空间线索范式下二语动词加工的具身认知效应
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摘要
从具身认知及体验哲学的视角,以空间线索为范式,探讨动词具身相对性、空间表征、二语水平以及刺激间隔(SOA)对二语学习者英语动词加工的影响。实验1发现,短时SOA条件下空间线索对高具身动词加工产生显著干扰,具身相对性与空间一致性存在显著交互作用。实验2发现,长时SOA条件下,在高水平二语学习者中,高具身动词和低具身动词加工均呈显著促进效应,动词具身相对性、空间表征与空间一致性存在三因素交互作用。在中低水平二语学习者中,高具身动词加工也呈现显著促进效应,但低具身动词无效应。实验结果支持具身认知理论和具身效应的双向性,揭示出具身相对性在二语词汇加工中的重要性及二语具身认知的非对称性动态发展的特点。
On the basis of Embodied Cognition and Embodied Philosophy,the study adopted a spatial cueing paradigm to investigate the effects of embodiment on L2 learners' English verb processing in terms of relative embodiment,spatial representation,L2 proficiency and SOA. Using a short SOA,Experiment 1 showed that the spatial cues had a significant inference effect on high embodied verbs and there was an interaction effect between relative embodiment and spatial congruency. Using a long SOA,Experiment 2 found a significant facilitation effect on both high embodied and low embodied verbs,and a 3-factor interaction among advanced L2 learners; a facilitation effect was also observed on high embodied verbs among intermediate-low L2 learners,but no effect on low embodied verbs. The study gave empirical supports to Embodied Cognition Theory and the two-way nature of embodiment effect,revealed the importance of relative embodiment in L2 lexical processing,and the dynamic and asymmetric development of L2 embodied cognition.
On the basis of Embodied Cognition and Embodied Philosophy,the study adopted a spatial cueing paradigm to investigate the effects of embodiment on L2 learners' English verb processing in terms of relative embodiment,spatial representation,L2 proficiency and SOA. Using a short SOA,Experiment 1 showed that the spatial cues had a significant inference effect on high embodied verbs and there was an interaction effect between relative embodiment and spatial congruency. Using a long SOA,Experiment 2 found a significant facilitation effect on both high embodied and low embodied verbs,and a 3-factor interaction among advanced L2 learners; a facilitation effect was also observed on high embodied verbs among intermediate-low L2 learners,but no effect on low embodied verbs. The study gave empirical supports to Embodied Cognition Theory and the two-way nature of embodiment effect,revealed the importance of relative embodiment in L2 lexical processing,and the dynamic and asymmetric development of L2 embodied cognition.
引文
陈永香朱莉琪.身体部位与早期习得的汉语动词的联结及其对动词习得年龄的影响[J].心理学报,2014(7).‖Chen,Y.-X.,Zhu,L.-Q.Associations of Body Parts and Early-learned Mandarin Verbs and Their Effect on Ao A of These Verbs[J].ACTA Psychologica Sinica,2014(7).
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钱冠连.后语言哲学参与第二次哲学启蒙[J].外语学刊,2017(1).‖Qian,G.-L.On Participation of the Post-philosophy of Language in the Second Philosophy Enlightenment[J].Foreign Language Research,2017(1).
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王寅.语言哲学研究:21世纪中国后语言哲学沉思录[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2014.‖Wang,Y.Researches on Philosophy of Languages:Meditation on China's Post-philosophy of Language in 21st Century[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2014.
王寅.哲学与语言学互为摇篮[J].外语学刊,2017(2).‖Wang,Y.Philosophy and Linguistics Are Cradles for Each Other[J].Foreign Language Research,2017(2).
殷融曲方炳叶浩生.具身概念表征的研究及理论述评[J].心理科学进展,2012(9).‖Yan,R.,Qu,F.-B.,Ye,H.-S.Research on Embodied Theories of Conceptual Representation[J].Advances in Psychological Science,2012(9).
仲伟合朱琳.具身认知视角下的翻译认知心理特征与过程[J].外国语,2015(6).‖Zhong,W.-H.,Zhu,L.Formulating Translator's Cognitive Psychology from the Embodied Cognition Perspective[J].Journal of Foreign Languages,2015(6).
