窑洞建筑景观基因的识别及其变异
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摘要
以黄土高原为研究区域,运用聚落景观基因理论与方法,对窑洞建筑的景观基因进行识别并对基因的变异进行分析。遵循内在唯一性原则、外在唯一性原则、局部唯一性原则以及总体优势性原则,将窑洞的景观基因要素分解为立面形态基因、平面布局基因、建筑材料基因、局部装饰基因等四个方面。拱形窑脸是窑洞区别于其他民居建筑的主要标志性特征,因而主体基因为立面形态基因,其余皆为附属基因。在"向心+围合"的中国传统聚落景观形态的大背景下,窑洞的平面布局基因随地形条件的不同产生了变异。为适应不同区域的黄土土质与气候环境,立面形态基因发生了变异。随着建筑技术的进步,窑洞由靠崖窑衍生出了地坑窑、锢窑等形态,建筑材料由原先的生土扩大为土坯、砖、石,在一定程度上对窑洞形态的变异产生影响。
Taking the Loess Plateau as the research area, using the theory and method of the settlement landscape gene, the landscape gene of the cave building was identified and the variation of the gene was analyzed. Following the inherent uniqueness principle, the external uniqueness principle, the local uniqueness principle and the general superiority principle, the cave landscape gene elements are decomposed into four aspects such as the facet form gene, the plane layout gene, the building material gene, the local decoration gene and so on. The arch kiln face is the main symbolic feature of cave dwelling distinguished from other residential buildings, so the main gene is the facade gene and the rest are ancillary genes. Under the background of Chinese traditional settlement landscape pattern of "centripetal + surround", the layout gene of cave dwelling has changed with the different terrain conditions. In order to adapt to different regions of loess soil and climate environment, the facade morphology genes have changed. With the progress of architectural technology, cave kiln and kiln of cave are derived from the cliff kiln, and the building materials are expanded from original soil to adobe, brick and stone. To a certain extent, it affects the variation of cave shape.
Taking the Loess Plateau as the research area, using the theory and method of the settlement landscape gene, the landscape gene of the cave building was identified and the variation of the gene was analyzed. Following the inherent uniqueness principle, the external uniqueness principle, the local uniqueness principle and the general superiority principle, the cave landscape gene elements are decomposed into four aspects such as the facet form gene, the plane layout gene, the building material gene, the local decoration gene and so on. The arch kiln face is the main symbolic feature of cave dwelling distinguished from other residential buildings, so the main gene is the facade gene and the rest are ancillary genes. Under the background of Chinese traditional settlement landscape pattern of "centripetal + surround", the layout gene of cave dwelling has changed with the different terrain conditions. In order to adapt to different regions of loess soil and climate environment, the facade morphology genes have changed. With the progress of architectural technology, cave kiln and kiln of cave are derived from the cliff kiln, and the building materials are expanded from original soil to adobe, brick and stone. To a certain extent, it affects the variation of cave shape.
引文
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[4] 张宗祜.我国黄土高原区域地质地貌特征及现代侵蚀作用[J].地质学报,1981(4):67-85.
[5] 刘景纯.城镇景观与文化:清代黄土高原地区城镇文化的地理学考察[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008:3.
[6] [英]阿兰·贝克著,阙维民,译.地理学与历史学-跨越楚河汉界[M].北京:商务印书馆,2008:133.
[7] 申秀英,刘沛林,等.景观"基因图谱"视角的聚落文化景观区系研究[J].人文地理,2006,21(4):109-112.
[8] 钱耀鹏.窑洞式建筑的产生极其环境考古学意义[J].文物,2004(3):69-77.
[9] 侯继尧,等.中国窑洞[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1999:25.
[10] 文化部文物保护科研所,主编.中国古建筑修缮技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1983:143.
[11] 左满常,渠滔,王放.河南民居[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012:161.
[12] 王军.西北民居[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009:73.
[13] 李秋香.中国村居[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2002:253.
[14] 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,编.中国传统民居类型全集(中)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2014:172.
[15] 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,编.中国传统民居类型全集(上)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2014:124.
[16] 翟洲燕,李同昇,等.陕西传统村落文化遗产景观基因识别[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(9):1067-1080.
[17] 王景明,等.黄土构造节理的理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996:150.
[18] 戴居正.土坯砖性质的初步报告[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),1957,3(1):31-32.
[19] 唐晓峰,周尚意,李蕾蕾."超级机制"与文化地理学研究[J].地理研究,2008,27(2):193-200.