欧美有机农业补贴政策分析——基于农业生产环境视角
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摘要
从2007年开始中国有机农业发展迅猛,这与消费者认为有机食品主要代表着安全与健康有着密切联系,但这与欧美以保护生态环境为出发点的有机农业存在差异。经过几十年的发展,以德国和美国为代表的欧美国家各自已经形成了一套成熟的有机农业支持体系。从补贴政策来看,德美两国都强调有机农业对改善生态环境的功能。虽然两国都十分重视生产者的补贴,但德国倾向于保护生产者收益,美国则倾向于价格市场化和产品开发。中国还没有形成系统的有机农业补贴政策体系,现阶段应该重新审视有机农业的生产功能,从保护环境和生态安全的角度出发,着重建立普惠制的补贴政策、加强生产者和消费者对有机农业生产环境的认识,以及加大科研和数据收集领域的投入。
Chinese organic farming has been growing dramatically since 2007,which is closely linked to consumers' cognitions of organic food—safety and health;however,unlike in Europe and the US,environmentally friendly agriculture is considered as the starting point for promoting organic farming.After several decades of developments,Germany and the US have already developed a mature supporting system of organic farming.Specifically,Germany is more focused on producers' interest,while the US prefers to promote price marketization.China,without systematic subsidy policies,need to seriously review the current organic framing system.This research suggests that the government should establish subsidy schemes for all producers,enhance relative propaganda and education to producers and consumers,and reinforce the scientific research and data collection.
Chinese organic farming has been growing dramatically since 2007,which is closely linked to consumers' cognitions of organic food—safety and health;however,unlike in Europe and the US,environmentally friendly agriculture is considered as the starting point for promoting organic farming.After several decades of developments,Germany and the US have already developed a mature supporting system of organic farming.Specifically,Germany is more focused on producers' interest,while the US prefers to promote price marketization.China,without systematic subsidy policies,need to seriously review the current organic framing system.This research suggests that the government should establish subsidy schemes for all producers,enhance relative propaganda and education to producers and consumers,and reinforce the scientific research and data collection.
引文
[1]HASIMU H,MARCHESINI S,CANAVARI M.Aconcept mapping study on organic food consumers in Shanghai,China[J].Appetite,2017,108:191-202.
[2]SIRIEIX L,KLEDAL P R,SULITANG T.Consumers’tradeoff between local and imported food or conventional and organic food:aqualitative research in Shanghai[J].World Agriculture,2014,420(4):187-191.
[3]HELGA W,LERNOUD J.Theworld of organic agriculture statistics and emerging trends 2018[M].Frick and Bonn:Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements(IFOAM),2018.
[4]钱静斐,李宁辉.美国有机农业补贴政策:发展、影响及启示[J].农业经济问题,2014(7):103-109.
[5]伊素芹,赵建坤,李显军.德国有机农业发展模式及借鉴研究[J].农产品质量与安全,2018(1):84-88.
[6]谢玉梅.美国有机农业发展及其政策效应分析[J].农业经济问题,2013(5):105-109.
[7]桑跃花.中国有机食品与德国有机食品之经济比较性研究[J].中国农村经济,2007(S1):134-136.
[8]罗祎,陈文,马健.美国有机农业的经验借鉴及对中国推进乡村振兴的启示[J].世界农业,2018(7):114-148.
[9]于杰.美国农业法案与有机农业发展[J].世界农业,2016(9):94-98.
[10]Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture(BMEL).Organic farming in Germany[R].Bonn:Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture(BMEL)Division,2018.
[11]European Commission.The common agricultural policy:a story to be continued[M].Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2012.
[12]NIEBERG H,KUHNERT H.Support policy for organic farming in Germany[J].Landbauforschung Volkenrode,2007,57(1):95-106.
[13]Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture(BMEL).Internetauftritt des Bundesministeriums für ernfrung und landwirtschaft[EB/OL].[2018-05-18].https://www.bmel.de/DE/Startseite/startseite_node.html.
[14]Enlarged Advisory Group.Multiannual financial framework 2014-2020and the finacing of the CAP[R].Luxembourg,2014.
[15]SANDERS J.Evaluation of the EU legislation on organic farming[R].Braunschweig,2013.
[16]United States Department of Agriculture.Organic Certification Cost Share Program(OCCSP)[EB/OL].[2018-04-18].https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-andservices/occsp/index.
[17]程磊磊,钱小平,尹昌斌.美国有机农业发展状况与扶持政策[J].世界农业,2013(10):16-20.
