内皮素及其受体与缺血性心脏病
|
摘要
内皮素(endothelin,ET)是内皮细胞中分离出的一种活性多肽,是迄今所知最强的缩血管物质之一。它不仅存在于血管内皮细胞中,也广泛存在于心脏、大脑、肺和胃肠道系统中,是调节心血管功能的重要因子,并对缺血性心脏病的发生、发展起非常重要的作用。本文对ET及其相关受体的产生及水平,在心脏缺血性病变如缺血-再灌注损伤(ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/R)、心肌无复流、室性心率失常等中的作用作一综述。
Endothelin is an active polypeptide isolated from endothelial cells and the strongest vasoconstrictor known to date. It not only exists in vascular endothelial cells, but also widely exists in the heart, brain, lung and gastrointestinal system. It is one of the most important factors regulating cardiovascular function, and plays a very important role in the occurrence and development of ischemic heart disease. This article reviews the production and level of endothelin and its related receptors in ischemic heart disease, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, noreflow, ventricular arrhythmia and so on, and looks forward to its application prospects.
Endothelin is an active polypeptide isolated from endothelial cells and the strongest vasoconstrictor known to date. It not only exists in vascular endothelial cells, but also widely exists in the heart, brain, lung and gastrointestinal system. It is one of the most important factors regulating cardiovascular function, and plays a very important role in the occurrence and development of ischemic heart disease. This article reviews the production and level of endothelin and its related receptors in ischemic heart disease, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, noreflow, ventricular arrhythmia and so on, and looks forward to its application prospects.
引文
1.Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Myocardial reperfusion injury[J]. N Engl J Med, 2007, 357(11):1121-1135.
2 .YanagisawaM,KuriharaH,KimuraS,etal.Anovelpotent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells[J].Nature, 1988, 332(6163):411-415.
3 .Zhou BY, Guo YL, Wu NQ, et al. Plasma big endothelin-1 levels at admissionandfuturecardiovascularoutcomes:acohortstudyin patients with stable coronary artery disease[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2017,230:76-79.
4 .Saetrum Opgaard O, Adner M, Peters TH, et al. Endocardial expression and functional characterization of endothelin-1[J]. Mol Cell Biochem,2001, 224(1-2):151-158.
5 .RubanyiGM,PolokoffMA.Endothelins:molecularbiolog y,biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology[J].Pharmacol Rev, 1994, 46(3):325-415.
6 .Arai H, Hori S, Aramori I, et al. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor[J]. Nature, 1990, 348(6303):730-732.
7 .Mag uireJ J,Davenpor tAP.Endothelinreceptorsandtheir antagonists[J]. Semin Nephrol, 2015, 35(2):125-136.
8 .Filep JG, Battistini B, Cote YP, et al. Endothelin-1 induces prostacyclin release from bovine aortic endothelial cells[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1991, 177(1):171-176.
9 .HirataY,EmoriT,EguchiS,etal.EndothelinreceptorsubtypeB mediatessynthesisofnitricoxidebyculturedbovineendothelial cells[J]. J Clin Invest, 1993, 91(4):1367-1373.
10 .DavenportAP,HyndmanKA,DhaunN,etal.Endothelin[J].Pharmacol Rev, 2016, 68(2):357-418.
11 .Houde M, Desbiens L, D'Orleans-Juste P. Endothelin-1:biosynthesis,signaling and vasoreactivity[J]. Adv Pharmacol, 2016, 77:143-175.
12 .AdnerM,Gear yGG,EdvinssonL.Appearanceofcontractile endothelin-B receptors in rat mesenteric arterial segments following organ culture[J]. Acta Physiol Scand, 1998, 163(2):121-129.
13 .Skovsted GF, Kruse LS, Larsen R, et al. Heart ischaemia-reperfusion induceslocalup-regulationofvasoconstrictorendothelinETB receptors in rat coronary arteries downstream of occlusion[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2014, 171(11):2726-2738.
14 .Wang QD, Pernow J, Sjoquist PO, et al. Pharmacological possibilities for protection against myocardial reperfusion injury[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2002, 55(1):25-37.
15 .Climent B, Fernandez N, Garcia-Villalon AL, et al. Effects of antagonists for endothelin ET(A)and ET(B)receptors on coronary endothelial and myocardial function after ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized goats[J]. Vascul Pharmacol, 2006, 44(5):384-390.
