基于公平感知的移民搬迁后城镇融入研究——以三江源生态移民为例
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摘要
以三江源地区生态移民实地调研数据为基础,运用结构方程模型,重点考察了影响生态移民城镇融入的主要因素。结果表明:生态移民城镇融入受到外在客观因素与内在主观因素双重作用,其中,公平感知是影响生态移民城镇融入的关键要素;外部支持对移民群体公平感知的影响大于人力资本;生态移民的心理融入对其城镇融入影响程度最大。建议政府重视移民相关政策制定的公平性,建立健全移民各类保障体系,拓展完善外界对移民的帮扶渠道,为移民营造公平公正的环境,增强民族团结凝聚力,从物质与精神层面促进移民与当地居民和谐共处。
Based on the field survey of ecological migration in the area of Sanjiangyuan,the main factors affecting the ecological migration's integration into towns were investigated by using the structural equation model. Results indicate that: The integration of ecological immigrant was influenced by external objective factors and internal subjective factors. The key factors affecting the ecological migration's integration into towns was fair perception. For the ecological immigrant group,the influence of external support on the fair perception of immigrants was greater than that of human capital. The psychological integration of ecological migration had the greatest influence on its urban integration. It is suggested that the government should attach importance to the fairness of immigration related policies,establish and improve all kinds of immigrant security systems,expand and improve the external channels for the help of migrants,create a fair and just environment for immigrants,strengthen the cohesion of national unity,and promote the harmonious coexistence of immigrants and local residents from the material and spiritual level.
Based on the field survey of ecological migration in the area of Sanjiangyuan,the main factors affecting the ecological migration's integration into towns were investigated by using the structural equation model. Results indicate that: The integration of ecological immigrant was influenced by external objective factors and internal subjective factors. The key factors affecting the ecological migration's integration into towns was fair perception. For the ecological immigrant group,the influence of external support on the fair perception of immigrants was greater than that of human capital. The psychological integration of ecological migration had the greatest influence on its urban integration. It is suggested that the government should attach importance to the fairness of immigration related policies,establish and improve all kinds of immigrant security systems,expand and improve the external channels for the help of migrants,create a fair and just environment for immigrants,strengthen the cohesion of national unity,and promote the harmonious coexistence of immigrants and local residents from the material and spiritual level.
引文
[1]杜发春.三江源生态移民研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2014:83-84.
[2]朱儒顺,史俊宏.草原牧区生态移民可持续发展问题研究-以内蒙古乌拉特中旗为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(3):28-31.
[3]杨显明,米文宝,齐拓野,等.宁夏生态移民效益评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(4):16-23.
[4]顾海英,史清华,程英,等.现阶段"新二元结构"问题缓解的制度与政策-基于上海外来农民工的调研[J].管理世界,2011(11):55-65.
[5]Dustmann C. The social assimilation of immigrants[J]. Journal of Population Economic,1996,9(1):37-54.
[6]Ward C. Probing identity,integration and adaptation:Big question,little answers[J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,2013,37(4):391-404.
[7]杨菊华.中国流动人口的社会融入研究[J].中国社会科学,2015(2):61-81.
[8]李培林,田丰.中国农民工社会融入的代际比较[J].社会,2012,32(5):1-24.
[9]刘建娥.乡-城移民(农民工)社会融入的实证研究-基于五大城市的调查[J].人口研究,2010,34(4):62-75.
[10]卢海阳,郑逸芳,钱文荣.农民工融入城市行为分析-基于1632个农民工的调查数据[J].农业技术经济,2016(1):26-36.
[11]邓睿,肖云.农民工城市社区融入进程中的微观公平体验测度[J].农业技术经济,2017(4):28-37.
[12]罗明忠,陈明.人格特质对农民创业绩效影响的实证分析-兼议人力资本的调节作用[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2015(2):105-112.
[13]中国政府网.国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年)[EB/OL]. http://www. gov. cn/zhengce/2014-03/16/content_2640075. htm,2014-03-16.
[14]Oesten W. Social work and migration:immigrant and refugee settlement and integration[J]. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2011,37(4):677-678.
[15]钱文荣,李宝值.初衷达成度、公平感知度对农民工留城意愿的影响及其代际差异-基于长江三角洲16城市的调研数据[J].管理世界,2013(9):89-101.
[16]邓睿,冉光和.两代农民工的社区公平感有何不同?-农民工融入城市社区背景下的经验研究[J].公共管理学报,2017,14(1):89-104.
[17]李骏,吴晓刚.收入不平等与公平分配:对转型时期中国城镇居民公平感的一项实证分析[J].中国社会科学,2012(3):114-128.
[18]周文斌,马学忠.员工职业成长的组织公平影响研究-以组织支持感为中介变量[J].经济管理,2015(10):63-74.
[19]曾润喜,朱利平,夏梓怡.社区支持感对城市社区感知融入的影响-基于户籍身份的调节效应检验[J].中国行政管理,2016(12):43-49.
[20]周密,张广胜,杨肖丽,等.城市规模、人力资本积累与新生代农民工城市融入决定[J].农业技术经济,2015(1):54-63.
[21]金崇芳.农民工人力资本与城市融入的实证分析-以陕西籍农民工为例[J].资源科学,2011,33(11):2131-2137.
[22]Jacky B. Education and social integration:comprehensive schooling in Europe[J]. British Journal of Sociology of Education,2011,32(2):313-318.
[23]罗忠勇,尉建文.挫折经历、人力资本、企业制度与城市工人的社会不公平感[J].社会,2009,29(2):179-199.
