材料的重要性
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摘要
《材料的重要性》是《景观设计理论》的一段节选。《景观设计理论》旨在不使用专业术语或其他领域假说的前提下,结合景观设计过程向学生介绍内在理论思想。《材料的重要性》是本书的五章之一。每一章针对特定理论,解释了其基础和来源,探讨了它对设计的重要性,列举了20—21世纪与其相关的设计案例,整理了该理论的辩论(尤其是有关现代和后现代思想),最后还有相关阅读材料清单和需要学生们思考的问题。本文分为如下3个部分:第一部分,物质性,介绍"辩证唯物主义""媒介即信息""物质实践"和"编码"等理论及其在设计中的运用;第二部分,通过"建构表达""地貌代理人策略""石材的面层""材料的暗示""人造,但不是伪造"等理论,介绍材料的真实性及其在设计中的运用;第三部分,复写理论及应用,包括"剩余物""复写的展示性""未来的复写"和"虚构的复写"等内容。
Material Matters is an excerpt from Landscape Theory in Design. The intent of Landscape Theory in Design is to introduce theoretical ideas to students without the use of jargon or an assumption of extensive knowledge in other fields, and in doing so, link these ideas to the processes of design. Material Matters is one of five chapters in the book. Each chapter explains the theoretical groundings of the theory, why it matters to design, an example of the theory in landscape architecture from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, debates surrounding the theory(particularly as they elaborate modern and postmodern thought) and primary readings that can be read as companions to the text. There are also questions for students to consider. First, you will be introduced to Materiality and its employment in design through the theories of Dialectical Materialism, Medium is the Message, Material Practices, and Encoding. Second, you will be introduced to Truth of Materials and its use in design through the theories of Tectonic Expression, Geomorphic Agents, Aspects of Stone, Material Allusion,and Fake, But Not Artificial. Third, you will be introduced to Palimpsest and its employment of in design through Residuality, Palimpsest Revealed, Future Palimpsest, and Fictional Palimpsest.
Material Matters is an excerpt from Landscape Theory in Design. The intent of Landscape Theory in Design is to introduce theoretical ideas to students without the use of jargon or an assumption of extensive knowledge in other fields, and in doing so, link these ideas to the processes of design. Material Matters is one of five chapters in the book. Each chapter explains the theoretical groundings of the theory, why it matters to design, an example of the theory in landscape architecture from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, debates surrounding the theory(particularly as they elaborate modern and postmodern thought) and primary readings that can be read as companions to the text. There are also questions for students to consider. First, you will be introduced to Materiality and its employment in design through the theories of Dialectical Materialism, Medium is the Message, Material Practices, and Encoding. Second, you will be introduced to Truth of Materials and its use in design through the theories of Tectonic Expression, Geomorphic Agents, Aspects of Stone, Material Allusion,and Fake, But Not Artificial. Third, you will be introduced to Palimpsest and its employment of in design through Residuality, Palimpsest Revealed, Future Palimpsest, and Fictional Palimpsest.
引文
[1]WEILACHER U.Between Landscape Architecture and Land Art[M].Basel;Boston:Birkh?user,1996:14.
[2]TREIB M,IMBERT D.Garrett Eckbo:Modern Landscapes for Living[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,2005:77-93.
[3]LATOUR Bruno.Agency at the Time of the Anthropocene[J].New Literary History,2014,45(15):1-18.
[4]VIRAY E.Why Material Design?[M]//Material design:Informing Architecture by Materiality.Basel:Birkh?user,2011,8-9.
[5]HINCHLIFFE S.‘Inhabiting’:Landscapes and Natures[M]//The Handbook of Cultural Geography.London;Thousand Oaks,CA;New Delhi:Sage Publications,2002:207-226.
[6]NOVACK G.Origins of Materialism:the Evolution of the Scientific View of the World[M].New York:Merit,1965:24.
[7]HILL STONER J.Definitions of Material Culture[M/OL]//Miscellaneous Objects.http://miscellaneousobjects.blogspot.ca/2008/07/definitions-of-material-culture.html.
[8]RICHARDSON T.Futurescapes:Designers for Tomorrow’s Outdoor Spaces[M].New York:Thames&Hudson,2011:50.
