最小二乘曲线拟合的微地震初至优化拾取方法及应用
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摘要
水力压裂改造中微地震事件具有能量弱、信噪比变化大、干扰源复杂等特点,对微地震信号进行快速精确的初至拾取是微地震实时监测、指导压裂生产急需解决的关键问题。针对微地震事件时窗能量比法拾取精度低、不同信噪比事件适应性差的特点。首先应用能量比法粗略拾取初至位置。然后应用最小二乘曲线拟合法拟合理论曲线,在拟合曲线定义的前、后时窗范围内二次优化拾取初至。通过实际数据测试,并与能量比法对比,验证了本文方法的有效性与可行性。基于最小二乘曲线拟合的微地震初至优化拾取方法能较快速、准确地拾取不同波形特征、不同信噪比的微地震事件初至,有效提高微地震实时定位的准确性与效率。
Microseismic events are characterized by weak energy,variable signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),and complicated source interferences.So it is very difficult to do rapid and accurate microseismic first arrival picking in real-time monitoring to guide fracturing operation,and the energy ratio method has low accuracy and poor adaptability to different SNR events.To solve this problem,we propose a new microseismic first arrival picking method.First,an initial picking is carried out with the energy ratio method.Then the theoretical curve is fitted with the least square curve fitting.In the time window range before and after curve fit setting,the secondary optimized picking is conducted based on the initial picking.Real data tests verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.Comparing with the energy ratio method,the proposed method can quickly and accurately pick first arrivals from microseismic events with different waveform characteristics and different SNR,and effectively improve the accuracy of microseismic realtime positioning.
Microseismic events are characterized by weak energy,variable signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),and complicated source interferences.So it is very difficult to do rapid and accurate microseismic first arrival picking in real-time monitoring to guide fracturing operation,and the energy ratio method has low accuracy and poor adaptability to different SNR events.To solve this problem,we propose a new microseismic first arrival picking method.First,an initial picking is carried out with the energy ratio method.Then the theoretical curve is fitted with the least square curve fitting.In the time window range before and after curve fit setting,the secondary optimized picking is conducted based on the initial picking.Real data tests verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.Comparing with the energy ratio method,the proposed method can quickly and accurately pick first arrivals from microseismic events with different waveform characteristics and different SNR,and effectively improve the accuracy of microseismic realtime positioning.
引文
[1] 唐杰,方兵,蓝阳,等.压裂诱发的微地震震源机制及信号传播特性[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(4):643-649.TANG Jie,FANG Bing,LAN Yang,et al.Focal mechanism of micro-seismic induced by hydrofracture and its signal propagation characteristics[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(4):643-649.
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[3] 金泽龙.微地震波形初至自动拾取和震源定位效果分析[D].吉林长春:吉林大学,2016.
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[5] 秦暄,宋维琪.基于时窗能量比与互信息量的微地震初至拾取方法[J].物探与化探,2016,40(2):374-379.QIN Xuan,SONG Weiqi. Automatic first arrival pickup method of microseismic event based on energy ratio and mutual information[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2016,40(2):374-379.
[6] 刁瑞,吴国忱,尚新民,等.地面微地震有源噪声自动识别与匹配压制方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(2):311-319.DIAO Rui,WU Guochen,SHANG Xinmin,et al.Microseismic active noise automatic identification and matching denoising[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(2):311-319.
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[9] 赵大鹏,刘希强,李红,等.峰度和AIC方法在区域地震事件和直达P波初动自动识别方面的应用[J].地震研究,2012,35(2):220-226.ZHAO Dapeng,LIU Xiqiang,LI Hong,et al.Detection of regional seismic events by Kurtosis method and automatic identification of direct P-wave first motion by Kurtosis-AIC method[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2012,35(2):220-226.
[10] 杨配新,邓存华,刘希强,等.数字化地震记录震相自动识别的方法研究[J].地震研究,2004,27(4):308-313.YANG Peixin,DENG Cunhua,LIU Xiqiang,et al.Studies on auto-distinguishing phase of digital seismic recordings[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2004,27(4):308-313.
[11] 巩佳琦,吴宁.基于Shearlet-AIC算法的微地震初至拾取[J].吉林大学学报,2018,36(3):233-239.GONG Jiaqi,WU Ning.Research on microseismic first arrival picking method based on shearlet-AIC[J].Journal of Jilin University,2018,36(3):233-239.
