重庆西部山区典型湖泊水-气界面CO_2交换通量及其影响因素
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摘要
为了解我国西南山区湖泊水体CO_2的释放/吸收特征,于2017年7月对重庆西部山区典型9个湖泊表层水体溶解性无机碳进行调查,并同步监测关键环境因子,运用薄边界层法和静态箱法对其水-气界面CO_2通量[F(CO_2)]进行比较研究.结果表明,渝西山区湖泊夏季表层水p(CO_2)介于2.1~45.0 Pa之间,均值为(18.1±12.1) Pa;模型法和静态箱法计算的CO_2通量均值分别为(-8.0±2.9)、(-3.4±3.6)和(-7.1±22.3) mmol·(m2·d)-1,总体表现出大气CO_2汇的特征.水体p(CO_2)和F(CO_2)与关键环境因子的相关分析,表明表层水p(CO_2)和F(CO_2)与风速和ORP显著正相关,与pH显著负相关.
To examine the mountainous lake CO_2 evasion in Southwest China,partial pressures of carbon dioxide [p(CO_2) ]and the CO_2 exchange flux [F(CO_2) ]via the water-air interface of nine mountainous lakes in Chongqing,China,have been studied in summer using the thin boundary layer model(TBL) and floating chambers.Key water quality parameters were concomitantly measured.The results indicate that the p CO_2 in the mountainous lakes in western Chongqing ranges from 2.1 to 45.0 Pa,with a mean value of(18.1±12.1) Pa.The mean CO_2 fluxes calculated by the TBL model and chamber method are(-8.0±2.9),(-3.4±3.6),and(-7.1±22.3) mmol·(m2·d)-1,respectively.The p(CO_2) and F(CO_2) have positive correlations with the wind speed and ORP but negative correlations with the pH.Our study indicates that mountainous lakes are atmospheric sinks of CO_2 and the TBL model should be cautiously adopted.
To examine the mountainous lake CO_2 evasion in Southwest China,partial pressures of carbon dioxide [p(CO_2) ]and the CO_2 exchange flux [F(CO_2) ]via the water-air interface of nine mountainous lakes in Chongqing,China,have been studied in summer using the thin boundary layer model(TBL) and floating chambers.Key water quality parameters were concomitantly measured.The results indicate that the p CO_2 in the mountainous lakes in western Chongqing ranges from 2.1 to 45.0 Pa,with a mean value of(18.1±12.1) Pa.The mean CO_2 fluxes calculated by the TBL model and chamber method are(-8.0±2.9),(-3.4±3.6),and(-7.1±22.3) mmol·(m2·d)-1,respectively.The p(CO_2) and F(CO_2) have positive correlations with the wind speed and ORP but negative correlations with the pH.Our study indicates that mountainous lakes are atmospheric sinks of CO_2 and the TBL model should be cautiously adopted.
引文
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[32]姚骁,李哲,郭劲松,等.水-气界面CO2通量监测的静态箱法与薄边界层模型估算法比较[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(2):289-296.Yao X,Li Z,Guo J S,et al.Comparison between closed static chamber method and thin boundary layer method on monitoring air-water CO2diffusion flux[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(2):289-296.
[33]Schrier-Uijl A P,Veraart A J,Leffelaar P A,et al.Release of CO2and CH4from lakes and drainage ditches in temperate wetlands[J].Biogeochemistry,2011,102(1-3):265-279.
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[35]蒋滔,郭劲松,李哲,等.三峡水库不同运行状态下支流澎溪河水-气界面温室气体通量特征初探[J].环境科学,2012,33(5):1463-1470.Jiang T,Guo J S,Li Z,et al.Air-water surface greenhouse gas flux in Pengxi River at different operational stages of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1463-1470.
[36]王亮,肖尚斌,刘德富,等.香溪河库湾夏季温室气体通量及影响因素分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(5):1471-1475.Wang L,Xiao S B,Liu D F,et al.Fluxes of greenhouse gases from Xiangxi River in Summer and their influencing factors[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1471-1475.
