饲喂不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B_1饲料对草鱼幼鱼生长和毒素积累的影响
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摘要
以含不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)(0、10、20、100、1000和5000μg/kg饲料)的6种等氮等能(32.96%蛋白质, 14.55 kJ/g能量)配合饲料饲喂平均初始体质量为(2.90±0.16) g草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼84d,探讨AFB_1对草鱼幼鱼生长、肝胰脏和肾脏组织结构以及鱼体肌肉中的毒素积累的影响。实验分为6个实验组,每组3个平行。结果表明,在整个实验过程中各实验组幼鱼的行为均未表现出异常,各组幼鱼的存活率、终末体重、摄食率、特定生长率、饲料效率、肝体比、脏体比均无显著差异。饲料AFB_1水平对草鱼幼鱼血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均无显著影响。各毒素组和对照组肝胰脏、肾脏组织学观察中未发现病理变化。摄食AFB_1≤1000μg/kg的草鱼幼鱼肌肉中未检测出AFB_1残留,仅在5000μg/kg实验组中检测出肌肉中含有(1.21±0.18)μg/kg的AFB_1,低于FDA食品安全限定标准。由此可见,草鱼幼鱼至少可耐受AFB_1含量达5000μg/kg饲料(实测值:4979.2μg/kg饲料) 84d。
A 84-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1) on growth,physiological responses, histological changes, and accumulation in juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus).Triplicate groups of grass carp [(2.90±0.16) g] were fed with six semipurified diets formulated with isonitrogenous(crude protein: 32.96%), isocaloric(gross energy: 14.55 kJ/g) containing 0, 10, 20, 100, 1000 and 5000 μg/kg AFB_1.AFB_1 did not significantly impact behavior, the survival rate, final body weight(FBW), feeding rate(FR), specific growth rate(SGR) or feed efficiency(FE). No significant differences were found in hepatosomatic index(HSI) and viscera index(VSI) among all groups. AFB_1 had no significant effect in activities of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px). No significant histological lesions in hepatopancreas and kidney were identified between the control and increasing AFB_1 treatments. No AFB_1 residue was detected in muscles when fish fed with AFB_1 up to 1000 μg/kg, however, tiny dose [(1.21±0.18) μg/kg] of AFB_1 were detected in muscles in the group with 5000 μg/kg AFB_1,which was below the safety limitation of FDA. The results indicated that juvenile grass carp is a little susceptible species to AFB_1 exposure up to approximately 5000 μg/kg diet(determined level was 4979.2 μg/kg diet), at least for 84 days.
A 84-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1) on growth,physiological responses, histological changes, and accumulation in juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus).Triplicate groups of grass carp [(2.90±0.16) g] were fed with six semipurified diets formulated with isonitrogenous(crude protein: 32.96%), isocaloric(gross energy: 14.55 kJ/g) containing 0, 10, 20, 100, 1000 and 5000 μg/kg AFB_1.AFB_1 did not significantly impact behavior, the survival rate, final body weight(FBW), feeding rate(FR), specific growth rate(SGR) or feed efficiency(FE). No significant differences were found in hepatosomatic index(HSI) and viscera index(VSI) among all groups. AFB_1 had no significant effect in activities of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px). No significant histological lesions in hepatopancreas and kidney were identified between the control and increasing AFB_1 treatments. No AFB_1 residue was detected in muscles when fish fed with AFB_1 up to 1000 μg/kg, however, tiny dose [(1.21±0.18) μg/kg] of AFB_1 were detected in muscles in the group with 5000 μg/kg AFB_1,which was below the safety limitation of FDA. The results indicated that juvenile grass carp is a little susceptible species to AFB_1 exposure up to approximately 5000 μg/kg diet(determined level was 4979.2 μg/kg diet), at least for 84 days.
