耕地流转与规模经营改善了农业环境吗?——基于耕地利用行为对农业环境效率的影响检验
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摘要
研究目的:基于2007—2016年26省农业生产数据,测算"面源污染"和"碳排放"两类非期望产出下的农业环境效率,构建"耕地流转—利用规模—利用方式与利用强度—农业环境效率"的传导路径并进行计量检验。研究方法:超效率SBM模型,中介效应模型。研究结果:(1)耕地流转并未显著提高农业环境效率,但耕地利用规模对农业环境效率的影响呈倒U型;(2)耕地流转有助于扩大耕地利用规模,进而在样本中对农业环境效率呈现负向影响。与此同时,耕地流转对农业环境效率也存在正向的直接效应,正负效应基本抵消;(3)耕地利用规模主要通过改变化肥和机械投入强度进而负向影响农业环境效率。研究结论:农业环境效率受耕地流转、利用规模、利用方式和强度等多重因素影响,呈现明显的传导路径,因此,为了提高农业环境效率,在积极推行土地流转和规模化经营政策时,要注意结合地区农业生产力和地理环境,避免盲目扩大经营规模,同时鼓励规模经营主体引进农业绿色环保技术,注重农业生产资料的合理利用。
Based on the agricultural production data covering 26 provinces from 2007 to 2016, the purpose of this paper is to calculate agricultural environmental efficiency(AEE) under the "non-point source pollution" and "carbon emissions" undesired output, respectively, to construct the analytical framework of "cultivated land transfer-land operation sizeland use pattern and intensity-AEE", and to empirically examines the influencing mechanism of land transfer and operating land size on AEE. The research methods consist of super efficient SBM model and mediating effect model.The results show that 1)cultivated land transfer has not significantly improved AEE, but cultivated land operation size has the inverted U-shaped relationship with AEE. 2)Cultivated land transfer helps to expand the land operation size per agricultural labour, and has a negative impact on AEE in the research sample. At the same time, cultivated land transfer has a positive direct effect on AEE, which is more or less offset by the negative mediating effect. 3)The land operation size affects AEE mainly by changing the intensity of fertilizer and mechanical input. It is concluded that AEE is affected by multiple factors such as cultivated land transfer, land operation size, land use pattern and intensity, which exerts a significant mediating effect. In conclusion, in order to improve AEE, it is suggested that cultivated land transfer and scale operation should be compatible with regional agricultural productivity and geographical environment, and avoid blindly expansion of operation scale. Moreover, large-scale operation entities should be encouraged to introduce agricultural environmental protection technologies and sustainable agricultural production inputs.
Based on the agricultural production data covering 26 provinces from 2007 to 2016, the purpose of this paper is to calculate agricultural environmental efficiency(AEE) under the "non-point source pollution" and "carbon emissions" undesired output, respectively, to construct the analytical framework of "cultivated land transfer-land operation sizeland use pattern and intensity-AEE", and to empirically examines the influencing mechanism of land transfer and operating land size on AEE. The research methods consist of super efficient SBM model and mediating effect model.The results show that 1)cultivated land transfer has not significantly improved AEE, but cultivated land operation size has the inverted U-shaped relationship with AEE. 2)Cultivated land transfer helps to expand the land operation size per agricultural labour, and has a negative impact on AEE in the research sample. At the same time, cultivated land transfer has a positive direct effect on AEE, which is more or less offset by the negative mediating effect. 3)The land operation size affects AEE mainly by changing the intensity of fertilizer and mechanical input. It is concluded that AEE is affected by multiple factors such as cultivated land transfer, land operation size, land use pattern and intensity, which exerts a significant mediating effect. In conclusion, in order to improve AEE, it is suggested that cultivated land transfer and scale operation should be compatible with regional agricultural productivity and geographical environment, and avoid blindly expansion of operation scale. Moreover, large-scale operation entities should be encouraged to introduce agricultural environmental protection technologies and sustainable agricultural production inputs.
引文
[1]王祖力,肖海峰.化肥施用对粮食产量增长的作用分析[J].农业经济问题,2008(8):65-68.
