湛江地区澳洲坚果种质开花生物学特性观测分析
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摘要
【目的】了解澳洲坚果种质资源在广东湛江地区的开花生物学特性,为开展澳洲坚果的种质资源鉴别和科学生产管理提供依据。【方法】以广东湛江地区25份澳洲坚果种质资源为试验材料,对其开花物候期、花序性状、开花动态及花粉形态与活力等生物学特性进行观测分析。【结果】澳洲坚果的开花期主要在3月上旬—中旬,种质间开花物候进程存在明显差异,变异系数为18.9%～27.5%,以初花期变异最大,开花最早与最晚的种质相差1个多月。不同种质的花序长度、花色、花朵个数和密度、花朵开放顺序及花粉活力也存在不同程度的差异,大部分供试种质的花为乳白色,主要从花序轴基部向其顶端依次开放,花序长度多为12～20 cm,花朵个数多为150～200朵,花粉活力大多数高于80%。【结论】广东湛江地区澳洲坚果的开花生物学特性在不同种质间存在较明显的差异,生产上建议选择开花物候期相似且花粉活力高的品种搭配种植,以提高坐果率和产量。
【Objective】In order to provide basic information for the identification of germplasms and the scientific production management in macadamia(Macadamia spp.),the flowering biological character of macadamia resources from Zhanjiang,Guangdong were researched in the study.【Method】The 25 macadamia germplasm resources in Zhanjiang,Guangdong were taken as the materials. The characteristics of flowering biology,including blossom phenophase,inflorescence traits,flowering dynamics and pollen form and viability were investigated.【Result】The flowering period of macadamia mainly ranged from early March to middle March,the blossom phenophase greatly differed among these germplasms with variation coefficient of 18.9%-27.5%,and the start time of blooming had the highest variation and varied by more than one month. There were also obvious diversities among the inflorescence length,flower colour,flower number and density,flowering sequence and pollen viability of these different germplasms. The flower of the most tested germplasm was milky white and opened from the base to apex of inflorescence,and the inflorescence length and the flower number on the inflorescence mainly ranged from 12 cm to 20 cm and 150 to 200,respectively. The vitality of pollen was mostly higher than 80% in the tested resources.【Conclusion】Therefore,the flowering biological characteristics of macadamia from Zhanjiang,Guangdong possesses rich differences among different resources. In order to improve the fruiting rate and the yield,it is suggested to plant macadamia mixed with some macadamia varieties possessing similar flowering phenophase and high pollen vitality.
【Objective】In order to provide basic information for the identification of germplasms and the scientific production management in macadamia(Macadamia spp.),the flowering biological character of macadamia resources from Zhanjiang,Guangdong were researched in the study.【Method】The 25 macadamia germplasm resources in Zhanjiang,Guangdong were taken as the materials. The characteristics of flowering biology,including blossom phenophase,inflorescence traits,flowering dynamics and pollen form and viability were investigated.【Result】The flowering period of macadamia mainly ranged from early March to middle March,the blossom phenophase greatly differed among these germplasms with variation coefficient of 18.9%-27.5%,and the start time of blooming had the highest variation and varied by more than one month. There were also obvious diversities among the inflorescence length,flower colour,flower number and density,flowering sequence and pollen viability of these different germplasms. The flower of the most tested germplasm was milky white and opened from the base to apex of inflorescence,and the inflorescence length and the flower number on the inflorescence mainly ranged from 12 cm to 20 cm and 150 to 200,respectively. The vitality of pollen was mostly higher than 80% in the tested resources.【Conclusion】Therefore,the flowering biological characteristics of macadamia from Zhanjiang,Guangdong possesses rich differences among different resources. In order to improve the fruiting rate and the yield,it is suggested to plant macadamia mixed with some macadamia varieties possessing similar flowering phenophase and high pollen vitality.
引文
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贺熙勇,倪书邦,陈国云,魏丽萍,肖晓明,陶丽.2010.澳洲坚果种质资源形态性状的遗传多样性分析[J].中国农学通报,26(3):206-215.[He X Y,Ni S B,Chen G Y,Wei L P,Xiao X M,Tao L.2010.Morphological characteristics analysis on genetic diversity of macadamia(Macadamia spp.)germplasm resources[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,26(3):206-215.]
李靖,李庆军.2009.小桐子花的性别与开花时间的相互关系[J].热带亚热带植物学报,17(1):1-4.[Li J,Li Q J.2009.The correlationship between flowering sequence and floral gender in the inflorescence of Jatropha curcas L.(Euphorbiaceae)[J].Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany,17(1):1-4.]
李晓刚,杨青松,蔺经,盛宝龙.2010.梨花期与成熟期遗传规律研究[J].江西农业学报,22(12):50-52.[Li X G,Yang Q S,Lin J,Sheng B L.2010.Genetic study on the time of flowering and maturity of pear[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,22(12):50-52.]
李煜详,叶绣珍.1994.糖蜜草(Melinis minutiflora Beauv.)幼穗分化发育及花和果实形态的研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2(1):38-43.[Li Y X,Ye X Z.1994.Studies on differentiation and development of young spike and morphology of flower and fruit of Melinis minutiflora Beauv.[J].Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany,2(1):38-43.]
刘建玲.2017.热作产业形势分析报告集(2016年)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社.[Liu J L.2017.The Report Sets of Tropical Crop Industry Situation Analysis(2016)[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press.]