16 .Zhang M, Gu WW, Hong XY. Involvement of endothelin 1 in remote preconditioning-induced cardioprotection through connexin 43 and Akt/GSK-3beta signaling pathway[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1):10941.
17 .Brunner F, Bras-Silva C, Cerdeira AS, et al. Cardiovascular endothelins:essential regulators of cardiovascular homeostasis[J]. Pharmacol Ther,2006, 111(2):508-531.
18 .Liu J, Chen R, Casley DJ, et al. Ischemia and reperfusion increase125 I-labeled endothelin-1 binding in rat cardiac membranes[J]. Am J Physiol, 1990, 258(3 Pt 2):H829-835.
19 .ChenY,LiJX,SongY,etal.Plasmabigendothelin-1andstent thrombosis:an observational study in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in China[J]. Thromb Res, 2017, 159:5-12.
20 .SetiantoBY,HartopoAB,SukmasariI,etal.On-admissionhigh endothelin-1 level independently predicts in-hospital adverse cardiac events following ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2016, 220:72-76.
21 .Olivier A, Girerd N, Michel JB, et al. Combined baseline and onemonthchangesinbigendothelin-1andbrainnatriureticpeptide plasma concentrations predict clinical outcomes in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction:insights from the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study(EPHESUS)study[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2017, 241:344-350.
22 .Mayyas F, Al-Jarrah M, Ibrahim K, et al. The significance of circulating endothelin-1 as a predictor of coronary artery disease status and clinical outcomes following coronary artery catheterization[J]. Cardiovasc Pathol, 2015, 24(1):19-25.
23 .ZhaoYB,WangYZ,YueYH,etal.Variationofplasmalevelsof endothelin,calcitoningene-relatedpeptide,nitricoxide,and malondialdehyde in acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in a rabbit model[J]. Genet Mol Res, 2015, 14(2):5577-5584.
24 .Wang JW, Li AY, Guo QH, et al. Endothelin-1 and ET receptors impair left ventricular function by mediated coronary arteries dysfunction in chronic intermittent hypoxia rats[J]. Physiol Rep, 2017, 5(1):e13050.
25 .Tamareille S, Terwelp M, Amirian J, et al. Endothelin-1 release during the early phase of reperfusion is a mediator of myocardial reperfusion injury[J]. Cardiology, 2013, 125(4):242-249.
26 .Ozdemir R, Parlakpinar H, Polat A, et al. Selective endothelin a(ETA)receptor antagonist(BQ-123)reduces both myocardial infarct size and oxidant injury[J]. Toxicology, 2006, 219(1/3):142-149.
27 .CaoL,HuangC,WangN,etal.ET-1/NO:acontroversialtarget formyocardialischemia-reperfusioninjury[J].Cardiology,2014,127(2):140.
28 .GourineAV,MoloshAI,PoputnikovD,etal.Endothelin-1exerts apreconditioning-likecardioprotectiveeffectagainstischaemia/reperfusioninjuryviatheET(A)receptorandthemitochondrial K(ATP)channel in the rat in vivo[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2005, 144(3):331-337.
29 .潘燕霞,林丽,袁文俊,等.内皮素-1预处理对培养乳鼠心肌细胞低氧损伤的保护作用[J].生理学报, 2003, 55(2):171-176.PANYanxia,LINLi,YUANWenjun,etal.Preventiveeffectof endothelin-1pretreatmentonhypoxia-inducedinjuryincultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes[J]. Acta Physiologica Sinica, 2003, 55(2):171-176.
30 .Wang N, Chang Y, Chen L, et al. Tanshinone IIA protects against chronic intermittenthypoxia-inducedmyocardialinjuryviaactivatingthe endothelin 1 pathway[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2017, 95:1013-1020.
31 .Hong XY, Hong X, Gu WW, et al. Cardioprotection and improvement in endothelial-dependent vasodilation during late-phase of whole body hypoxic preconditioning in spontaneously hypertensive rats via VEGF and endothelin-1[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2019, 842:79-88.
32 .MiyauchiT,MasakiT.Pathophysiolog yofendothelininthe cardiovascular system[J]. Annu Rev Physiol, 1999, 61:391-415.