[2]Palma-Silva C,Marinho C C,Albertoni E F,et al.Methane emissions in two small shallow neotropical lakes:the role of temperature and trophic level[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,81:373-379.
[3]李双,王雨春,操满,等.三峡库区库中干流及支流水体夏季二氧化碳分压及扩散通量[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):885-891.Li S,Wang Y C,Cao M,et al.Partial pressure and diffusion flux of dissolved carbon dioxide in the mainstream and tributary of the central Three Gorges Reservoir in Summer[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(3):885-891.
[4]Cole J J,Prairie Y T,Caraco N F,et al.Plumbing the global carbon cycle:integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget[J].Ecosystems,2007,10(1):172-185.
[5]Tranvik L J,Downing J A,Cotner J B,et al.Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2009,54(6part2):2298-2314.
[6]Li S Y,Bush R T,Ward N J,et al.Air-water CO2outgassing in the Lower Lakes(Alexandrina and Albert,Australia)following a millennium drought[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,542:453-468.
[7]Diem T,Koch S,Schwarzenbach S,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions(CO2,CH4,and N2O)from several perialpine and alpine hydropower reservoirs by diffusion and loss in turbines[J].Aquatic Sciences,2012,74(3):619-635.
[8]da Silva Pinto T J,Gomes B M.CO2flux and its relationship with water parameters and biological activity in the Ji-ParanáRiver(Rond8nia State-Western Amazon)[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2017,doi:10.5194/bg-2017-407.
[9]陈永根,李香华,胡志新,等.中国八大湖泊冬季水-气界面CO2通量[J].生态环境,2006,15(4):665-669.Chen Y G,Li X H,Hu Z X,et al.Carbon dioxide flux on the water-air interface of the eight lakes in China in winter[J].Ecology and Environment,2006,15(4):665-669.
[10]肖启涛.太湖水-气界面温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)通量研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2014.20-29.Xiao Q T.Study on greenhouse gases(CO2,CH4,and N2O)fluxes of water-air interface in lake Taihu[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2014.20-29.
[11]Tao F X.Air-water CO2flux in an algae bloom year for Lake Hongfeng,Southwest China:implications for the carbon cycle of global inland waters[J].Acta Geochimica,2017,36(4):658-666.
[12]温志丹,宋开山,赵莹,等.长春城市水体夏秋季温室气体排放特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):102-111.Wen Z D,Song K S,Zhao Y,et al.Seasonal variability of greenhouse gas emissions in the urban lakes in Changchun,China[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(1):102-111.
[13]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.239-284.
[14]Hunt C W,Salisbury J E,Vandemark D.Contribution of noncarbonate anions to total alkalinity and overestimation of p CO2in New England and New Brunswick rivers[J].Biogeosciences,2011,8(10):3069-3076.
[15]Li S Y,Lu X X,He M,et al.Daily CO2partial pressure and CO2outgassing in the upper Yangtze River basin:a case study of the Longchuan River,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,466-467:141-150.
[16]Roechm C L,Prairie Y T,Giorgio P A.The p CO2dynamic in lakes in the boreal region of norther Quebec,Canada[J].Global Biogeochem Cycles,2009,23(3):2939-2963.
[17]Soumis N,Canuel R,Lucotte M.Evaluation of two current approaches for the measurement of carbon dioxide diffusive fluxes from lentic ecosystems[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(8):2964-2969.
[18]Cole J J,Caraco N F.Atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a low-wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF6[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1998,43(4):647-656.
[19]Crusius J,Wanninkhof R.Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2003,48(3):1010-1017.
[20]UNESCO/IHAGHG.Greenhouse gas emissions related to freshwater reservoirs[R].The World Bank,2010.64-127.
[21]Cole J J,Caraco N F,Kling G W,et al.Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes[J].Science,1994,265(5178):1568-1570.
[22]Deshmukh C,Guérin F,Vongkhamsao A,et al.Carbon dioxide emissions from the flat bottom and shallow Nam Theun 2Reservoir:drawdown area as a neglected pathway to the atmosphere[J].Biogeosciences,2018,15(6):1775-1794.
