 th and September 20 th,in Zaozhuang City,Shandong Province. Population dynamics was sensitive to the environment factors such as wind and rain.The trapping effect of yellow sticky card was better in the lower canopy. 【Conclusion】In the temperature range of 17- 29℃,with the increasing of temperature,the developmental rate of aphid increased and the developmental duration decreased. The pest occurrence trend and the change law provide a theoretical basis for the prediction and comprehensive control. In order to reduce the manslaughter for natural enemy of the pests,such as ladybird,in actual production,the high-incidence season of the natural enemy should be avoided in trapping the pests.
引文
安广池,王光照,刘和风,等.2014.新物种青檀绵叶蚜及其综合防治研究初报.林业实用技术,(1):36-38.(An G C,Wang G Z,Liu H F,et al.2014.A preliminary report on the study of Shivaphis pteroceltis Qiao,Jiang and An,sp.nov.and its integrated control.Practical Forestry Technology,(1):36-38.[in Chinese])
丁佐龙,何云核,高慧,等.1997.青檀叶的营养成分分析.安徽农业大学学报,24(10):18-20.(Ding Z L,He Y H,Gao H,et al.1997.Composition of nutritive ingredient in Whinghack berry leaves.Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,24(10):18-20.[in Chinese])
傅立国,金鉴明.1992.中国植物红皮书.北京:科学出版社.(Fu L G,Jin J M.1992.Chinese plant red data book.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
宫亚军,石宝才,路虹,等.2006.温度对3种蚜虫生长发育及繁殖的影响.华北农学报,21(5):96-98.(Gong Y J,Shi B C,Lu H,et al.2006.Effects of temperatures on the development and fecundity of three species of aphids.Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica,21(5):96-98.[in Chinese])
李伟伟,安广池,乔格侠,等.2015.青檀新害虫---青檀绵叶蚜(半翅目:蚜科)的生物学特性.林业科学,51(8):127-133.(Li W W,An G C,Qiao G X,et al.2015.Biology of Shivaphis pteroceltis(Hemiptera:Aphididae),A new pest of Pteroceltis tatarinowii.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,51(8):127-133.[in Chinese])
刘和风,安广池,赵洋民,等.2014.新物种青檀绵叶蚜对青檀的危害与分布规律.林业科技开发,28(1):33-37.(Liu H F,An G C,Zhao Y M,et al.2014.The damage of Shivaphis pteroceltis Qiao,Jiang and An,sp.nov.to Pteroceltis tatarinowii and its dispasal pattern.China Forestry Science and Technology,28(1):33-37.[in Chinese])
刘树生.1987.介绍一种饲养蚜虫的方法---新的叶子圆片法.昆虫知识,24(2):113-116.(Liu S S.1987.Introduces a method of aphid feeding-new leaf disc method.Entomological Knowledge,24(2):113-116.[in Chinese])
乔格侠,张广学,钟铁森.2005.中国动物志.昆虫纲.第41卷.同翅目.斑蚜科.北京:科学出版社,38-40,222-223.(Qiao G X,Zhang G X,Zhong T S.2005.China animal fauna.Insecta.Volume forty-first.Homoptera.Drepanosiphidae.Beijing:Science Press,38-40,222-223.[in Chinese])
杨忠岐.2000.白蛾周氏啮小蜂的有效积温及发育起点温度研究.林业科学,36(6):119-122.(Yang Z Q.2000.A study on effective accumulated temperature and threshold temperature for development Chouiola cunea Yang(Hymenoptera:Eulophidae).Scientia Silvae Sinicae,36(6):119-122.[in Chinese])
张广学,钟铁森.1990.东北斑蚜科及蚜科新种及新纪录种(同翅目:蚜总科).昆虫学报,33(1):84-88.(Zhang G X,Zhong T S.1990.New species and new record of Callaphididae and Aphididae from northeast China(Homoptera:Aphididae).Acta Entomologica Sinica,33(1):84-88.[in Chinese])
张万玉,张广学,钟铁森.1994.中国绵叶蚜属(同翅目:斑蚜科)研究及新种记述.动物学报,40(1):19-23.(Zhang W Y,Zhang G X,Zhong T S.1994.Studies on Chinese Shivaphis Das with description of a new species(Homoptera:Drepanosiphidae).Acta Entomologica Sinica,40(1):19-23.[in Chinese])
赵建文,李伟伟,安广池,等.2014.新物种---青檀绵叶蚜寄主及天敌种类调查.山东林业科技,(4):77-79.(Zhao J W,Li W W,An G C,et al.2014.Investigation of host and species of natural enemies of Shivaphis species,a new aphid species.Journal of Shandong Forestry Science and Technology,(4):77-79.[in Chinese])
朱承美,曲爱军,谷昭威,等.1997.山楂树新害虫---朴绵叶蚜生物学特性观察.落叶果树,(2):8-9.(Zhu C M,Qu A J,Gu Z W,et al.1997.Observed the biological characteristics of Shivaphis celti Das-a new pest of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge.Deciduous Fruits,(2):8-9.[in Chinese])
Jiang L Y,An G C,Li W W,et al.2014.A new Shivaphis species(Hemiptera:Aphididae)on the Chinese endemic plant,Pteroceltis tatarinowii.Zootaxa,3753(4):375-383.