引文
[1]Huang Y,Han D,Zhu X M,et al.Response and recovery of gibel carp from subchronic oral administration of aflatoxin B1[J].Aquaculture,2011,319(1-2):89-97
[2]Huang,Y,Z hu,X M,Han,D,et al.Growth and aflatoxin B1 accumulation of gibel carp adult fed with diets of different levels of aflatoxin B1[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2012,36(5):817-825[黄莹,朱晓鸣,韩冬,等.饲喂不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1饲料对异育银鲫成鱼的生长和毒素积累的影响.水生生物学报,2012,36(5):817-825]
[3]Kowalska A,Walkiewicz K,Kozie?P,et al.Aflatoxins:characteristics and impact on human health[J].Postpy Higieny I Medycyny Dowiadczalnej,2017,71(1):315-327
[4]Deng S X,Tian L X,Liu F J,et al.Toxic effects and residue of aflatoxin B1 in tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)[J].Aquaculture,2010,307(3-4):233-240
[5]Tuan N A,Grizzle J M,Lovell R T,et al.Growth and hepatic lesions of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fed diets containing aflatoxin B1[J].Aquaculture,2002,212(1-4):311-319
[6]Ngethe S,Horsberg T E,Mitema E,et al.Species differences in hepatic concentration of orally administered 3HAFB1 between rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)and tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Aquaculture,1993,114(3-4):355-358
[7]Ayyat M S,Ayyat A M N,Al-Sagheer A A,et al.Effect of some safe feed additives on growth performance,blood biochemistry and bioaccumulation of aflatoxin residues of Nile tilapia fed aflatoxin B1,contaminated diet[J].Aquaculture,2018,495:27-34
[8]Halver J E.Aflatoxicosis and trout hepatoma.In:Goldblatt L A(Eds.),Aflatoxin:Scientific Background,Control,and Implications[M].New York:Academic Press.1969,265-306
[9]Schoenhard G L,Hendricks J D,Nixon J E,et al.Aflatoxicol-induced heatocellular carcinoma in rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri)and the synergistic effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids[J].Cancer Research,1981,41(3):1011-1014
[10]Yu Y Y,Niu J,Yin P,et al.Detoxification and immunoprotection of Zn(II)-curcumin in juvenile Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)feed with aflatoxin B1[J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2018,80:480-486
[11]Wang J.Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on growth performance,biochemical and hepatopancreas microstructure of Litopanaeus vannamei[D].Thesis for Master of Science.Agriculture University of Hebei,Baoding.2014[王静.饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1对凡纳滨对虾生长、肝胰腺和血淋巴生化指标及肝胰腺显微结构的影响.硕士毕业论文,河北农业大学,保定.2014]
[12]Plakas S M,Loveland P M,Bailey G S,et al.Tissue deposition and excretion of 14C-labeled aflatoxin B1 after oral administration in channel catfish[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,1991,29(12):805-808
[13]Sahoo P K,Mukherjee S C.Immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxin B1 in Indian major carp(Labeo rohita)[J].Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,2001,24(3):143-149
[14]El-Banna R,Teleb H M,Hadi M M,et al.Performance and tissue residue of tilapia fed dietary aflatoxin[J].Veterinary Medical Journal Giza,1992,40:17-23
[15]Huang Y,Han D,Xiao X C,et al.Effect of dietary aflatoxin B1,on growth,fecundity and tissue accumulation in gibel carp during the stage of gonad development[J].Aquaculture,2014,428-429(5):236-242
[16]Hendricks J D.Carcinogenicity of aflatoxins in nonmammalian organisms.In:Eaton D L,Groopman J D(Eds.)Toxicology of Aflatoxins:Human Health,Veterinary,and Agricultural Significance.Academic Press,San Diego.1994,103-136
[17]AOAC(Association of Official Analytical Chemists)[M].Animal Feed.In:Williams S(Eds.),Official Methods of Analysis,14th edn AOAC,Inc.,Arlington,VA,Washington,DC.1984,152-161
[18]Chávez-Sánchez M C,Martínez P C A.,Osorio M I,et al Pathological effects of feeding young Oreochromis niloticus diets supplemented with different levels of aflatoxin B1[J].Aquaculture,1994,127(1):49-60
[19]Jantrarotai W,Lovell,R T.Subchronic toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B1 to channel catfish[J].Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,1990,2(4):248-254
[20]Rui A G,Tu D C,Nguyen N T,et al.Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)reduces growth performance,physiological response,and disease resistance in Tra catfish(Pangasius hypophthalmus)[J].Aquaculture International,2018,26(3):921-936
[21]Ostrowski-Meissner H,LeaMaster B,Duerr E,et al.Sensitivity of the Pacific white shrimp,Penaeus vannamei,to aflatoxin B1[J].Aquaculture,1995,131(3-4):155-164
[22]Boonyaratpalin M,Supamattaya K,Verakunpiriya V,et al.Effects of aflatoxin B1 on growth performance,blood components,immune function and histopathological changes in black tiger shrimp(Penaeus monodon Fabricius)[J].Aquaculture Research,2001,32(Suppl.1):388-398
[23]Raghavan P R,Zhu X M,Lei W,et al.Low levels of aflatoxin B1 could cause mortalities in juvenile hybrid sturgeon,Acipenser ruthenus♀×A.baerii♂[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2011,17(2):39-47