[24]Staffan K,Rothstein B. Questioning the new liberal dilemma immigrants,social networks,and institutional fairness[J]. Comparative Politics,2010,43(1):63-79.
[25]Miroslava H. Social integration of immigrants in the czech republic[J]. Sociologia,2011,43(5):618-620.
[26]Nicholas N,Jane D,Ruth M C. Predictors of diminished levels of social integration in older adults[J]. Nursing Research,2014,63(2):64-69.
(1)由于调研移民多为藏族,考虑到客观存在的民族文化差异与语言沟通障碍,故调研环节设计如下:一是为避免问卷中出现不必要的民族敏感话题,预调研问卷与最终问卷均与相关专家、民族学生等进行多次沟通并修改;二是为保证调研对象准确理解问项内容,确保数据质量,调查问卷经翻译为汉语版与藏语版两个版本;同时在整个调研过程中,参与调研人员的选拔标准为"精通藏语,熟悉民族文化,交流无障碍,并掌握经济学与社会学相关基础知识";三是为确保问卷的有效性,每次调研结束后,课题组均会反复检查问卷,并对存在缺失值的问卷再次通过电话或面谈等方式进行回访。
[2]朱儒顺,史俊宏.草原牧区生态移民可持续发展问题研究-以内蒙古乌拉特中旗为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(3):28-31.
[3]杨显明,米文宝,齐拓野,等.宁夏生态移民效益评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(4):16-23.
[4]顾海英,史清华,程英,等.现阶段"新二元结构"问题缓解的制度与政策-基于上海外来农民工的调研[J].管理世界,2011(11):55-65.
[5]Dustmann C. The social assimilation of immigrants[J]. Journal of Population Economic,1996,9(1):37-54.
[6]Ward C. Probing identity,integration and adaptation:Big question,little answers[J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,2013,37(4):391-404.
[7]杨菊华.中国流动人口的社会融入研究[J].中国社会科学,2015(2):61-81.
[8]李培林,田丰.中国农民工社会融入的代际比较[J].社会,2012,32(5):1-24.
[9]刘建娥.乡-城移民(农民工)社会融入的实证研究-基于五大城市的调查[J].人口研究,2010,34(4):62-75.
[10]卢海阳,郑逸芳,钱文荣.农民工融入城市行为分析-基于1632个农民工的调查数据[J].农业技术经济,2016(1):26-36.
[11]邓睿,肖云.农民工城市社区融入进程中的微观公平体验测度[J].农业技术经济,2017(4):28-37.
[12]罗明忠,陈明.人格特质对农民创业绩效影响的实证分析-兼议人力资本的调节作用[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2015(2):105-112.
[13]中国政府网.国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年)[EB/OL]. http://www. gov. cn/zhengce/2014-03/16/content_2640075. htm,2014-03-16.
[14]Oesten W. Social work and migration:immigrant and refugee settlement and integration[J]. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2011,37(4):677-678.
[15]钱文荣,李宝值.初衷达成度、公平感知度对农民工留城意愿的影响及其代际差异-基于长江三角洲16城市的调研数据[J].管理世界,2013(9):89-101.
[16]邓睿,冉光和.两代农民工的社区公平感有何不同?-农民工融入城市社区背景下的经验研究[J].公共管理学报,2017,14(1):89-104.
[17]李骏,吴晓刚.收入不平等与公平分配:对转型时期中国城镇居民公平感的一项实证分析[J].中国社会科学,2012(3):114-128.
[18]周文斌,马学忠.员工职业成长的组织公平影响研究-以组织支持感为中介变量[J].经济管理,2015(10):63-74.
[19]曾润喜,朱利平,夏梓怡.社区支持感对城市社区感知融入的影响-基于户籍身份的调节效应检验[J].中国行政管理,2016(12):43-49.
[20]周密,张广胜,杨肖丽,等.城市规模、人力资本积累与新生代农民工城市融入决定[J].农业技术经济,2015(1):54-63.
[21]金崇芳.农民工人力资本与城市融入的实证分析-以陕西籍农民工为例[J].资源科学,2011,33(11):2131-2137.
[22]Jacky B. Education and social integration:comprehensive schooling in Europe[J]. British Journal of Sociology of Education,2011,32(2):313-318.
[23]罗忠勇,尉建文.挫折经历、人力资本、企业制度与城市工人的社会不公平感[J].社会,2009,29(2):179-199.
[24]Staffan K,Rothstein B. Questioning the new liberal dilemma immigrants,social networks,and institutional fairness[J]. Comparative Politics,2010,43(1):63-79.
[25]Miroslava H. Social integration of immigrants in the czech republic[J]. Sociologia,2011,43(5):618-620.
[26]Nicholas N,Jane D,Ruth M C. Predictors of diminished levels of social integration in older adults[J]. Nursing Research,2014,63(2):64-69.
(1)由于调研移民多为藏族,考虑到客观存在的民族文化差异与语言沟通障碍,故调研环节设计如下:一是为避免问卷中出现不必要的民族敏感话题,预调研问卷与最终问卷均与相关专家、民族学生等进行多次沟通并修改;二是为保证调研对象准确理解问项内容,确保数据质量,调查问卷经翻译为汉语版与藏语版两个版本;同时在整个调研过程中,参与调研人员的选拔标准为"精通藏语,熟悉民族文化,交流无障碍,并掌握经济学与社会学相关基础知识";三是为确保问卷的有效性,每次调研结束后,课题组均会反复检查问卷,并对存在缺失值的问卷再次通过电话或面谈等方式进行回访。