黄土高原植被恢复与局地气候变化的关系
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摘要
分析退耕还林以来黄土高原气候的时间变化特征和空间分布特征,研究黄土高原局域气候变化的时空差异性及其与植被恢复的相关性,旨在探讨区域气候是否会对植被覆盖变化做出响应。使用GIS和统计学方法,基于黄土高原区1981年以来的气象数据和2000—2013年的MODIS/NDVI数据,使用趋势分析和Kriging插值,分析气候要素的时空变化特征,结合线性相关性,分析植被恢复和区域气候变化的关系。研究结果表明:1)近30年来黄土高原的气候变化总体趋势是气温上升,而其他气候要素无显著变化;退耕还林以后表现为降水增加、气温不再升高、风速降低、湿度减小。2)2000年以来,黄土高原最高气温变化率、最小相对湿度变化率空间特征表现为条带状,且与夏季NDVI变化率具有相似的空间分布特征。3)植被NDVI与1—4月份的最低气温正相关性显著,与7月份的最高气温负相关性显著,与5—9月份风速负相关性显著,与5月和7月的相对湿度正相关性显著。4)南温带植被NDVI与年均最大风速的负相关性显著,中温带植被NDVI与年均最小相对湿度的正相关性显著,还与春、秋季平均最小相对湿度的正相关性显著。总之,黄土高原的气候变化受到全球气候变化的影响,但是植被覆盖变化也是局地气候变化的1个因素,在温度、风速和湿度方面表现比较明显。
[Background]Vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau has increased evidently attributing to the project of returning farmland to forest/grassland. Studies by climate modeling suggested that local climate would be impacted by land cover change. Further research is needed to make sure that weather evidence could be found in observed climate records and to explore the effect of vegetation restoration on regional climate. [Methods] The meteorological data from the Loess Plateau since 1981 and MODIS/NDVI data from 2000 to 2013 were analyzed by GIS and statistical methods. Mann-Kendall trend test and linear regression were used to analyze the time trend of climatic elements,and Kriging interpolation was used to analyze spatial variation of climate on the Loess Plateau with data from 130 meteorological stations; a linear regression was used to analyze increasing rate of NDVI. And Pearson linear correlation coefficient was used to indicate the correlation between climatic elements and NDVI. [Results] 1) Inthe past 30 years,air temperature increased significantly while no trends were found for other climate elements. Since the projects of returning farmland to forest,the precipitation increased while the wind speed and the relative humidity decreased significantly and air temperature did not keep the increasing trend. 2) Changing rates of the annual average maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity since 2000 showed a similar stripped distribution pattern as NDVI on the Loess Plateau. 3) NDVI had a positive correlation with minimum temperature from January to April and relative humidity in May and July but had a negative correlation with maximum temperature in July and with the wind speed from May to September. 4) In spatial distribution, although regional average relative humidity deceased significantly,approximately 30% of the region's minimum relative humidity showed an increasing trend.NDVI had a significant negative correlation with annual average maximum wind speed in the southern temperate zone and had a positive correlation with annual average minimum relative humidity in the midtemperate zone. [Conclusions]Climate on the Loess Plateau is influenced by the global climate change but vegetation restoration since the implement of returning farmland to forest/grassland had strong correlation with local climate,especially on the aspect of air temperature,wind speed and relative humidity.