[9]K.MEYER E.Post-Earth Day Conundrum:Translating Environmental Values[M]//Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture,Washington DC:Dumbarton Oaks,2000:187-244.
[10]E.RIPPLE,NORTON ROCKCASTLE V.Piaget Rediscovered[M].Ithaca,NY:Cornell University,1964:8.
[11]SMITHSON R.Frederick Law Olmsted and the Dialectical Landscape[J].Artforum,1973(2):62-68.
[12]BéRUBéM.Materialism,in New keywords:a Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society[M].Malden,MA:Blackwell,2005:210-211.
[13]HENRY C.Stone River-Jon Piasecki[EB/OL].(2011-10-13)[2015-04-06].http://www.archdaily.com/?p=173867.
[14]MCLUHAN M,H.LAPHAM L.Understanding Media:The Extensions of Man[M].New York:MIT Press,1964;1994:7.
[15]Mark FEDERMAN.“What is the Meaning of The Medium is the Message?”[EB/OL].[2016-01-21].http://individual.utoronto.ca/markfederman/article_mediumisthemessage.htm.
[16]Interaction Awards 2014,Avena+Test Bed-Agricultural Printing and Altered Landscapes Royal College of Art[EB/OL][2016-01-21].http://awards.ixda.org/entry/2014/avenatest-bed-agricultural-printing-and-altered-landscapes/.
[17]TAFLINE L.“Benedikt Gro?Brings Digital Printing to Precision Farming,”Inhabit[EB/OL].(2013-08-23)[2015-01-21].http://inhabitat.com/benedikt-gros-brings-digitalprinting-to-precision-farming/avena-test-bed-by-benediktgros-6/.
[18]ALLEN S.Points and Lines[EB/OL].(1999-02-24)[2016-01-24].http://sma.sciarc.edu/video/stan-allen/.
[19]ALLEN S.Introduction:Practice vs.Project[M]//Practice:architecture,technique and representation.Amsterdam:G+B Arts International,2000:xiii-xxv.
[20]LUDWIG F.Baubotanik:Designing with Living Material[M]//KARINA L?SCHKE S,ed.Materiality and Architecture.Abingdon,New York:Routledge,2016.
[21]BETHGE P.New Branch of Architecture:Grow Your Own Skyscraper[EB/OL].(2009-07-22)[2016-01-21].http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/new-branch-ofarchitecture-grow-your-own-skyscraper-a-636716.html.
[22]SCHROPFER T.Modulating:Transformation by Shaping and Texturing[M]//Material Design:Informing Architecture by Materiality.Basel:Birkh?user,2011:88-105.
[23]MCANULTY R.What’s the Matter With Material?[J].Log,Spring/Summer,2005(5):87-92.
[24]JKASTNER J,WALLIS B.Land and environmental art[M].London:Phaidon Press,1998:32.
[25]GILLETTE J.Can Gardens Mean?[J].Landscape Journal,2005,24(1):85-97.
[26]LEAT HERBARROW D.Material Matters[M]//Architecture Oriented Otherwise.New York:Princeton Architectural Press,2009:69-94.
[27]RUSKIN J.The seven lamps of architecture[M].London:Smith,Elder,and Co.,1849:48.
[28]ROBINSON W,The Parks,Promenades and Gardens of Paris,Described and Considered in Relation to the Wants of Our Own Cities[M].London:John Murray,1869:61.
[29]KOMARA A.Concrete and the Engineered Picturesque the Parc des Buttes Chaumont(Paris,1867)[J].Journal of Architectural Education,2004,58(1):5-12.
[30]IMBERT D.The Modernist Garden in France[M].New Haven:Yale University Press,1993:38.
[31]TUNNARD C.Gardens in the modern landscape[M].London:The Architectural Press,1938;1948:103.
[32]KRAUSS R.The Double Negative:A New Syntax in Sculpture[M]//Passages in Modern Sculpture.New York:The MIT Press,1977,1981:243-288.
[33]VICKERY J.Organizing art:Constructing aesthetic value[M]//Museums in the Material Worldl.Oxon;New York:Routledge,2007:214-229.
[34]FRAMPTON K.Studies in Tectonic Culture:The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture[M].New York:The MIT Press,1995:2.