[18]United States Department of Agriculture.USDA ERS-Organic agriculture[EB/OL].[2018-05-20].https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture/.
[19]United States Department of Agriculture.2014organic survey[R].Washington,D.C.,2016.
[20]Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FIBL).European and global organic farming statistics[EB/OL].[2018-05-14].http://statistics.fibl.org/.
[21]MASSEY M,O’CASS A,OTAHAL P.A meta-analytic study of the factors driving the purchase of organic food[J].Appetite,2018,125:418-427.
[22]农业部农产品质量安全监管局.对十二届全国人大五次会议第7232号建议的答复[EB/OL].(2017-10-23)[2018-05-16].http://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/tzgg_1/tz/201710/t20171023_5847975.htm.
[23]吴文良,乔玉辉.中国有机农业发展与展望[J].农学学报,2018,8(1):193-196.
[24]中绿华夏有机食品认证中心.有机产品认证费减免规定[EB/OL].[2018-05-21].http://www.ofcc.org.cn/index.php?optionid=739.
(1)转换期指开始从事有机管理到取得有机认证之前的时期,维持期指持有有机认证的时期。
[2]SIRIEIX L,KLEDAL P R,SULITANG T.Consumers’tradeoff between local and imported food or conventional and organic food:aqualitative research in Shanghai[J].World Agriculture,2014,420(4):187-191.
[3]HELGA W,LERNOUD J.Theworld of organic agriculture statistics and emerging trends 2018[M].Frick and Bonn:Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements(IFOAM),2018.
[4]钱静斐,李宁辉.美国有机农业补贴政策:发展、影响及启示[J].农业经济问题,2014(7):103-109.
[5]伊素芹,赵建坤,李显军.德国有机农业发展模式及借鉴研究[J].农产品质量与安全,2018(1):84-88.
[6]谢玉梅.美国有机农业发展及其政策效应分析[J].农业经济问题,2013(5):105-109.
[7]桑跃花.中国有机食品与德国有机食品之经济比较性研究[J].中国农村经济,2007(S1):134-136.
[8]罗祎,陈文,马健.美国有机农业的经验借鉴及对中国推进乡村振兴的启示[J].世界农业,2018(7):114-148.
[9]于杰.美国农业法案与有机农业发展[J].世界农业,2016(9):94-98.
[10]Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture(BMEL).Organic farming in Germany[R].Bonn:Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture(BMEL)Division,2018.
[11]European Commission.The common agricultural policy:a story to be continued[M].Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2012.
[12]NIEBERG H,KUHNERT H.Support policy for organic farming in Germany[J].Landbauforschung Volkenrode,2007,57(1):95-106.
[13]Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture(BMEL).Internetauftritt des Bundesministeriums für ernfrung und landwirtschaft[EB/OL].[2018-05-18].https://www.bmel.de/DE/Startseite/startseite_node.html.
[14]Enlarged Advisory Group.Multiannual financial framework 2014-2020and the finacing of the CAP[R].Luxembourg,2014.
[15]SANDERS J.Evaluation of the EU legislation on organic farming[R].Braunschweig,2013.
[16]United States Department of Agriculture.Organic Certification Cost Share Program(OCCSP)[EB/OL].[2018-04-18].https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-andservices/occsp/index.
[17]程磊磊,钱小平,尹昌斌.美国有机农业发展状况与扶持政策[J].世界农业,2013(10):16-20.
[18]United States Department of Agriculture.USDA ERS-Organic agriculture[EB/OL].[2018-05-20].https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture/.
[19]United States Department of Agriculture.2014organic survey[R].Washington,D.C.,2016.
[20]Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FIBL).European and global organic farming statistics[EB/OL].[2018-05-14].http://statistics.fibl.org/.
[21]MASSEY M,O’CASS A,OTAHAL P.A meta-analytic study of the factors driving the purchase of organic food[J].Appetite,2018,125:418-427.
[22]农业部农产品质量安全监管局.对十二届全国人大五次会议第7232号建议的答复[EB/OL].(2017-10-23)[2018-05-16].http://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/tzgg_1/tz/201710/t20171023_5847975.htm.
[23]吴文良,乔玉辉.中国有机农业发展与展望[J].农学学报,2018,8(1):193-196.
[24]中绿华夏有机食品认证中心.有机产品认证费减免规定[EB/OL].[2018-05-21].http://www.ofcc.org.cn/index.php?optionid=739.
(1)转换期指开始从事有机管理到取得有机认证之前的时期,维持期指持有有机认证的时期。