[24]Valsta L M,Hendricks J D,Bailey G S.The significance of glutathione conjugation for aflatoxin B1 metabolism in rainbow trout and coho salmon[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,1988,26(2):129-135
[25]Zeng S L,Long W Q,Tian L X,et al.Effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 on growth performance,body composition,haematological parameters and histopathology of juvenile Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2016,22(5):1152-1159
[26]Shi Y H,Xu Z R,Wang C Z.Effects of aflatoxin on growth performance and immunology and antioxidant indices in pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science,2007,27(5):733-736[史莹华,许梓荣,王成章.黄曲霉毒素对猪生长性能及免疫和抗氧化指标的影响.中国兽医学报,2007,27(5):733-736]
[27]Arana S,Alves V A F,Sabino M,et al.Immunohistochemical evidence for myofibroblast-like cells associated with liver injury induced by Aflatoxin B1 in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Journal of Comparative Pathology,2014,150(2-3):258-265
[28]Han D,Xie S,Zhu X M,et al.Growth and hepatopancreas in gibel carp fed diets containing low levels of aflatoxin B1[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2009,16(4):335-342
[29]Shima S,Mahdi B,Behzad N H,et al.Histopathological study of common carp(Cyprinus carpio)fed aflatoxincontaminated diets[J].International Journal of Aquatic Biology,2017,5(2):63-70
[30]Sahoo P K,Mukherjef S C,Jain A K,et al.Histopathological and electron microscopic studies of gills and opisthonephros of rohu,Labeo rohita to acute and subchronic aflatoxin B1 toxicity[J].Asian Fisheries Science,2003,16(3-4):257-268
[31]Wei W,Li R,He L,et al.Evaluation of toxicological impacts on Sprague-Dawley rat by successively low dose of aflatoxin B1[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2014,94(14):3017-3022
[32]Deng S X.The responses of acute and chronic toxicity of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)in the Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus♀×O.aureus♂)[D].Thesis for Master of Science.Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou.2010[邓世喜.奥尼罗非鱼对黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)急性、慢性中毒的反应.硕士毕业论文,中山大学,广州.2010]
[33]FDA.Action levels for poisonous or deleterious substances in human food and animal feed.United States Food and Drug Administration(USFDA).Available at:http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fdaact.html.Accessed 28September 2007
[34]El-Sayed Y S,Khalil R H.Toxicity,biochemical effects and residue of aflatoxin B1 in marine water-reared sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax L.)[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2009,47(7):1606-1609
[2]Huang,Y,Z hu,X M,Han,D,et al.Growth and aflatoxin B1 accumulation of gibel carp adult fed with diets of different levels of aflatoxin B1[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2012,36(5):817-825[黄莹,朱晓鸣,韩冬,等.饲喂不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1饲料对异育银鲫成鱼的生长和毒素积累的影响.水生生物学报,2012,36(5):817-825]
[3]Kowalska A,Walkiewicz K,Kozie?P,et al.Aflatoxins:characteristics and impact on human health[J].Postpy Higieny I Medycyny Dowiadczalnej,2017,71(1):315-327
[4]Deng S X,Tian L X,Liu F J,et al.Toxic effects and residue of aflatoxin B1 in tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)[J].Aquaculture,2010,307(3-4):233-240
[5]Tuan N A,Grizzle J M,Lovell R T,et al.Growth and hepatic lesions of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fed diets containing aflatoxin B1[J].Aquaculture,2002,212(1-4):311-319
[6]Ngethe S,Horsberg T E,Mitema E,et al.Species differences in hepatic concentration of orally administered 3HAFB1 between rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)and tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Aquaculture,1993,114(3-4):355-358
[7]Ayyat M S,Ayyat A M N,Al-Sagheer A A,et al.Effect of some safe feed additives on growth performance,blood biochemistry and bioaccumulation of aflatoxin residues of Nile tilapia fed aflatoxin B1,contaminated diet[J].Aquaculture,2018,495:27-34
[8]Halver J E.Aflatoxicosis and trout hepatoma.In:Goldblatt L A(Eds.),Aflatoxin:Scientific Background,Control,and Implications[M].New York:Academic Press.1969,265-306
[9]Schoenhard G L,Hendricks J D,Nixon J E,et al.Aflatoxicol-induced heatocellular carcinoma in rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri)and the synergistic effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids[J].Cancer Research,1981,41(3):1011-1014
[10]Yu Y Y,Niu J,Yin P,et al.Detoxification and immunoprotection of Zn(II)-curcumin in juvenile Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)feed with aflatoxin B1[J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2018,80:480-486
[11]Wang J.Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on growth performance,biochemical and hepatopancreas microstructure of Litopanaeus vannamei[D].Thesis for Master of Science.Agriculture University of Hebei,Baoding.2014[王静.饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1对凡纳滨对虾生长、肝胰腺和血淋巴生化指标及肝胰腺显微结构的影响.硕士毕业论文,河北农业大学,保定.2014]