33 .Skovsted GF, Kilic S, Edvinsson L. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3regulate endothelin receptor expression in rat coronary arteries[J].Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2015, 117(5):297-305.
34 .熊佳玲,蒋舒燕,梁贤杰,等.内皮素-1对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].热带医学杂志, 2015, 15(1):20-23.XIONG Jialing, JIANG Shuyan, LIANG Xianjie, et al. Protective effect of endothelin-1 for ischemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart[J]. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2015, 15(1):20-23.
35 .Fukumoto T, Tawa M, Kitada K, et al. Different effects of AT1 receptor antagonistandET(A)receptorantagonistonischemia-induced norepinephrine release in rat hearts[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2012,60(1):55-60.
36 .Trescher K, Bauer M, Dietl W, et al. Improved myocardial protection in the failing heart by selective endothelin-A receptor blockade[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2009, 137(4):1005-1011.
37 .Hansen A, Bekeredjian R, Filusch A, et al. Cardioprotective effects of the novel selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist BSF 461314 in ischemia-reperfusion injury[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2005, 18(11):1213-1220.
38 .Gonon AT, Gourine AV, Middelveld RJ, et al. Limitation of infarct size and attenuation of myeloperoxidase activity by an endothelin A receptor antagonist following ischaemia and reperfusion[J]. Basic Res Cardiol, 2001, 96(5):454-462.
39 .Pernow J, Bohm F, Johansson BL, et al. Enhanced vasoconstrictor responsetoendothelin-B-receptorstimulationinpatientswith atherosclerosis[J].JCardiovascPharmacol,2000,36(5Suppl1):S418-420.
40 .BauerM,WilkensH,LangerF,etal.Selectiveupregulationof endothelinBreceptorgeneex pressioninseverepulmonar y hypertension[J]. Circulation, 2002, 105(9):1034-1036.
41 .Dagassan PH, Breu V, Clozel M, et al. Up-regulation of endothelin-B receptors in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 1996, 27(1):147-153.
42 .Wackenfors A, Emilson M, Ingemansson R, et al. Ischemic heart disease induces upregulation of endothelin receptor mRNA in human coronary arteries[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2004, 484(1):103-109.
43 .Kristiansen SB, Haanes KA, Sheykhzade M, et al. Endothelin receptor mediated Ca(2+)signaling in coronary arteries after experimentally induced ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol,2017, 111:1-9.
44 .SkovstedGF,PedersenAF,LarsenR,etal.R apidfunctional upregulationofvasocontractileendothelinETBreceptorsinrat coronary arteries[J]. Life Sci, 2012, 91(13/14):593-599.
45 .Skovsted GF, Kruse LS, Berchtold LA, et al. Myocardial ischemiareperfusion enhances transcriptional expression of endothelin-1 and vasoconstrictor ETB receptors via the protein kinase MEK-ERK1/2signaling pathway in rat[J]. PLoS one, 2017, 12(3):e0174119.
46 .Drimal J, Knezl V, Drimal J, et al. Cardiac effects of endothelin-1(ET-1 )and related C terminal peptide fragment:increased inotropy or contribution to heart failure?[J]. Physiol Res, 2003, 52(6):701-708.
47 .Niccoli G, Lanza GA, Shaw S, et al. Endothelin-1 and acute myocardial infarction:ano-reflowmediatoraftersuccessfulpercutaneous myocardial revascularization[J]. Eur Heart J, 2006, 27(15):1793-1798.
48 .López FarréA, Riesco A, Espinosa G, et al. Effect of endothelin-1on neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells and perfused heart[J].Circulation, 1993, 88(3):1166-1171.
49 .Filep JG, Foldes-Filep E, Rousseau A, et al. Endothelin-1 enhances vascular permeability in the rat heart through the ETA receptor[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 1992, 219(2):343-344.
50 .Koniari I, Michalopoulos A. eComment:Endothelin-1 correlation with myocardial injury and no-reflow phenomenon[J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2011, 13(6):589-590.
51 .Gao R, Wang J, Zhang S, et al. The value of combining plasma D-Dimer andendothelin-1levelstopredictno-reflowafterpercutaneous coronary intervention of ST-segment elevation in acute myocardial infarction patients with a type 2 diabetes mellitus history[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2018, 24:3549-3556.