刘露,胡玉咏,王兆龙.2009a.草地早熟禾幼穗分化过程及其开花习性的观察[J].草业科学,26(7):50-55.[Liu L,Hu Y Y,Wang Z L.2009a.Observation of spike differentiation and flowering characteristics in Kentucky bluegrass[J].Pratacultural Science,26(7):50-55.]
刘露,胡玉咏,王兆龙.2009b.高羊茅幼穗分化过程及其开花习性的观察[J].草地学报,17(2):197-201.[Liu L,Hu Y Y,Wang Z L.2009b.Spike differentiation and flowering characteristics in Tall fescue[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,17(2):197-201.]
陆超忠,杜丽清.2008.澳洲坚果种质资源描述规范和数据标准[M].北京:中国农业出版社.[Lu C Z,Du L Q.2008.Descriptors and Data Standard for Macadamia(Macadamia integrifolia)[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press.]
陶丽,陈丽兰,倪书邦,贺熙勇.2005.澳洲坚果开花与坐果习性的调查[J].热带作物学报,26(3):12-15.[Tao L,Chen L L,Ni S B,He X Y.2005.Behavior of flowering and fruiting of Macadamia varieties[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,26(3):12-15.]
王维,杨为海,张明楷,曾辉,邹明宏,罗炼芳,张汉周,陆超忠.2011.澳洲坚果种质资源果实性状研究[J].热带农业科学,31(2):11-16.[Wang W,Yang W H,Zhang MK,Zeng H,Zou M H,Luo L F,Zhang H Z,Lu C Z.2011.Fruit characteristics of macadamia genetic resources[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,31(2):11-16.]
肖宜安,何平,李晓红.2004.濒危植物长柄双花木开花物候与生殖特性[J].生态学报,24(1):14-21.[Xiao Y A,He P,Li X H.2004.The flowering phenology and reproductive features of the endangered plant Disanthus cercidifolius var.Longipes H.T.Chang(Hamamelidaceae)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,24(1):14-21.]
杨为海,王维,曾辉,邹明宏,罗炼芳,张汉周,陆超忠.2011a.澳洲坚果不同种质果实数量性状的研究[J].热带作物学报,32(8):1434-1438.[Yang W H,Wang W,Zeng H,Zou M H,Luo L F,Zhang H Z,Lu C Z.2011a.Fruit quantitative characters of various Macadamia germplasms[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,32(8):1434-1438.]
杨为海,王维,邹明宏,曾辉,张汉周,罗炼芳,陆超忠.2011b.澳洲坚果果实数量性状的因子分析[J].热带作物学报,32(9):1600-1604.[Yang W H,Wang W,Zou M H,Zeng H,Zhang H Z,Luo L F,Lu C Z.2011b.Factor analysis on fruit quantitative characters of Macadamia spp.[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,32(9):1600-1604.]
杨为海,张明楷,邹明宏,曾辉,万继锋,张汉周,陆超忠.2015.澳洲坚果种仁矿质营养特性研究[J].热带作物学报,36(11):1959-1964.[Yang W H,Zhang M K,Zou MH,Zeng H,Wan J F,Zhang H Z,Lu C Z.2015.Characteristics of mineral nutrition of Macadamia kernel[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,36(11):1959-1964.]
杨为海,张明楷,邹明宏,曾辉,张汉周,陆超忠.2012a.澳洲坚果不同种质果仁粗脂肪及脂肪酸成分的研究[J].热带作物学报,33(7):1297-1302.[Yang W H,Zhang MK,Zou M H,Zeng H,Zhang H Z,Lu C Z.2012a.Crude fat and fatty acid composition of various Macadamia germplasms kernel[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,33(7):1297-1302.]
杨为海,张明楷,邹明宏,曾辉,张汉周,陆超忠.2012b.澳洲坚果主要品质性状的灰色关联度分析和模糊综合评判[J].热带作物学报,33(10):1473-1478.[Yang W H,Zhang M K,Zou M H,Zeng H,Zhang H Z,Lu C Z.2012b.Grey correlative degree analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation on the main qualny characters of Macadamia[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,33(10):1473-1478.]
岳海,陈丽兰,陈国云,梁国平,李国华.2008.云南省澳洲坚果品种鉴别分析研究[J].西南农业学报,21(5):1395-1400.[Yue H,Chen L L,Chen G Y,Liang G P,Li G H.2008.Study on identification of Macadamia cultivars in Yunnan Province[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,21(5):1395-1400.]
曾辉,杨为海,张明楷,邹明宏,张汉周,陆超忠.2013.澳洲坚果果实品质性状的多样性分析[J].经济林研究,31(1):70-74.[Zeng H,Yang W H,Zhang M K,Zou M H,Zhang H Z,Lu C Z.2013.Diversity analysis of fruit quality characters in Macadamia[J].Nonwood Forest Research,31(1):70-74.]
曾黎明,陈显国,林玉虹,崔明勇,蔡元保.2012.澳洲坚果花粉活力、柱头可授性比较研究[J].江苏农业科学,40(3):123-125.[Zeng L M,Chen X G,Lin Y H,Cui M Y,Cai Y B.2012.Study on pollen vitality and stigma receptivity of Macadamia[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,40(3):123-125.]
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