[12]Plakas S M,Loveland P M,Bailey G S,et al.Tissue deposition and excretion of 14C-labeled aflatoxin B1 after oral administration in channel catfish[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,1991,29(12):805-808
[13]Sahoo P K,Mukherjee S C.Immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxin B1 in Indian major carp(Labeo rohita)[J].Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,2001,24(3):143-149
[14]El-Banna R,Teleb H M,Hadi M M,et al.Performance and tissue residue of tilapia fed dietary aflatoxin[J].Veterinary Medical Journal Giza,1992,40:17-23
[15]Huang Y,Han D,Xiao X C,et al.Effect of dietary aflatoxin B1,on growth,fecundity and tissue accumulation in gibel carp during the stage of gonad development[J].Aquaculture,2014,428-429(5):236-242
[16]Hendricks J D.Carcinogenicity of aflatoxins in nonmammalian organisms.In:Eaton D L,Groopman J D(Eds.)Toxicology of Aflatoxins:Human Health,Veterinary,and Agricultural Significance.Academic Press,San Diego.1994,103-136
[17]AOAC(Association of Official Analytical Chemists)[M].Animal Feed.In:Williams S(Eds.),Official Methods of Analysis,14th edn AOAC,Inc.,Arlington,VA,Washington,DC.1984,152-161
[18]Chávez-Sánchez M C,Martínez P C A.,Osorio M I,et al Pathological effects of feeding young Oreochromis niloticus diets supplemented with different levels of aflatoxin B1[J].Aquaculture,1994,127(1):49-60
[19]Jantrarotai W,Lovell,R T.Subchronic toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B1 to channel catfish[J].Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,1990,2(4):248-254
[20]Rui A G,Tu D C,Nguyen N T,et al.Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)reduces growth performance,physiological response,and disease resistance in Tra catfish(Pangasius hypophthalmus)[J].Aquaculture International,2018,26(3):921-936
[21]Ostrowski-Meissner H,LeaMaster B,Duerr E,et al.Sensitivity of the Pacific white shrimp,Penaeus vannamei,to aflatoxin B1[J].Aquaculture,1995,131(3-4):155-164
[22]Boonyaratpalin M,Supamattaya K,Verakunpiriya V,et al.Effects of aflatoxin B1 on growth performance,blood components,immune function and histopathological changes in black tiger shrimp(Penaeus monodon Fabricius)[J].Aquaculture Research,2001,32(Suppl.1):388-398
[23]Raghavan P R,Zhu X M,Lei W,et al.Low levels of aflatoxin B1 could cause mortalities in juvenile hybrid sturgeon,Acipenser ruthenus♀×A.baerii♂[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2011,17(2):39-47
[24]Valsta L M,Hendricks J D,Bailey G S.The significance of glutathione conjugation for aflatoxin B1 metabolism in rainbow trout and coho salmon[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,1988,26(2):129-135
[25]Zeng S L,Long W Q,Tian L X,et al.Effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 on growth performance,body composition,haematological parameters and histopathology of juvenile Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2016,22(5):1152-1159
[26]Shi Y H,Xu Z R,Wang C Z.Effects of aflatoxin on growth performance and immunology and antioxidant indices in pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science,2007,27(5):733-736[史莹华,许梓荣,王成章.黄曲霉毒素对猪生长性能及免疫和抗氧化指标的影响.中国兽医学报,2007,27(5):733-736]
[27]Arana S,Alves V A F,Sabino M,et al.Immunohistochemical evidence for myofibroblast-like cells associated with liver injury induced by Aflatoxin B1 in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Journal of Comparative Pathology,2014,150(2-3):258-265
[28]Han D,Xie S,Zhu X M,et al.Growth and hepatopancreas in gibel carp fed diets containing low levels of aflatoxin B1[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2009,16(4):335-342
[29]Shima S,Mahdi B,Behzad N H,et al.Histopathological study of common carp(Cyprinus carpio)fed aflatoxincontaminated diets[J].International Journal of Aquatic Biology,2017,5(2):63-70
[30]Sahoo P K,Mukherjef S C,Jain A K,et al.Histopathological and electron microscopic studies of gills and opisthonephros of rohu,Labeo rohita to acute and subchronic aflatoxin B1 toxicity[J].Asian Fisheries Science,2003,16(3-4):257-268
[31]Wei W,Li R,He L,et al.Evaluation of toxicological impacts on Sprague-Dawley rat by successively low dose of aflatoxin B1[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2014,94(14):3017-3022
[32]Deng S X.The responses of acute and chronic toxicity of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)in the Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus♀×O.aureus♂)[D].Thesis for Master of Science.Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou.2010[邓世喜.奥尼罗非鱼对黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)急性、慢性中毒的反应.硕士毕业论文,中山大学,广州.2010]
[33]FDA.Action levels for poisonous or deleterious substances in human food and animal feed.United States Food and Drug Administration(USFDA).Available at:http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fdaact.html.Accessed 28September 2007
[34]El-Sayed Y S,Khalil R H.Toxicity,biochemical effects and residue of aflatoxin B1 in marine water-reared sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax L.)[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2009,47(7):1606-1609