52 .Pekdemir H, Polat G, Cin VG, et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels in coronary sinus during rapid right atrial pacing in patients with slow coronary flow[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2004, 97(1):35-41.
53 .雷警输,卢长林,宫婷.尼可地尔对冠状动脉慢血流病人血浆内皮素-1和一氧化氮的影响[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2017, 15(24):3163-3165.LEI Jingshu, LU Changlin, GONG Ting. Effect of nicorandil on plasma endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in patients with coronary slow flow[J].Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine on Cardio-/Cerebrovascular Disease, 2017, 15(24):3163-3165.
54 .Chen Z, Chen X, Li S, et al. Nicorandil improves myocardial function by regulating plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in coronary slow flow[J]. Coron Artery Dis, 2015, 26(2):114-120.
55 .Li XS, Wang QD, Pernow J. Beneficial effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan on myocardial and endothelial injury following ischaemia/reperfusion in the rat[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 1995, 283(1/3):161-168.
56 .SchomigA,HaassM,RichardtG.Catecholaminereleaseand arrhythmiasinacutemyocardialischaemia[J].EurHeartJ,1991,12 (Suppl F):38-47.
57 .Tóth M, Solti F, Merkely B, et al. Ventricular tachycardias induced by intracoronary administration of endothelin-1 in dogs[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 1995, 26(Suppl 3):S153-155.
58 .Isaka M, Kudo A, Imamura M, et al. Endothelin receptors, localized in sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart, modulate norepinephrine releaseandreperfusionarrhythmias[J].BasicResCardiol,2007,102(2):154-162.
59 .Kolettis TM. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction:the role of endothelin-1[J]. Life Sci, 2014, 118(2):136-140.
60 .KolettisTM,KontonikaM,BarkaE,etal.Centralsympathetic activation and arrhythmogenesis during acute myocardial infarction:modulating effects of endothelin-B receptors[J]. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2015, 2:6.
61 .KolettisTM,OikonomidisDL,BaibakiME,etal.Endothelin B-receptorsandsympatheticactivation:impactonventricular arrhythmogenesis during acute myocardial infarction[J]. Life Sci, 2014,118(2):281-287.
62 .Oikonomidis DL, Tsalikakis DG, Baltogiannis GG, et al. Endothelin-B receptors and ventricular arrhythmogenesis in the rat model of acute myocardial infarction[J]. Basic Res Cardiol, 2010, 105(2):235-245.
63 .CingolaniHE,PerezNG,CingolaniOH,etal.TheAnrepeffect:100 years later[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2013, 304(2):H175-H182.
64 .Chorro FJ, Canto ID, Brines L, et al. Experimental study of the effects ofEIPA,Losartan,andBQ-123onelectrophysiologicalchanges induced by myocardial stretch[J]. Rev Esp Cardiol(Engl Ed), 2015,68(12):1101-1110.
65 .Adlbrecht C, Wurm R, Pezawas T, et al. Effects of endothelin A receptor blockade in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome—a rhythmologic substudy[J]. Life Sci, 2014, 118(2):430-434.
2 .YanagisawaM,KuriharaH,KimuraS,etal.Anovelpotent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells[J].Nature, 1988, 332(6163):411-415.
3 .Zhou BY, Guo YL, Wu NQ, et al. Plasma big endothelin-1 levels at admissionandfuturecardiovascularoutcomes:acohortstudyin patients with stable coronary artery disease[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2017,230:76-79.
4 .Saetrum Opgaard O, Adner M, Peters TH, et al. Endocardial expression and functional characterization of endothelin-1[J]. Mol Cell Biochem,2001, 224(1-2):151-158.
5 .RubanyiGM,PolokoffMA.Endothelins:molecularbiolog y,biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology[J].Pharmacol Rev, 1994, 46(3):325-415.
6 .Arai H, Hori S, Aramori I, et al. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor[J]. Nature, 1990, 348(6303):730-732.
7 .Mag uireJ J,Davenpor tAP.Endothelinreceptorsandtheir antagonists[J]. Semin Nephrol, 2015, 35(2):125-136.
8 .Filep JG, Battistini B, Cote YP, et al. Endothelin-1 induces prostacyclin release from bovine aortic endothelial cells[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1991, 177(1):171-176.
9 .HirataY,EmoriT,EguchiS,etal.EndothelinreceptorsubtypeB mediatessynthesisofnitricoxidebyculturedbovineendothelial cells[J]. J Clin Invest, 1993, 91(4):1367-1373.