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Estes,Z.,Verges,M.,Barsalou,L.W.Head Up,Foot Down:Object Words Orient Attention to the Objects'Typical Location[J].Psychological Science,2008(2).
Gibbs,R.W.Metaphor Interpretation as Embodied Simulation[J].Mind&Language,2006(3).
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Gozli,D.G.,Chasteen,A.L.,Pratt,J.The Cost and Benefit of Implicit Spatial Cues for Visual Attention[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,2013(4).
Lakoff,G.Explaining Embodied Cognition Results[J].Topics in Cognitive Science,2012(4).
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Philosophy in the Flesh[M].New York:Basic Books,1999.
Lee,S.W.S.,Schwarz,N.Washing Away Postdecisional Dissonance[J].Science,2010(328).
Louwerse,M.M.Symbol Interdependency in Symbolic and Embodied Cognition[J].Topics in Cognitive Science,2011(2).
Mollo,G.,Pulvermüller,F.,Hauk,O.Movement Priming of EEG/MEG Brain Responses for Action-words Characterizes the Link Between Language and Action[J].Cortex,2016(74).
Pecher,D.,Van Dantzig,S.,Boot,I.,Zanolie,K.,Huber,D.E.Congruency Between Word Position and Meaning Is Caused by Task-induced Spatial Attention[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2010(1).
Pecher,D.,Boot,I.,Van Dantzig,S.Abstract Concepts:Sensory-motor Grounding,Metaphors,and Beyond[J].Psychology of Learning and Motivation,2011(54).
Repetto,C.,Pedroli,E.,Macedonia,M.Enrichment Effects of Gestures and Pictures on Abstract Words in a Second Language[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2017(8).
Richardson,D.C.,Spivey,M.J.,Barsalou,L.W.,McRae K.Spatial Representations Activated during Real-time Comprehension of Verbs[J].Cognitive Science,2003(5).
Rüschemeyer,S.,Brass,M.,Friderici,A.Comprehending Prehending:Neural Correlates of Processing Verbs with Motor Stems[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2007(5).
Sakreida,K.,Scorolli,C.,Menz,M.M.,Heim,S.,Borghi,A.M.,Binkofski,F.Are Abstract Action Words Embodied?An f MRI Investigation at the Interface Between Language and Motor Cognition[J].Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,2013(3).
Sidhu,D.M.,Kwan,R.,Pexman,P.M.,Siakaluk,P.D.Effects of Relative Embodiment in Lexical and Semantic Processing of Verbs[J].ACTA Psychologica,2014(1).
Sidhu,D.M.,Pexman,P.M.Is Moving More Memorable Than Proving?Effects of Embodiment and Imagined Enactment on Verb Memory[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2016(73).
Slepian,M.L.,Ambady,N.Simulating Sensorimotor Metaphors:Novel Metaphors Influence Sensory Judgments[J].Cognition,2014(3).
Stanfield,R.A.,Zwaan,R.A.,The Effect of Implied Orientation Derived from Verbal Context on Picture Recognition[J].Psychological Science,2001(2).
Vukovic,N.,Feurra,M.,Shpektor,A.,Myachykov,A.,Shtyrov,Y.Primary Motor Cortex Functionally Contributes to Language Comprehension:An Online r TMS Study[J].Neuropsychologia,2017(96).
Wang,J.,Conder,J.A.,Blitzer,D.N.,Shinakareva,S.V.,Neural Representation of Abstract and Concrete Concepts:A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies[J].Human Brain Mapping,2010(10).
Yang,Y.,Dickey,M.W.,Fiez,J.,Murphy,B.,Mitchell,T.,Collinger,J.,Tyler-Kabara,E.,Boninger,M.,Wang,W.Sensorimotor Experience and Verb-category Mapping in Human Sensory,Motor and Parietal Neurons[J].Cortex,2017(92).
Zwaan,R.A.The Immersed Experiencer:Toward an Embodied Theory of Language Comprehension[A].In:Ross,B.H.(Ed.),The Psychology of Learning and Motivation:Advances in Research and Theory[C].New York:Elsevier Science,2004.