[Background]Vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau has increased evidently attributing to the project of returning farmland to forest/grassland. Studies by climate modeling suggested that local climate would be impacted by land cover change. Further research is needed to make sure that weather evidence could be found in observed climate records and to explore the effect of vegetation restoration on regional climate. [Methods] The meteorological data from the Loess Plateau since 1981 and MODIS/NDVI data from 2000 to 2013 were analyzed by GIS and statistical methods. Mann-Kendall trend test and linear regression were used to analyze the time trend of climatic elements,and Kriging interpolation was used to analyze spatial variation of climate on the Loess Plateau with data from 130 meteorological stations; a linear regression was used to analyze increasing rate of NDVI. And Pearson linear correlation coefficient was used to indicate the correlation between climatic elements and NDVI. [Results] 1) Inthe past 30 years,air temperature increased significantly while no trends were found for other climate elements. Since the projects of returning farmland to forest,the precipitation increased while the wind speed and the relative humidity decreased significantly and air temperature did not keep the increasing trend. 2) Changing rates of the annual average maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity since 2000 showed a similar stripped distribution pattern as NDVI on the Loess Plateau. 3) NDVI had a positive correlation with minimum temperature from January to April and relative humidity in May and July but had a negative correlation with maximum temperature in July and with the wind speed from May to September. 4) In spatial distribution, although regional average relative humidity deceased significantly,approximately 30% of the region's minimum relative humidity showed an increasing trend.NDVI had a significant negative correlation with annual average maximum wind speed in the southern temperate zone and had a positive correlation with annual average minimum relative humidity in the midtemperate zone. [Conclusions]Climate on the Loess Plateau is influenced by the global climate change but vegetation restoration since the implement of returning farmland to forest/grassland had strong correlation with local climate,especially on the aspect of air temperature,wind speed and relative humidity.
引文
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[15]ZHANG Jingyong,DONG Wenjie.Impact of land cover/use change on regional climate over China[J].Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007,24(4):543.
[16]GAO Xuejie,LUO Yong,LIN Wantao,et al.Simulation of effects of land use change on climate in China by a regional climate model[J].Advances in Atmospheric Science,2003,20(4):583.
[17]何远梅,姚文俊,张岩,等.黄土高原区植被恢复的空间差异性分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(2):63.HE Yuanmei,YAO Wenjun,ZHANG Yan,et al.Spatial variability of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau based on MODIS/NDVI[J].China Soil and Water Conservation Science,2015,13(2):63.
[18]张含玉,方怒放,史志华.黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候因子的响应[J].生态学报,2016,36(13):3960.ZHANG Hanyu,FANG Nufang,SHI Zhihua.Spatiotemporal patterns for the NDVI and its responses to climatic factors in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Acta Ecological Sinca,2016,36(13):3960.
[19]刘宪锋,杨勇,任志远,等.2000—2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度时空变化[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1244.LIU Xianfeng,YANG Yong,REN Zhiyuan,et al.Changes of vegetation coverage in the Loess Plateau in2000-2009[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):1244.
[20]孙艳玲,延晓冬,谢德体.基于因子分析方法的中国植被NDVI与气候关系研究[J].山地学报,2007,25(1):54.SUN Yanlin,YAN Xiaodong,XIE Deti.Study on the relationship between vegetation and climate in China using factor analysis[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2007,25(1):54.
[21]王宇航,赵鸣飞,康慕谊,等.黄土高原地区NDVI与气候因子空间尺度依存性及非平稳性研究[J].地理研究,2016,35(3):493.WANG Yuhang,ZHAO Mingfei,KANG Muyi,et al.Spatial scale-dependent and non-stationarity relationship between NDVI and climate factors in the Loess Plateau[J].Geographical Research,2016,35(3):493.
[22]中华人民共和国气候图集编委会.中华人民共和国气候图集[M].北京:气象出版社,2002:10.People's Republic of China Atlas Editorial Board.People's Republic of China climate atlas[M].Beijing:Meteorological Press,2002:10.
[23]宋怡,马明国.基于GIMMS AVHRR NDVI数据的中国寒旱区植被动态及其与气候因子的关系[J].遥感学报,2008,12(3):499.SONG Yi,MA Mingguo.Variation of AVHRR NDVI and its relationship with climate in Chinese arid and cold regions[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,12(3):499.
[24]MCLEOD A I,HIPEL K W,BODO B A.Trend analysis methodology for water quality time series[J].Environmetrics,1990,2(2):169.
[25]肖强,陶建平,肖洋.黄土高原近10年植被覆盖的动态变化及驱动力[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7594.XIAO Qiang,TAO Jianping,XIAO Yang.Effects of the climate and climate productivity in the Loess Plateau of China on global climate change[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2016,36(23):7594.
[26]姚玉璧,李耀辉,王毅荣,等.黄土高原气候与气候生产力对全球气候变化的响应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(2):202.YAO Yuxi,LI Yaohui,WANG Yirong,et al.Climate and climate productivity in the Loess Plateau in response to global climate change[J].Agriculture Research in the Arid Areas,2005,23(2):202.