10 .DavenportAP,HyndmanKA,DhaunN,etal.Endothelin[J].Pharmacol Rev, 2016, 68(2):357-418.
11 .Houde M, Desbiens L, D'Orleans-Juste P. Endothelin-1:biosynthesis,signaling and vasoreactivity[J]. Adv Pharmacol, 2016, 77:143-175.
12 .AdnerM,Gear yGG,EdvinssonL.Appearanceofcontractile endothelin-B receptors in rat mesenteric arterial segments following organ culture[J]. Acta Physiol Scand, 1998, 163(2):121-129.
13 .Skovsted GF, Kruse LS, Larsen R, et al. Heart ischaemia-reperfusion induceslocalup-regulationofvasoconstrictorendothelinETB receptors in rat coronary arteries downstream of occlusion[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2014, 171(11):2726-2738.
14 .Wang QD, Pernow J, Sjoquist PO, et al. Pharmacological possibilities for protection against myocardial reperfusion injury[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2002, 55(1):25-37.
15 .Climent B, Fernandez N, Garcia-Villalon AL, et al. Effects of antagonists for endothelin ET(A)and ET(B)receptors on coronary endothelial and myocardial function after ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized goats[J]. Vascul Pharmacol, 2006, 44(5):384-390.
16 .Zhang M, Gu WW, Hong XY. Involvement of endothelin 1 in remote preconditioning-induced cardioprotection through connexin 43 and Akt/GSK-3beta signaling pathway[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1):10941.
17 .Brunner F, Bras-Silva C, Cerdeira AS, et al. Cardiovascular endothelins:essential regulators of cardiovascular homeostasis[J]. Pharmacol Ther,2006, 111(2):508-531.
18 .Liu J, Chen R, Casley DJ, et al. Ischemia and reperfusion increase125 I-labeled endothelin-1 binding in rat cardiac membranes[J]. Am J Physiol, 1990, 258(3 Pt 2):H829-835.
19 .ChenY,LiJX,SongY,etal.Plasmabigendothelin-1andstent thrombosis:an observational study in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in China[J]. Thromb Res, 2017, 159:5-12.
20 .SetiantoBY,HartopoAB,SukmasariI,etal.On-admissionhigh endothelin-1 level independently predicts in-hospital adverse cardiac events following ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2016, 220:72-76.
21 .Olivier A, Girerd N, Michel JB, et al. Combined baseline and onemonthchangesinbigendothelin-1andbrainnatriureticpeptide plasma concentrations predict clinical outcomes in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction:insights from the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study(EPHESUS)study[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2017, 241:344-350.
22 .Mayyas F, Al-Jarrah M, Ibrahim K, et al. The significance of circulating endothelin-1 as a predictor of coronary artery disease status and clinical outcomes following coronary artery catheterization[J]. Cardiovasc Pathol, 2015, 24(1):19-25.
23 .ZhaoYB,WangYZ,YueYH,etal.Variationofplasmalevelsof endothelin,calcitoningene-relatedpeptide,nitricoxide,and malondialdehyde in acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in a rabbit model[J]. Genet Mol Res, 2015, 14(2):5577-5584.
24 .Wang JW, Li AY, Guo QH, et al. Endothelin-1 and ET receptors impair left ventricular function by mediated coronary arteries dysfunction in chronic intermittent hypoxia rats[J]. Physiol Rep, 2017, 5(1):e13050.
25 .Tamareille S, Terwelp M, Amirian J, et al. Endothelin-1 release during the early phase of reperfusion is a mediator of myocardial reperfusion injury[J]. Cardiology, 2013, 125(4):242-249.
26 .Ozdemir R, Parlakpinar H, Polat A, et al. Selective endothelin a(ETA)receptor antagonist(BQ-123)reduces both myocardial infarct size and oxidant injury[J]. Toxicology, 2006, 219(1/3):142-149.
27 .CaoL,HuangC,WangN,etal.ET-1/NO:acontroversialtarget formyocardialischemia-reperfusioninjury[J].Cardiology,2014,127(2):140.