[35]MARTíJ,et al.Field Guide to the La Garrotxa Volcanic Zone(La Garrotxa Volcanic Zone Natural Park)[M].Garrotxa:Parc Natural de la Zona Volcànica de la,2012:65.
[36]RAXWORTHY J.Parc de Pedra Tosca in Les Preses,Spain[J].Topos,2006,55:91-94,92.
[37]VOGT G.Miniature and panorama:Vogt Landscape Architects,Projects 2000-2012[M].Zürich:Lars Müller,2012:135.
[38]FOXLEY A.Distance&Engagement:Walking,Thinking and Making Landscape[M].Baden,Switzerland:Lars Muller Publishers,2010:206.
[39]S?LEN A.Urban Landscapes:Arne S?len[M].Barcelona,Spain:Loft,2012:120.
[40]FAZARI L.Don’t tell him it’s fake[M/OL].Globe and Mail(2007-04-27)[2015-06-10].http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/dont-tell-him-its-fake/article684437/.
[41]HINES S.Ulterior Exterior MoMA’s New Roof Garden is Cloaked with Meaning Rather than Plants[M/OL].Landscape Architecture(2005-11)[2015-06-10].https://www.asla.org/lamag/lam05/november/feature3.html.
[42]ROSS S.What Gardens Mean[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1998:179.
[43]GUY STANHOPE CRAWFORD O.Archaeology in the field[M].London:Phoenix House,1953:51.
[44]WILLIAM MAITLAND F.Domesday Book and Beyond Three Essays in the Early History of England[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1907:15.
[45]LUCAS G.Understanding the Archaeological Record[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2012:115.
[46]LORIMER H.Caught in the Nick of Time:Archives and Fieldwork[M].The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Geography.London,Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,2010:248-273.
[47]ALDRED O.Time for fluent Landscapes[M].Conversations with Landscape.Surrey,UK:Ashgate,2010:59-78.
[48]HUYSSEN A.Present Pasts:Urban Palimpsests and the Politics of Memory[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,2003:51-52.
[49]J.MARTIN G,E.JAMES.All Possible Worlds:A History of Geographical Ideas[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1993:193.
[50]WEILACHER U.Syntax of Landscape:the Landscape Architecture of Peter Latz and Partners[M].Basel,Switzerland,Boston:Birkh?user,2008:26.
[51]KIENAST D.Between Tradition and Innovation[M]//Dieter Kienast.Basel;Boston:Birk?user Verlag,2004:64-66.
[52]WEILACHER U.The Garden as the Last Luxury Today[M]//Contemporary Garden Aesthetics,Creations and Interpretations.Washington,D.C.:Dumbarton Oaks,2007:81-95.
[53]Bustler.Taylor Cullity Lethlean wins Landscape of the Year Award for the second year in a row[EB/OL].(2014-10-07)[2015-06-12].http://www.bustler.net/index.php/article/taylor_cullity_lethlean_wins_landscape_of_the_year_award_for_the_second_yea/.
[54]KRINKE R.Overview:Design Practice and Manufactured Sites[M]//Manufactured Landscapes:Rethinking the Post-Industrial Landscape.London:Spon Press,2001:128.
[55]HAMILTON A.Teardrop Park[EB/OL].[2016-01-21].http://www.annhamiltonstudio.com/public/teardroppark.html.
[56]HOOFTMAN E.GROSS.MAX[J].Landscape Architecture Core,Harvard Design Magazine 2013,36:68-69.
[57]BENDER B.Contested Landscapes:Medieval Time to Present[M]//Material Culture:Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences.London:New York:Routledge,2004:42-51.
[58]KRYDER-REID E.Marking Time in San Gabriel Mission Garden[J].Studies in the History of Gardens&Designed Landscapes:An International Quarterly.2014,34(1):15-27.
[2]TREIB M,IMBERT D.Garrett Eckbo:Modern Landscapes for Living[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,2005:77-93.
[3]LATOUR Bruno.Agency at the Time of the Anthropocene[J].New Literary History,2014,45(15):1-18.
[4]VIRAY E.Why Material Design?[M]//Material design:Informing Architecture by Materiality.Basel:Birkh?user,2011,8-9.
[5]HINCHLIFFE S.‘Inhabiting’:Landscapes and Natures[M]//The Handbook of Cultural Geography.London;Thousand Oaks,CA;New Delhi:Sage Publications,2002:207-226.