Zwickel,J.,Grosjean,M.,Prinz,W.On Interference Effects in Concurrent Perception and Action[J].Psychological Research,2010(2).
(1)例如,“飞机”的语义加工启动较多空间上方的位置判断;不道德概念加工启动洗手等洁净行为的选择;“过去重要”或“将来重要”的概念启动“旧书较重”或“新书较重”的重量判断。这类心理实验一般以语言概念为启动,以知觉判断为目标。
牛保义.认知语法的具身性[J].外语教学,2016(6).‖Niu,B.-Y.The Embodiment of Cognitive Grammar[J].Foreign Language Education,2016(6).
钱冠连.后语言哲学参与第二次哲学启蒙[J].外语学刊,2017(1).‖Qian,G.-L.On Participation of the Post-philosophy of Language in the Second Philosophy Enlightenment[J].Foreign Language Research,2017(1).
王继瑛叶浩生苏得权.身体动作与语义加工:具身隐喻的视角[J].心理学探新,2018(1).‖Wang,J.-Y.,Ye,H.-S.,Su,D.-Q.The Correlativity of Action and Semantic Processing:Perspect of Embodied Metaphor[J].Exploration of Psychology,2018(1).
王倩.不同二语水平双语者对权力词的具身认知加工及表征差异研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2016(6).‖Wang,Q.Embodied Cognition Processing and Representation of Power Words by Second Language Learners with Different Proficiency Levels[J].Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages,2016(6).
王寅.语言哲学研究:21世纪中国后语言哲学沉思录[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2014.‖Wang,Y.Researches on Philosophy of Languages:Meditation on China's Post-philosophy of Language in 21st Century[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2014.
王寅.哲学与语言学互为摇篮[J].外语学刊,2017(2).‖Wang,Y.Philosophy and Linguistics Are Cradles for Each Other[J].Foreign Language Research,2017(2).
殷融曲方炳叶浩生.具身概念表征的研究及理论述评[J].心理科学进展,2012(9).‖Yan,R.,Qu,F.-B.,Ye,H.-S.Research on Embodied Theories of Conceptual Representation[J].Advances in Psychological Science,2012(9).
仲伟合朱琳.具身认知视角下的翻译认知心理特征与过程[J].外国语,2015(6).‖Zhong,W.-H.,Zhu,L.Formulating Translator's Cognitive Psychology from the Embodied Cognition Perspective[J].Journal of Foreign Languages,2015(6).
Barsalou,L.W.Perceptions of Symbol Systems[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences,1999(4).
Barsalou,L.W.Grounded Cognition:Past,Present,and Future[J].Topics in Cognitive Science,2010(4).
Barsalou,L.W.Simulation,Situated Conceptualization and Prediction[A].In:Bar,M.(Ed.),Predictions in the Brain:Using our Past to Generate a Future[C].New York:Oxford University Press,2011.
Chasteen,A.L.,Burdzy,D.C.,Pratt,J.Thinking of God Moves Attention[J].Neuropsychologia,2010(2).
Coventry,K.R.,Lynott,D.,Cangelosi,A.,Monorouxe,L.,Joyce,D.,Richardson,D.C.Spatial Language,Visual Attention,and Perceptual Simulation[J].Brain&Language,2010(3).
Estes,Z.,Verges,M.,Barsalou,L.W.Head Up,Foot Down:Object Words Orient Attention to the Objects'Typical Location[J].Psychological Science,2008(2).
Gibbs,R.W.Metaphor Interpretation as Embodied Simulation[J].Mind&Language,2006(3).
Glenberg,A.M.,Kaschak,M.P.Grounding Language in Action[J].Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,2002(3).
Glenberg,A.M.,Gallese,V.Action-based Language:ATheory of Language Acquisition,Comprehension,and Production[J].Cortex,2012(7).
Gozli,D.G.,Chasteen,A.L.,Pratt,J.The Cost and Benefit of Implicit Spatial Cues for Visual Attention[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,2013(4).