[23]李凌宇,于瑞宏,田明扬,等.黄河二氧化碳逸出时空变化及其影响因素---以头道拐水文站为例[J].生态学报,2017,37(22):7636-7646.Li L Y,Yu R H,Tian M Y,et al.Spatial-temporal variations and influencing factors of carbon dioxide evasion from the Yellow River:an example of the Toudaoguai Gauging Station[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(22):7636-7646.
[24]Skiba U,Harley J,Carvalho L,et al.Seasonal and spatial variability of aquatic N2O,CH4and CO2concentrations and their contribution to the overall greenhouse gas budget of the river Tay catchment,NW Europe[A].Proceedings of EGU General Assembly[C].Vienna,Austria:EGU,2016.
[25]Richey J E,Melack J M,Aufdenkampe A K,et al.Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO2[J].Nature,2002,416(6881):617-620.
[26]Hélie J F,Hillaire-Marcel C,Rondeau B.Seasonal changes in the sources and fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon through the St.Lawrence River-isotopic and chemical constraint[J].Chemical Geology,2002,186(1-2):117-138.
[27]dos Santos M A,Rosa L P,Sikar B,et al.Gross greenhouse gas fluxes from hydro-power reservoir compared to thermo-power plants[J].Energy Policy,2006,34(4):481-488.
[28]Li S Y,Zhang Q F.Partial pressure of CO2and CO2emission in a monsoon-driven hydroelectric reservoir(Danjiangkou Reservoir),China[J].Ecological Engineering,2014,71:401-414.
[29]叶丽菲.新丰江水库二氧化碳分压及其通量[D].广州:中山大学,2014.40-51.Ye L F.The partial pressure and flux of CO2in the Xinfengjiang reservoir[D].Guangzhou:Sun Yat-sen University,2014.40-51.
[30]彭希,刘丛强,王宝利,等.河流-水库体系水体表层p CO2时空变化特征及其扩散通量---以六冲河、洪家渡水库、红枫湖为例[J].地球与环境,2013,41(2):97-103.Peng X,Liu C Q,Wang B L,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics and diffusion flux of partial pressure of dissolved carbon dioxide(p CO2)in the river-reservoir system as exemplified by the Liuchonghe river,Hongjiadu reservoir and Hongfenghu lake[J].Earth and Environment,2013,41(2):97-103.
[31]李建鸿,蒲俊兵,孙平安,等.不同地质背景水库区夏季水-气界面温室气体交换通量研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(11):4032-4042.Li J H,Pu J B,Sun P A,et al.Summer greenhouse gases exchange flux across water-air interface in Three Water Reservoirs located in different geologic setting in Guangxi,China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(11):4032-4042.
[32]姚骁,李哲,郭劲松,等.水-气界面CO2通量监测的静态箱法与薄边界层模型估算法比较[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(2):289-296.Yao X,Li Z,Guo J S,et al.Comparison between closed static chamber method and thin boundary layer method on monitoring air-water CO2diffusion flux[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(2):289-296.
[33]Schrier-Uijl A P,Veraart A J,Leffelaar P A,et al.Release of CO2and CH4from lakes and drainage ditches in temperate wetlands[J].Biogeochemistry,2011,102(1-3):265-279.
[34]Natchimuthu S,Selvam B P,Bastviken D.Influence of weather variables on methane and carbon dioxide flux from a shallow pond[J].Biogeochemistry,2014,119(1-3):403-413.
[35]蒋滔,郭劲松,李哲,等.三峡水库不同运行状态下支流澎溪河水-气界面温室气体通量特征初探[J].环境科学,2012,33(5):1463-1470.Jiang T,Guo J S,Li Z,et al.Air-water surface greenhouse gas flux in Pengxi River at different operational stages of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1463-1470.
[36]王亮,肖尚斌,刘德富,等.香溪河库湾夏季温室气体通量及影响因素分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(5):1471-1475.Wang L,Xiao S B,Liu D F,et al.Fluxes of greenhouse gases from Xiangxi River in Summer and their influencing factors[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1471-1475.