丁佐龙,何云核,高慧,等.1997.青檀叶的营养成分分析.安徽农业大学学报,24(10):18-20.(Ding Z L,He Y H,Gao H,et al.1997.Composition of nutritive ingredient in Whinghack berry leaves.Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,24(10):18-20.[in Chinese])
傅立国,金鉴明.1992.中国植物红皮书.北京:科学出版社.(Fu L G,Jin J M.1992.Chinese plant red data book.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
宫亚军,石宝才,路虹,等.2006.温度对3种蚜虫生长发育及繁殖的影响.华北农学报,21(5):96-98.(Gong Y J,Shi B C,Lu H,et al.2006.Effects of temperatures on the development and fecundity of three species of aphids.Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica,21(5):96-98.[in Chinese])
李伟伟,安广池,乔格侠,等.2015.青檀新害虫---青檀绵叶蚜(半翅目:蚜科)的生物学特性.林业科学,51(8):127-133.(Li W W,An G C,Qiao G X,et al.2015.Biology of Shivaphis pteroceltis(Hemiptera:Aphididae),A new pest of Pteroceltis tatarinowii.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,51(8):127-133.[in Chinese])
刘和风,安广池,赵洋民,等.2014.新物种青檀绵叶蚜对青檀的危害与分布规律.林业科技开发,28(1):33-37.(Liu H F,An G C,Zhao Y M,et al.2014.The damage of Shivaphis pteroceltis Qiao,Jiang and An,sp.nov.to Pteroceltis tatarinowii and its dispasal pattern.China Forestry Science and Technology,28(1):33-37.[in Chinese])
刘树生.1987.介绍一种饲养蚜虫的方法---新的叶子圆片法.昆虫知识,24(2):113-116.(Liu S S.1987.Introduces a method of aphid feeding-new leaf disc method.Entomological Knowledge,24(2):113-116.[in Chinese])
乔格侠,张广学,钟铁森.2005.中国动物志.昆虫纲.第41卷.同翅目.斑蚜科.北京:科学出版社,38-40,222-223.(Qiao G X,Zhang G X,Zhong T S.2005.China animal fauna.Insecta.Volume forty-first.Homoptera.Drepanosiphidae.Beijing:Science Press,38-40,222-223.[in Chinese])
杨忠岐.2000.白蛾周氏啮小蜂的有效积温及发育起点温度研究.林业科学,36(6):119-122.(Yang Z Q.2000.A study on effective accumulated temperature and threshold temperature for development Chouiola cunea Yang(Hymenoptera:Eulophidae).Scientia Silvae Sinicae,36(6):119-122.[in Chinese])
张广学,钟铁森.1990.东北斑蚜科及蚜科新种及新纪录种(同翅目:蚜总科).昆虫学报,33(1):84-88.(Zhang G X,Zhong T S.1990.New species and new record of Callaphididae and Aphididae from northeast China(Homoptera:Aphididae).Acta Entomologica Sinica,33(1):84-88.[in Chinese])
张万玉,张广学,钟铁森.1994.中国绵叶蚜属(同翅目:斑蚜科)研究及新种记述.动物学报,40(1):19-23.(Zhang W Y,Zhang G X,Zhong T S.1994.Studies on Chinese Shivaphis Das with description of a new species(Homoptera:Drepanosiphidae).Acta Entomologica Sinica,40(1):19-23.[in Chinese])
赵建文,李伟伟,安广池,等.2014.新物种---青檀绵叶蚜寄主及天敌种类调查.山东林业科技,(4):77-79.(Zhao J W,Li W W,An G C,et al.2014.Investigation of host and species of natural enemies of Shivaphis species,a new aphid species.Journal of Shandong Forestry Science and Technology,(4):77-79.[in Chinese])
朱承美,曲爱军,谷昭威,等.1997.山楂树新害虫---朴绵叶蚜生物学特性观察.落叶果树,(2):8-9.(Zhu C M,Qu A J,Gu Z W,et al.1997.Observed the biological characteristics of Shivaphis celti Das-a new pest of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge.Deciduous Fruits,(2):8-9.[in Chinese])
Jiang L Y,An G C,Li W W,et al.2014.A new Shivaphis species(Hemiptera:Aphididae)on the Chinese endemic plant,Pteroceltis tatarinowii.Zootaxa,3753(4):375-383.