[12] 刘建华,刘福田,胥颐.三分量地震资料的偏振分析[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(1):6-10.LIU Jianhua,LIU Futian,XU Yi.Polarization analysis of three-component seismic data[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(1):6-10.
[13] 吴治涛,骆循.联合小波变换与偏振分析自动拾取微地震P波到时[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(1):131-136.WU Zhitao,LUO Xun.United wavelet transform and polarization analysis automatically identify micro seismic P-arrival[J].Progress in Geophysics,2012,27(1):131-136.
[14] 常旭,刘伊克.Hausdorff分数维识别地震道初至走时[J].地球物理学报,1998,41(6):826-832.CHANG Xu,LIU Yike.Distinguishing seismic first break by means of Hausdorff fractal dimension[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1998,41(6):826-832.
[15] 常旭,刘伊克.地震记录的广义分维及其应用[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(6):839-846.CHANG Xu,LIU Yike.The generalized fractal dimension of seismic records and its applications[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(6):839-846.
[16] 陈爱萍,邹文,何光明,等.基于分维和相关性的自动初至拾取技术及应用[J].物探化探计算技术,2009,31(2):101-107.CHEN Aiping,ZOU Wen,HE Guangming,et al.Automatic first break picking technique based on fractal dimension and correlation and its application[J].Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geoche-mical Exploration,2009,31(2):101-107.
[17] 刘连升.约束初至拾取与初至波剩余静校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(5):604-610.LIU Liansheng.Constrained first-arrival pickup and first-break residual static correction[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1998,33(5):604-610.
[18] 李庆忠.怎样正确对待分形、分维技术?[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(1):136-161.LI Qingzhong.How to correctly use fractal and fractal-dimension techniques?[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1996,31(1):136-160.
[19] Coppens F.First arrival picking on common-offset trace collections for automatic estimation of static corrections[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1985,33(8):1212-1231.
[20] 郭秋谋.最小二乘曲线拟合在SKE测向中的应用[J].现代导航,2014,4(4):303-306.GUO Qiumou.Application of least square curve fitting in SKE direction finding[J].Modern Navigation,2014,4(4):303-306.
[21] 陈桂秀.用程序求解最小二乘拟合多项式的系数[J].青海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2010,33(3):14-17.CHEN Guixiu.Solve the least square curve fitting polynomial coefficient with program[J].Journal of Qinghai Normal University(Natural Science),2010,33(3):14-17
[22] 薛定宇,陈阳泉.高等应用数学问题的MATLAB求解[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[23] 吴顺秋.基于LabVIEW8.5的最小二乘法曲线拟合研究 [J].长江大学学报(自然科学版),2009,6(1):119-121.WU Shunqiu.The study of general LS linear fit based on LabVIEW8.5[J].Journal of Yangtze University(Nature Science Edition),2009,6(1):119-121.
[24] 方兵,孙成禹,唐杰,等.微地震信号频率特性分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(3):411-417.FANF Bing,SUN Chengyu,TANG Jie,et al.Analysis of frequency characteristics of micro-seismic signals.Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(3):411-417.
[2] 李会俭,王润秋,曹思远,等.利用多尺度形态学识别微地震监测中的弱信号[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(6):1105-1111.LI Huijian,WANG Runqiu,CAO Siyuan,et al.Weak signal identification in microseismic monitoring with multi-scale morphology[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(6):1105-1111.
[3] 金泽龙.微地震波形初至自动拾取和震源定位效果分析[D].吉林长春:吉林大学,2016.
[4] 徐立安.基于图像分形分维法的微地震事件自动识别技术研究[D].吉林长春:吉林大学,2016.
[5] 秦暄,宋维琪.基于时窗能量比与互信息量的微地震初至拾取方法[J].物探与化探,2016,40(2):374-379.QIN Xuan,SONG Weiqi. Automatic first arrival pickup method of microseismic event based on energy ratio and mutual information[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2016,40(2):374-379.
[6] 刁瑞,吴国忱,尚新民,等.地面微地震有源噪声自动识别与匹配压制方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(2):311-319.DIAO Rui,WU Guochen,SHANG Xinmin,et al.Microseismic active noise automatic identification and matching denoising[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(2):311-319.
[7] 吕世超.微地震有效事件识别及震源自动定位方法研究[D].山东青岛:中国石油大学,2011.