28 .GourineAV,MoloshAI,PoputnikovD,etal.Endothelin-1exerts apreconditioning-likecardioprotectiveeffectagainstischaemia/reperfusioninjuryviatheET(A)receptorandthemitochondrial K(ATP)channel in the rat in vivo[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2005, 144(3):331-337.
29 .潘燕霞,林丽,袁文俊,等.内皮素-1预处理对培养乳鼠心肌细胞低氧损伤的保护作用[J].生理学报, 2003, 55(2):171-176.PANYanxia,LINLi,YUANWenjun,etal.Preventiveeffectof endothelin-1pretreatmentonhypoxia-inducedinjuryincultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes[J]. Acta Physiologica Sinica, 2003, 55(2):171-176.
30 .Wang N, Chang Y, Chen L, et al. Tanshinone IIA protects against chronic intermittenthypoxia-inducedmyocardialinjuryviaactivatingthe endothelin 1 pathway[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2017, 95:1013-1020.
31 .Hong XY, Hong X, Gu WW, et al. Cardioprotection and improvement in endothelial-dependent vasodilation during late-phase of whole body hypoxic preconditioning in spontaneously hypertensive rats via VEGF and endothelin-1[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2019, 842:79-88.
32 .MiyauchiT,MasakiT.Pathophysiolog yofendothelininthe cardiovascular system[J]. Annu Rev Physiol, 1999, 61:391-415.
33 .Skovsted GF, Kilic S, Edvinsson L. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3regulate endothelin receptor expression in rat coronary arteries[J].Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2015, 117(5):297-305.
34 .熊佳玲,蒋舒燕,梁贤杰,等.内皮素-1对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].热带医学杂志, 2015, 15(1):20-23.XIONG Jialing, JIANG Shuyan, LIANG Xianjie, et al. Protective effect of endothelin-1 for ischemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart[J]. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2015, 15(1):20-23.
35 .Fukumoto T, Tawa M, Kitada K, et al. Different effects of AT1 receptor antagonistandET(A)receptorantagonistonischemia-induced norepinephrine release in rat hearts[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2012,60(1):55-60.
36 .Trescher K, Bauer M, Dietl W, et al. Improved myocardial protection in the failing heart by selective endothelin-A receptor blockade[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2009, 137(4):1005-1011.
37 .Hansen A, Bekeredjian R, Filusch A, et al. Cardioprotective effects of the novel selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist BSF 461314 in ischemia-reperfusion injury[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2005, 18(11):1213-1220.
38 .Gonon AT, Gourine AV, Middelveld RJ, et al. Limitation of infarct size and attenuation of myeloperoxidase activity by an endothelin A receptor antagonist following ischaemia and reperfusion[J]. Basic Res Cardiol, 2001, 96(5):454-462.
39 .Pernow J, Bohm F, Johansson BL, et al. Enhanced vasoconstrictor responsetoendothelin-B-receptorstimulationinpatientswith atherosclerosis[J].JCardiovascPharmacol,2000,36(5Suppl1):S418-420.
40 .BauerM,WilkensH,LangerF,etal.Selectiveupregulationof endothelinBreceptorgeneex pressioninseverepulmonar y hypertension[J]. Circulation, 2002, 105(9):1034-1036.
41 .Dagassan PH, Breu V, Clozel M, et al. Up-regulation of endothelin-B receptors in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 1996, 27(1):147-153.
42 .Wackenfors A, Emilson M, Ingemansson R, et al. Ischemic heart disease induces upregulation of endothelin receptor mRNA in human coronary arteries[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2004, 484(1):103-109.
43 .Kristiansen SB, Haanes KA, Sheykhzade M, et al. Endothelin receptor mediated Ca(2+)signaling in coronary arteries after experimentally induced ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol,2017, 111:1-9.
44 .SkovstedGF,PedersenAF,LarsenR,etal.R apidfunctional upregulationofvasocontractileendothelinETBreceptorsinrat coronary arteries[J]. Life Sci, 2012, 91(13/14):593-599.
45 .Skovsted GF, Kruse LS, Berchtold LA, et al. Myocardial ischemiareperfusion enhances transcriptional expression of endothelin-1 and vasoconstrictor ETB receptors via the protein kinase MEK-ERK1/2signaling pathway in rat[J]. PLoS one, 2017, 12(3):e0174119.