[6]NOVACK G.Origins of Materialism:the Evolution of the Scientific View of the World[M].New York:Merit,1965:24.
[7]HILL STONER J.Definitions of Material Culture[M/OL]//Miscellaneous Objects.http://miscellaneousobjects.blogspot.ca/2008/07/definitions-of-material-culture.html.
[8]RICHARDSON T.Futurescapes:Designers for Tomorrow’s Outdoor Spaces[M].New York:Thames&Hudson,2011:50.
[9]K.MEYER E.Post-Earth Day Conundrum:Translating Environmental Values[M]//Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture,Washington DC:Dumbarton Oaks,2000:187-244.
[10]E.RIPPLE,NORTON ROCKCASTLE V.Piaget Rediscovered[M].Ithaca,NY:Cornell University,1964:8.
[11]SMITHSON R.Frederick Law Olmsted and the Dialectical Landscape[J].Artforum,1973(2):62-68.
[12]BéRUBéM.Materialism,in New keywords:a Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society[M].Malden,MA:Blackwell,2005:210-211.
[13]HENRY C.Stone River-Jon Piasecki[EB/OL].(2011-10-13)[2015-04-06].http://www.archdaily.com/?p=173867.
[14]MCLUHAN M,H.LAPHAM L.Understanding Media:The Extensions of Man[M].New York:MIT Press,1964;1994:7.
[15]Mark FEDERMAN.“What is the Meaning of The Medium is the Message?”[EB/OL].[2016-01-21].http://individual.utoronto.ca/markfederman/article_mediumisthemessage.htm.
[16]Interaction Awards 2014,Avena+Test Bed-Agricultural Printing and Altered Landscapes Royal College of Art[EB/OL][2016-01-21].http://awards.ixda.org/entry/2014/avenatest-bed-agricultural-printing-and-altered-landscapes/.
[17]TAFLINE L.“Benedikt Gro?Brings Digital Printing to Precision Farming,”Inhabit[EB/OL].(2013-08-23)[2015-01-21].http://inhabitat.com/benedikt-gros-brings-digitalprinting-to-precision-farming/avena-test-bed-by-benediktgros-6/.
[18]ALLEN S.Points and Lines[EB/OL].(1999-02-24)[2016-01-24].http://sma.sciarc.edu/video/stan-allen/.
[19]ALLEN S.Introduction:Practice vs.Project[M]//Practice:architecture,technique and representation.Amsterdam:G+B Arts International,2000:xiii-xxv.
[20]LUDWIG F.Baubotanik:Designing with Living Material[M]//KARINA L?SCHKE S,ed.Materiality and Architecture.Abingdon,New York:Routledge,2016.
[21]BETHGE P.New Branch of Architecture:Grow Your Own Skyscraper[EB/OL].(2009-07-22)[2016-01-21].http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/new-branch-ofarchitecture-grow-your-own-skyscraper-a-636716.html.
[22]SCHROPFER T.Modulating:Transformation by Shaping and Texturing[M]//Material Design:Informing Architecture by Materiality.Basel:Birkh?user,2011:88-105.
[23]MCANULTY R.What’s the Matter With Material?[J].Log,Spring/Summer,2005(5):87-92.
[24]JKASTNER J,WALLIS B.Land and environmental art[M].London:Phaidon Press,1998:32.
[25]GILLETTE J.Can Gardens Mean?[J].Landscape Journal,2005,24(1):85-97.
[26]LEAT HERBARROW D.Material Matters[M]//Architecture Oriented Otherwise.New York:Princeton Architectural Press,2009:69-94.
[27]RUSKIN J.The seven lamps of architecture[M].London:Smith,Elder,and Co.,1849:48.
[28]ROBINSON W,The Parks,Promenades and Gardens of Paris,Described and Considered in Relation to the Wants of Our Own Cities[M].London:John Murray,1869:61.
[29]KOMARA A.Concrete and the Engineered Picturesque the Parc des Buttes Chaumont(Paris,1867)[J].Journal of Architectural Education,2004,58(1):5-12.
[30]IMBERT D.The Modernist Garden in France[M].New Haven:Yale University Press,1993:38.
[31]TUNNARD C.Gardens in the modern landscape[M].London:The Architectural Press,1938;1948:103.