[2]HUANG J, DING J. Institutional innovation and policy support to facilitate small-scale farming transformation in China[J]. Agricultural Economics, 2016, 47(S1):227-237.
[3]HOLDEN, STEIN T. Fertilizer and sustainable intensification in Sub-Saharan Africa[J]. Global Food Security, 2018(18):20-26.
[4]尚旭东,朱守银.家庭农场和专业农户大规模农地的“非家庭经营”:行为逻辑、经营成效与政策偏离[J].中国农村经济,2015(12):4-13,30.
[5]MA X, ZHOU Y, HEERINK N, et al. Tenure security, social relations and contract choice:endogenous matching in the Chinese land rental market[EB/OL].[2019-02-24]. https://ideas.repec.ogr/p/ags/iaae18/277478.html.
[6]刘洪彬,王秋兵,边振兴,等.农户土地利用行为特征及影响因素研究——基于沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户的调查研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(10):111-117.
[7]CHUXIONG D, BINGGENG X, XIAOQING L I, et al.Evaluation of agricultural land intensive use in hunan based on principal component analysis method[J]. Tropical Geography, 2011, 31(1):71-76.
[8]刘洪彬,王秋兵,孙福军,等.农户土地利用行为对耕地质量作用机制及传导路径——以沈阳市苏家屯区为例[J].土壤通报,2018,49(6):1294-1299.
[9]梁流涛,翟彬.基于PRA和LCA方法的农户土地利用行为环境效应评价——以河南省传统农区为例[J].中国土地科学,2015,29(5):84-92.
[10]陈钦萍,杨建州.碳排放视角下的福建林区农户农地利用行为及其影响因素分析[J].生态经济,2018,34(5):33-37.
[11]姚增福,唐华俊,刘欣.规模经营行为、外部性和农业环境效率——基于西部两省770户微观数据的实证检验[J].财经科学,2017(12):69-83.
[12]JU X, GU B, WU Y, et al. Reducing China’s fertilizer use by increasing farm size[J]. Global Environmental Change,2016, 41(8):26-32.
[13]朱明月,王钊,李海央.土地经营权流转、农户种植偏好与农业经济效益——基于8省779户农户微观调研数据的实证[J].农村经济,2018(9):28-35.
[14]诸培新,苏敏,颜杰.转入农地经营规模及稳定性对农户化肥投入的影响——以江苏四县(市)水稻生产为例[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,17(4):85-94,158.
[15]黄炎忠,罗小锋.既吃又卖:稻农的生物农药施用行为差异分析[J].中国农村经济,2018(7):63-78.
[16]俞海,黄季焜,SCOTT ROZELLE,等.地权稳定性、土地流转与农地资源持续利用[J].经济研究,2003(9):82-91.
[17]龙云,任力.农地流转对农业面源污染的影响——基于农户行为视角[J].经济学家,2016(8):81-87.
[18]侯俊东,吕军,尹伟峰.农户经营行为对农村生态环境影响研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(3):26-31.
[19]刘亚琼,黄英.农业机械化对农村环境影响的实证研究[J].农机化研究,2016,38(12):75-80.
[20]刘乐,张娇,张崇尚,等.经营规模的扩大有助于农户采取环境友好型生产行为吗——以秸秆还田为例[J].农业技术经济,2017(5):17-26.
[21]周明耀,朱春龙,刘新仁,等.节水灌溉与江苏农业可持续发展[J].江苏农业研究,2000,21(2):71-74.
[22]王宝义,张卫国.中国农业生态效率的省际差异和影响因素——基于1996~2015年31个省份的面板数据分析[J].中国农村经济,2018(1):46-62.
[23]TONE K. A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2001, 130(3):498-509.
[24]TONE K. A slacks-based measure of super-efficiency in data envelopment analysis[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2002, 143(1):32-41.
[25]田伟,杨璐嘉,姜静.低碳视角下中国农业环境效率的测算与分析——基于非期望产出的SBM模型[J].中国农村观察,2014(5):59-71,95.