Lakoff,G.Explaining Embodied Cognition Results[J].Topics in Cognitive Science,2012(4).
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Philosophy in the Flesh[M].New York:Basic Books,1999.
Lee,S.W.S.,Schwarz,N.Washing Away Postdecisional Dissonance[J].Science,2010(328).
Louwerse,M.M.Symbol Interdependency in Symbolic and Embodied Cognition[J].Topics in Cognitive Science,2011(2).
Mollo,G.,Pulvermüller,F.,Hauk,O.Movement Priming of EEG/MEG Brain Responses for Action-words Characterizes the Link Between Language and Action[J].Cortex,2016(74).
Pecher,D.,Van Dantzig,S.,Boot,I.,Zanolie,K.,Huber,D.E.Congruency Between Word Position and Meaning Is Caused by Task-induced Spatial Attention[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2010(1).
Pecher,D.,Boot,I.,Van Dantzig,S.Abstract Concepts:Sensory-motor Grounding,Metaphors,and Beyond[J].Psychology of Learning and Motivation,2011(54).
Repetto,C.,Pedroli,E.,Macedonia,M.Enrichment Effects of Gestures and Pictures on Abstract Words in a Second Language[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2017(8).
Richardson,D.C.,Spivey,M.J.,Barsalou,L.W.,McRae K.Spatial Representations Activated during Real-time Comprehension of Verbs[J].Cognitive Science,2003(5).
Rüschemeyer,S.,Brass,M.,Friderici,A.Comprehending Prehending:Neural Correlates of Processing Verbs with Motor Stems[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2007(5).
Sakreida,K.,Scorolli,C.,Menz,M.M.,Heim,S.,Borghi,A.M.,Binkofski,F.Are Abstract Action Words Embodied?An f MRI Investigation at the Interface Between Language and Motor Cognition[J].Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,2013(3).
Sidhu,D.M.,Kwan,R.,Pexman,P.M.,Siakaluk,P.D.Effects of Relative Embodiment in Lexical and Semantic Processing of Verbs[J].ACTA Psychologica,2014(1).
Sidhu,D.M.,Pexman,P.M.Is Moving More Memorable Than Proving?Effects of Embodiment and Imagined Enactment on Verb Memory[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2016(73).
Slepian,M.L.,Ambady,N.Simulating Sensorimotor Metaphors:Novel Metaphors Influence Sensory Judgments[J].Cognition,2014(3).
Stanfield,R.A.,Zwaan,R.A.,The Effect of Implied Orientation Derived from Verbal Context on Picture Recognition[J].Psychological Science,2001(2).
Vukovic,N.,Feurra,M.,Shpektor,A.,Myachykov,A.,Shtyrov,Y.Primary Motor Cortex Functionally Contributes to Language Comprehension:An Online r TMS Study[J].Neuropsychologia,2017(96).
Wang,J.,Conder,J.A.,Blitzer,D.N.,Shinakareva,S.V.,Neural Representation of Abstract and Concrete Concepts:A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies[J].Human Brain Mapping,2010(10).
Yang,Y.,Dickey,M.W.,Fiez,J.,Murphy,B.,Mitchell,T.,Collinger,J.,Tyler-Kabara,E.,Boninger,M.,Wang,W.Sensorimotor Experience and Verb-category Mapping in Human Sensory,Motor and Parietal Neurons[J].Cortex,2017(92).
Zwaan,R.A.The Immersed Experiencer:Toward an Embodied Theory of Language Comprehension[A].In:Ross,B.H.(Ed.),The Psychology of Learning and Motivation:Advances in Research and Theory[C].New York:Elsevier Science,2004.
Zwickel,J.,Grosjean,M.,Prinz,W.On Interference Effects in Concurrent Perception and Action[J].Psychological Research,2010(2).
(1)例如,“飞机”的语义加工启动较多空间上方的位置判断;不道德概念加工启动洗手等洁净行为的选择;“过去重要”或“将来重要”的概念启动“旧书较重”或“新书较重”的重量判断。这类心理实验一般以语言概念为启动,以知觉判断为目标。