[27]任国玉,任玉玉,李庆祥,等.全球陆地表面气温变化研究现状、问题和展望[J].地球科学进展,2014,29(8):934.REN Guoyu,REN Yuyu,LI Qingxiang,et al.An overview on global land surface air temperature change[J].Advances in Earth Science,2014,29(8):934.
[28]靳英华,廉士欢,周道玮,等.全球气候变化下的半干旱区相对湿度变化研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2009,41(4):134.JIN Yinghua,LIAN Shihuan,ZHOU Daowei,et al.Study on change of relative humidity in semiarid region under global climate change[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2009,41(4):134.
[29]PEI Tingting,WU Xiuchen,LI Xiaoyan,et al.Seasonal divergence in the sensitivity of evapotranspiration to climate and vegetation growth in the Yellow River Basin,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2017,122:103.
[2]WANG Yongli,FENG Jinming,GAO Hao.Numerical simulation of the impact of land cover change on regional climate in China[J].Theoretical&Applied Climatology,2014,115:141.
[3]徐丽萍,杨改河,冯永忠,等.黄土高原人工植被对局地小气候影响的效应研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(4):170.XU Liping,YANG Gaihe,FENG Yongzhong,et al.A study on microclimate impacts of artificial vegetation on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(4):170.
[4]SHEN Miaogen,PIAO Shilong,JEONG S J,et al.Evaporative cooling over the Tibetan Plateau induced by vegetation growth[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112(30):9299.
[5]安兴琴,陈玉春.浅谈西北地区生态环境建设的气候效应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(1):116.AN Xingqin,CHEN Yuchun.A discussion on climatic effects on ecological and environment construction in Northwest China[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2002,20(1):116.
[6]张耀存.干旱半干旱地区植被气候效应的数值研究[J].气象科学,1994,14(2):99.ZHANG Yaocun.Numerical study of the effect of vegetation on regional climate in arid or semi-arid area[J].Scientia Meteorological Sinica,1994,14(2):99.
[7]吕达仁,陈佐忠,王庚辰,等.内蒙古半干旱草原土壤-植被-大气相互作用:科学问题与实验计划概述[J].气候与环境研究,1997,2(3):2.LDaren,CHEN Zuozhong,WANG Gengchen,et al.Inner Mongolia semi-arid grassland soil-vegetation:Atmosphere interaction[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,1997,2(3):2.
[8]符淙斌,袁慧玲.恢复自然植被对东亚夏季气候和环境影响的一个虚拟试验[J].科学通报,2001,46(8):691.FU Congbin,YUAN Huiling.A virtual experiment to restore the impact of natural vegetation on the climate and environment in East Asia in summer[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2001,46(8):691.
[9]张佳华,符淙斌.利用遥感反演的叶面积指数研究中国东部生态系统对东亚季风的响应[J].自然科学进展,2002,12(10):92.ZHANG Jiahua,FU Congbin.Research on response of East China ecosystems to East Asian monsoon by remote sensing inversion of leaf area index[J].Progress in Natural Science,2002,12(10):92.
[10]张井勇,董文杰,叶笃正,等.中国植被覆盖对夏季气候影响的新证据[J].科学通报,2003,48(1):91.ZHANG Jingyong,DONG Wenjie,YE Duzheng,et al.New evidence of the impact of vegetation cover on summer climate in China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(1):91.
[11]陈星,雷鸣,汤剑平.地表植被改变对气候变化影响的模拟研究[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(10):1075.CHEN Xing,LEI Ming,TANG Jianping.Simulating the effect of changed vegetation on climate change in Eurasia[J].Progress in Earth Science,2006,21(10):1075.
[12]ZHANG Jingyong,DONG Wenjie,WU Lingyun,et al.Impact of land use changes on surface warming in China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2005,22(3):343.
[13]吕世华,陈玉春.西北植被覆盖对我国区域气候变化影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,1999,18(3):416.LShihua,CHEN Yuchun.The influence of northwest China afforestation on regional climate in China[J].Plateau Meteorology,1999,18(3):416.
[14]GAO Xuejie,ZHANG Dongfeng,CHEN Zhongxin,et al.Land use effects on climate in China as simulated by a regional climate model[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2007,50(4):620.