[26]李波,张俊飚,李海鹏.中国农业碳排放时空特征及影响因素分解[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(8):80-86.
[27]许瑞恒,刘洋,刘曙光.房价对企业技术创新产出的成本效应与投资效应研究——基于A股上市公司数据的实证分析[J/OL].重庆大学学报(社会科学版):1-15[2019-05-10]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/50.1023.C.20190403.1012.002.html.
[28]温忠麟,张雷,侯杰泰,等.中介效应检验程序及其应用[J].心理学报,2004,36(5):614-620.
(1)由于北京、天津、上海、青海和西藏的数据缺失,故本文省份为不包括该5省(市、自治区)的26个省份。
(2)农业面源污染主要为化学品使用中化学元素的流失及残留,而农业碳排放主要为化学品生产、运输、施用过程的隐含碳排放量和柴油、电力等能源消耗产生的碳排放量。虽然面源污染和碳排放均是农业生产过程中的重要环境影响,但是同样的耕地利用行为可能对这两个环境因素存在差异化的影响。
(3)现实中耕地利用方式与强度可能涉及更多的内容,如良种技术、有机肥和绿肥、农膜或者水资源投入强度等,但是这6项是农业生产中最重要的,且统计数据予以统计的,也是本文集中分析的内容。
(1)此处的农业服务花费包括:租赁作业费(机械作业费、畜力费、排灌费),燃料动力费,技术服务费,工具材料费,修理维护费,其他直接费用及间接费用(固定资产折旧、保险费、管理费、财务费和销售费)。
(2)各碳排放源排放系数为:化肥0.895 6 kg·kg-1;农药4.934 1 kg·kg-1;农膜5.18 kg·kg-1;柴油0.592 7 kg·kg-1;翻耕312.6 kg·km-2;农业灌溉25 kg·hm-2。
(1)耕地流转率与人均播种面积两个变量间的偏相关系数为0.238,远小于临界值0.8,因此其共线性不会影响估计结果的准确性。
(1)由于篇幅限制,具体估计结果读者可向笔者索取。
[2]HUANG J, DING J. Institutional innovation and policy support to facilitate small-scale farming transformation in China[J]. Agricultural Economics, 2016, 47(S1):227-237.
[3]HOLDEN, STEIN T. Fertilizer and sustainable intensification in Sub-Saharan Africa[J]. Global Food Security, 2018(18):20-26.
[4]尚旭东,朱守银.家庭农场和专业农户大规模农地的“非家庭经营”:行为逻辑、经营成效与政策偏离[J].中国农村经济,2015(12):4-13,30.
[5]MA X, ZHOU Y, HEERINK N, et al. Tenure security, social relations and contract choice:endogenous matching in the Chinese land rental market[EB/OL].[2019-02-24]. https://ideas.repec.ogr/p/ags/iaae18/277478.html.
[6]刘洪彬,王秋兵,边振兴,等.农户土地利用行为特征及影响因素研究——基于沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户的调查研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(10):111-117.
[7]CHUXIONG D, BINGGENG X, XIAOQING L I, et al.Evaluation of agricultural land intensive use in hunan based on principal component analysis method[J]. Tropical Geography, 2011, 31(1):71-76.
[8]刘洪彬,王秋兵,孙福军,等.农户土地利用行为对耕地质量作用机制及传导路径——以沈阳市苏家屯区为例[J].土壤通报,2018,49(6):1294-1299.
[9]梁流涛,翟彬.基于PRA和LCA方法的农户土地利用行为环境效应评价——以河南省传统农区为例[J].中国土地科学,2015,29(5):84-92.
[10]陈钦萍,杨建州.碳排放视角下的福建林区农户农地利用行为及其影响因素分析[J].生态经济,2018,34(5):33-37.
[11]姚增福,唐华俊,刘欣.规模经营行为、外部性和农业环境效率——基于西部两省770户微观数据的实证检验[J].财经科学,2017(12):69-83.
[12]JU X, GU B, WU Y, et al. Reducing China’s fertilizer use by increasing farm size[J]. Global Environmental Change,2016, 41(8):26-32.