46 .Drimal J, Knezl V, Drimal J, et al. Cardiac effects of endothelin-1(ET-1 )and related C terminal peptide fragment:increased inotropy or contribution to heart failure?[J]. Physiol Res, 2003, 52(6):701-708.
47 .Niccoli G, Lanza GA, Shaw S, et al. Endothelin-1 and acute myocardial infarction:ano-reflowmediatoraftersuccessfulpercutaneous myocardial revascularization[J]. Eur Heart J, 2006, 27(15):1793-1798.
48 .López FarréA, Riesco A, Espinosa G, et al. Effect of endothelin-1on neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells and perfused heart[J].Circulation, 1993, 88(3):1166-1171.
49 .Filep JG, Foldes-Filep E, Rousseau A, et al. Endothelin-1 enhances vascular permeability in the rat heart through the ETA receptor[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 1992, 219(2):343-344.
50 .Koniari I, Michalopoulos A. eComment:Endothelin-1 correlation with myocardial injury and no-reflow phenomenon[J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2011, 13(6):589-590.
51 .Gao R, Wang J, Zhang S, et al. The value of combining plasma D-Dimer andendothelin-1levelstopredictno-reflowafterpercutaneous coronary intervention of ST-segment elevation in acute myocardial infarction patients with a type 2 diabetes mellitus history[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2018, 24:3549-3556.
52 .Pekdemir H, Polat G, Cin VG, et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels in coronary sinus during rapid right atrial pacing in patients with slow coronary flow[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2004, 97(1):35-41.
53 .雷警输,卢长林,宫婷.尼可地尔对冠状动脉慢血流病人血浆内皮素-1和一氧化氮的影响[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2017, 15(24):3163-3165.LEI Jingshu, LU Changlin, GONG Ting. Effect of nicorandil on plasma endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in patients with coronary slow flow[J].Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine on Cardio-/Cerebrovascular Disease, 2017, 15(24):3163-3165.
54 .Chen Z, Chen X, Li S, et al. Nicorandil improves myocardial function by regulating plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in coronary slow flow[J]. Coron Artery Dis, 2015, 26(2):114-120.
55 .Li XS, Wang QD, Pernow J. Beneficial effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan on myocardial and endothelial injury following ischaemia/reperfusion in the rat[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 1995, 283(1/3):161-168.
56 .SchomigA,HaassM,RichardtG.Catecholaminereleaseand arrhythmiasinacutemyocardialischaemia[J].EurHeartJ,1991,12 (Suppl F):38-47.
57 .Tóth M, Solti F, Merkely B, et al. Ventricular tachycardias induced by intracoronary administration of endothelin-1 in dogs[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 1995, 26(Suppl 3):S153-155.
58 .Isaka M, Kudo A, Imamura M, et al. Endothelin receptors, localized in sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart, modulate norepinephrine releaseandreperfusionarrhythmias[J].BasicResCardiol,2007,102(2):154-162.
59 .Kolettis TM. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction:the role of endothelin-1[J]. Life Sci, 2014, 118(2):136-140.
60 .KolettisTM,KontonikaM,BarkaE,etal.Centralsympathetic activation and arrhythmogenesis during acute myocardial infarction:modulating effects of endothelin-B receptors[J]. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2015, 2:6.
61 .KolettisTM,OikonomidisDL,BaibakiME,etal.Endothelin B-receptorsandsympatheticactivation:impactonventricular arrhythmogenesis during acute myocardial infarction[J]. Life Sci, 2014,118(2):281-287.
62 .Oikonomidis DL, Tsalikakis DG, Baltogiannis GG, et al. Endothelin-B receptors and ventricular arrhythmogenesis in the rat model of acute myocardial infarction[J]. Basic Res Cardiol, 2010, 105(2):235-245.
63 .CingolaniHE,PerezNG,CingolaniOH,etal.TheAnrepeffect:100 years later[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2013, 304(2):H175-H182.
64 .Chorro FJ, Canto ID, Brines L, et al. Experimental study of the effects ofEIPA,Losartan,andBQ-123onelectrophysiologicalchanges induced by myocardial stretch[J]. Rev Esp Cardiol(Engl Ed), 2015,68(12):1101-1110.
65 .Adlbrecht C, Wurm R, Pezawas T, et al. Effects of endothelin A receptor blockade in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome—a rhythmologic substudy[J]. Life Sci, 2014, 118(2):430-434.