[15]ZHANG Jingyong,DONG Wenjie.Impact of land cover/use change on regional climate over China[J].Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007,24(4):543.
[16]GAO Xuejie,LUO Yong,LIN Wantao,et al.Simulation of effects of land use change on climate in China by a regional climate model[J].Advances in Atmospheric Science,2003,20(4):583.
[17]何远梅,姚文俊,张岩,等.黄土高原区植被恢复的空间差异性分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(2):63.HE Yuanmei,YAO Wenjun,ZHANG Yan,et al.Spatial variability of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau based on MODIS/NDVI[J].China Soil and Water Conservation Science,2015,13(2):63.
[18]张含玉,方怒放,史志华.黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候因子的响应[J].生态学报,2016,36(13):3960.ZHANG Hanyu,FANG Nufang,SHI Zhihua.Spatiotemporal patterns for the NDVI and its responses to climatic factors in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Acta Ecological Sinca,2016,36(13):3960.
[19]刘宪锋,杨勇,任志远,等.2000—2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度时空变化[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1244.LIU Xianfeng,YANG Yong,REN Zhiyuan,et al.Changes of vegetation coverage in the Loess Plateau in2000-2009[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):1244.
[20]孙艳玲,延晓冬,谢德体.基于因子分析方法的中国植被NDVI与气候关系研究[J].山地学报,2007,25(1):54.SUN Yanlin,YAN Xiaodong,XIE Deti.Study on the relationship between vegetation and climate in China using factor analysis[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2007,25(1):54.
[21]王宇航,赵鸣飞,康慕谊,等.黄土高原地区NDVI与气候因子空间尺度依存性及非平稳性研究[J].地理研究,2016,35(3):493.WANG Yuhang,ZHAO Mingfei,KANG Muyi,et al.Spatial scale-dependent and non-stationarity relationship between NDVI and climate factors in the Loess Plateau[J].Geographical Research,2016,35(3):493.
[22]中华人民共和国气候图集编委会.中华人民共和国气候图集[M].北京:气象出版社,2002:10.People's Republic of China Atlas Editorial Board.People's Republic of China climate atlas[M].Beijing:Meteorological Press,2002:10.
[23]宋怡,马明国.基于GIMMS AVHRR NDVI数据的中国寒旱区植被动态及其与气候因子的关系[J].遥感学报,2008,12(3):499.SONG Yi,MA Mingguo.Variation of AVHRR NDVI and its relationship with climate in Chinese arid and cold regions[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,12(3):499.
[24]MCLEOD A I,HIPEL K W,BODO B A.Trend analysis methodology for water quality time series[J].Environmetrics,1990,2(2):169.
[25]肖强,陶建平,肖洋.黄土高原近10年植被覆盖的动态变化及驱动力[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7594.XIAO Qiang,TAO Jianping,XIAO Yang.Effects of the climate and climate productivity in the Loess Plateau of China on global climate change[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2016,36(23):7594.
[26]姚玉璧,李耀辉,王毅荣,等.黄土高原气候与气候生产力对全球气候变化的响应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(2):202.YAO Yuxi,LI Yaohui,WANG Yirong,et al.Climate and climate productivity in the Loess Plateau in response to global climate change[J].Agriculture Research in the Arid Areas,2005,23(2):202.
[27]任国玉,任玉玉,李庆祥,等.全球陆地表面气温变化研究现状、问题和展望[J].地球科学进展,2014,29(8):934.REN Guoyu,REN Yuyu,LI Qingxiang,et al.An overview on global land surface air temperature change[J].Advances in Earth Science,2014,29(8):934.
[28]靳英华,廉士欢,周道玮,等.全球气候变化下的半干旱区相对湿度变化研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2009,41(4):134.JIN Yinghua,LIAN Shihuan,ZHOU Daowei,et al.Study on change of relative humidity in semiarid region under global climate change[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2009,41(4):134.
[29]PEI Tingting,WU Xiuchen,LI Xiaoyan,et al.Seasonal divergence in the sensitivity of evapotranspiration to climate and vegetation growth in the Yellow River Basin,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2017,122:103.