[13]朱明月,王钊,李海央.土地经营权流转、农户种植偏好与农业经济效益——基于8省779户农户微观调研数据的实证[J].农村经济,2018(9):28-35.
[14]诸培新,苏敏,颜杰.转入农地经营规模及稳定性对农户化肥投入的影响——以江苏四县(市)水稻生产为例[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,17(4):85-94,158.
[15]黄炎忠,罗小锋.既吃又卖:稻农的生物农药施用行为差异分析[J].中国农村经济,2018(7):63-78.
[16]俞海,黄季焜,SCOTT ROZELLE,等.地权稳定性、土地流转与农地资源持续利用[J].经济研究,2003(9):82-91.
[17]龙云,任力.农地流转对农业面源污染的影响——基于农户行为视角[J].经济学家,2016(8):81-87.
[18]侯俊东,吕军,尹伟峰.农户经营行为对农村生态环境影响研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(3):26-31.
[19]刘亚琼,黄英.农业机械化对农村环境影响的实证研究[J].农机化研究,2016,38(12):75-80.
[20]刘乐,张娇,张崇尚,等.经营规模的扩大有助于农户采取环境友好型生产行为吗——以秸秆还田为例[J].农业技术经济,2017(5):17-26.
[21]周明耀,朱春龙,刘新仁,等.节水灌溉与江苏农业可持续发展[J].江苏农业研究,2000,21(2):71-74.
[22]王宝义,张卫国.中国农业生态效率的省际差异和影响因素——基于1996~2015年31个省份的面板数据分析[J].中国农村经济,2018(1):46-62.
[23]TONE K. A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2001, 130(3):498-509.
[24]TONE K. A slacks-based measure of super-efficiency in data envelopment analysis[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2002, 143(1):32-41.
[25]田伟,杨璐嘉,姜静.低碳视角下中国农业环境效率的测算与分析——基于非期望产出的SBM模型[J].中国农村观察,2014(5):59-71,95.
[26]李波,张俊飚,李海鹏.中国农业碳排放时空特征及影响因素分解[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(8):80-86.
[27]许瑞恒,刘洋,刘曙光.房价对企业技术创新产出的成本效应与投资效应研究——基于A股上市公司数据的实证分析[J/OL].重庆大学学报(社会科学版):1-15[2019-05-10]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/50.1023.C.20190403.1012.002.html.
[28]温忠麟,张雷,侯杰泰,等.中介效应检验程序及其应用[J].心理学报,2004,36(5):614-620.
(1)由于北京、天津、上海、青海和西藏的数据缺失,故本文省份为不包括该5省(市、自治区)的26个省份。
(2)农业面源污染主要为化学品使用中化学元素的流失及残留,而农业碳排放主要为化学品生产、运输、施用过程的隐含碳排放量和柴油、电力等能源消耗产生的碳排放量。虽然面源污染和碳排放均是农业生产过程中的重要环境影响,但是同样的耕地利用行为可能对这两个环境因素存在差异化的影响。
(3)现实中耕地利用方式与强度可能涉及更多的内容,如良种技术、有机肥和绿肥、农膜或者水资源投入强度等,但是这6项是农业生产中最重要的,且统计数据予以统计的,也是本文集中分析的内容。
(1)此处的农业服务花费包括:租赁作业费(机械作业费、畜力费、排灌费),燃料动力费,技术服务费,工具材料费,修理维护费,其他直接费用及间接费用(固定资产折旧、保险费、管理费、财务费和销售费)。
(2)各碳排放源排放系数为:化肥0.895 6 kg·kg-1;农药4.934 1 kg·kg-1;农膜5.18 kg·kg-1;柴油0.592 7 kg·kg-1;翻耕312.6 kg·km-2;农业灌溉25 kg·hm-2。
(1)耕地流转率与人均播种面积两个变量间的偏相关系数为0.238,远小于临界值0.8,因此其共线性不会影响估计结果的准确性。
(1)由于篇幅限制,具体估计结果读者可向笔者索取。