[8] 宋维琪,喻志超,杨勤勇,等.低信噪比微地震事件初至拾取方法研究 [J].石油物探,2013,52(6):596-601.SONG Weiqi,YU Zhichao,YANG Qinyong,et al.The first arrival picking method of microseismic events with low S/N[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2013,52(6):596-601.
[9] 赵大鹏,刘希强,李红,等.峰度和AIC方法在区域地震事件和直达P波初动自动识别方面的应用[J].地震研究,2012,35(2):220-226.ZHAO Dapeng,LIU Xiqiang,LI Hong,et al.Detection of regional seismic events by Kurtosis method and automatic identification of direct P-wave first motion by Kurtosis-AIC method[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2012,35(2):220-226.
[10] 杨配新,邓存华,刘希强,等.数字化地震记录震相自动识别的方法研究[J].地震研究,2004,27(4):308-313.YANG Peixin,DENG Cunhua,LIU Xiqiang,et al.Studies on auto-distinguishing phase of digital seismic recordings[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2004,27(4):308-313.
[11] 巩佳琦,吴宁.基于Shearlet-AIC算法的微地震初至拾取[J].吉林大学学报,2018,36(3):233-239.GONG Jiaqi,WU Ning.Research on microseismic first arrival picking method based on shearlet-AIC[J].Journal of Jilin University,2018,36(3):233-239.
[12] 刘建华,刘福田,胥颐.三分量地震资料的偏振分析[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(1):6-10.LIU Jianhua,LIU Futian,XU Yi.Polarization analysis of three-component seismic data[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(1):6-10.
[13] 吴治涛,骆循.联合小波变换与偏振分析自动拾取微地震P波到时[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(1):131-136.WU Zhitao,LUO Xun.United wavelet transform and polarization analysis automatically identify micro seismic P-arrival[J].Progress in Geophysics,2012,27(1):131-136.
[14] 常旭,刘伊克.Hausdorff分数维识别地震道初至走时[J].地球物理学报,1998,41(6):826-832.CHANG Xu,LIU Yike.Distinguishing seismic first break by means of Hausdorff fractal dimension[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1998,41(6):826-832.
[15] 常旭,刘伊克.地震记录的广义分维及其应用[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(6):839-846.CHANG Xu,LIU Yike.The generalized fractal dimension of seismic records and its applications[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(6):839-846.
[16] 陈爱萍,邹文,何光明,等.基于分维和相关性的自动初至拾取技术及应用[J].物探化探计算技术,2009,31(2):101-107.CHEN Aiping,ZOU Wen,HE Guangming,et al.Automatic first break picking technique based on fractal dimension and correlation and its application[J].Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geoche-mical Exploration,2009,31(2):101-107.
[17] 刘连升.约束初至拾取与初至波剩余静校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(5):604-610.LIU Liansheng.Constrained first-arrival pickup and first-break residual static correction[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1998,33(5):604-610.
[18] 李庆忠.怎样正确对待分形、分维技术?[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(1):136-161.LI Qingzhong.How to correctly use fractal and fractal-dimension techniques?[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1996,31(1):136-160.
[19] Coppens F.First arrival picking on common-offset trace collections for automatic estimation of static corrections[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1985,33(8):1212-1231.
[20] 郭秋谋.最小二乘曲线拟合在SKE测向中的应用[J].现代导航,2014,4(4):303-306.GUO Qiumou.Application of least square curve fitting in SKE direction finding[J].Modern Navigation,2014,4(4):303-306.
[21] 陈桂秀.用程序求解最小二乘拟合多项式的系数[J].青海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2010,33(3):14-17.CHEN Guixiu.Solve the least square curve fitting polynomial coefficient with program[J].Journal of Qinghai Normal University(Natural Science),2010,33(3):14-17
[22] 薛定宇,陈阳泉.高等应用数学问题的MATLAB求解[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[23] 吴顺秋.基于LabVIEW8.5的最小二乘法曲线拟合研究 [J].长江大学学报(自然科学版),2009,6(1):119-121.WU Shunqiu.The study of general LS linear fit based on LabVIEW8.5[J].Journal of Yangtze University(Nature Science Edition),2009,6(1):119-121.
[24] 方兵,孙成禹,唐杰,等.微地震信号频率特性分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(3):411-417.FANF Bing,SUN Chengyu,TANG Jie,et al.Analysis of frequency characteristics of micro-seismic signals.Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(3):411-417.