[32]KRAUSS R.The Double Negative:A New Syntax in Sculpture[M]//Passages in Modern Sculpture.New York:The MIT Press,1977,1981:243-288.
[33]VICKERY J.Organizing art:Constructing aesthetic value[M]//Museums in the Material Worldl.Oxon;New York:Routledge,2007:214-229.
[34]FRAMPTON K.Studies in Tectonic Culture:The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture[M].New York:The MIT Press,1995:2.
[35]MARTíJ,et al.Field Guide to the La Garrotxa Volcanic Zone(La Garrotxa Volcanic Zone Natural Park)[M].Garrotxa:Parc Natural de la Zona Volcànica de la,2012:65.
[36]RAXWORTHY J.Parc de Pedra Tosca in Les Preses,Spain[J].Topos,2006,55:91-94,92.
[37]VOGT G.Miniature and panorama:Vogt Landscape Architects,Projects 2000-2012[M].Zürich:Lars Müller,2012:135.
[38]FOXLEY A.Distance&Engagement:Walking,Thinking and Making Landscape[M].Baden,Switzerland:Lars Muller Publishers,2010:206.
[39]S?LEN A.Urban Landscapes:Arne S?len[M].Barcelona,Spain:Loft,2012:120.
[40]FAZARI L.Don’t tell him it’s fake[M/OL].Globe and Mail(2007-04-27)[2015-06-10].http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/dont-tell-him-its-fake/article684437/.
[41]HINES S.Ulterior Exterior MoMA’s New Roof Garden is Cloaked with Meaning Rather than Plants[M/OL].Landscape Architecture(2005-11)[2015-06-10].https://www.asla.org/lamag/lam05/november/feature3.html.
[42]ROSS S.What Gardens Mean[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1998:179.
[43]GUY STANHOPE CRAWFORD O.Archaeology in the field[M].London:Phoenix House,1953:51.
[44]WILLIAM MAITLAND F.Domesday Book and Beyond Three Essays in the Early History of England[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1907:15.
[45]LUCAS G.Understanding the Archaeological Record[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2012:115.
[46]LORIMER H.Caught in the Nick of Time:Archives and Fieldwork[M].The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Geography.London,Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,2010:248-273.
[47]ALDRED O.Time for fluent Landscapes[M].Conversations with Landscape.Surrey,UK:Ashgate,2010:59-78.
[48]HUYSSEN A.Present Pasts:Urban Palimpsests and the Politics of Memory[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,2003:51-52.
[49]J.MARTIN G,E.JAMES.All Possible Worlds:A History of Geographical Ideas[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1993:193.
[50]WEILACHER U.Syntax of Landscape:the Landscape Architecture of Peter Latz and Partners[M].Basel,Switzerland,Boston:Birkh?user,2008:26.
[51]KIENAST D.Between Tradition and Innovation[M]//Dieter Kienast.Basel;Boston:Birk?user Verlag,2004:64-66.
[52]WEILACHER U.The Garden as the Last Luxury Today[M]//Contemporary Garden Aesthetics,Creations and Interpretations.Washington,D.C.:Dumbarton Oaks,2007:81-95.
[53]Bustler.Taylor Cullity Lethlean wins Landscape of the Year Award for the second year in a row[EB/OL].(2014-10-07)[2015-06-12].http://www.bustler.net/index.php/article/taylor_cullity_lethlean_wins_landscape_of_the_year_award_for_the_second_yea/.
[54]KRINKE R.Overview:Design Practice and Manufactured Sites[M]//Manufactured Landscapes:Rethinking the Post-Industrial Landscape.London:Spon Press,2001:128.
[55]HAMILTON A.Teardrop Park[EB/OL].[2016-01-21].http://www.annhamiltonstudio.com/public/teardroppark.html.
[56]HOOFTMAN E.GROSS.MAX[J].Landscape Architecture Core,Harvard Design Magazine 2013,36:68-69.
[57]BENDER B.Contested Landscapes:Medieval Time to Present[M]//Material Culture:Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences.London:New York:Routledge,2004:42-51.
[58]KRYDER-REID E.Marking Time in San Gabriel Mission Garden[J].Studies in the History of Gardens&Designed Landscapes:An International Quarterly.2014,34(1):15-27.