中条山北麓河流地貌参数及其新构造意义
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摘要
基于数字高程模型(DEM)及地理信息系统(GIS)技术,系统提取和分析了中条山北麓河流坡降指标、河道陡峭指数及面积高程积分等河流地貌参数。研究表明:河流坡降指标、河道陡峭指数及面积高程积分在永济至解州一带表现出较高的值;综合分析岩性、降水及构造等因素可知,新构造运动是控制中条山北麓河流地貌发育的主要因素,自北向南总体表现出增强的趋势,在永济南活动最强。前人研究表明,中条山北麓断裂晚第四纪以来构造活跃,全新世以来仍有多次活动,但不同部位活动强度各异,解州段晚更新世晚期以来滑动速率相比韩阳段及夏县段高,极高值在出现在永济南一带。可见,基于河流地貌参数获得的中条山北麓新构造运动强弱与断裂晚第四纪以来的活动强弱一致。
Based on the Digital Elevation Model and Geographic Information System technology,we extract and analyze the geomorphic parameters which include stream length-gradient index,channel steepness index and hypsometric integral of the northern piedmont of the Zhongtiao Mountain,Shanxi Province,China. The results showed that the values of stream length-gradient index,channel steepness index and hypsometric integral index were increased gradually from north to south in general and the high values of the parameters were all distributed in the south part between Yongji and Haizhou. The knickpoints which represent the spatial or temporal adjustment of tectonic movement are densely distributed in the part south of Haizhou whereas in the part north of Haizhou the knickpoints were distributed sporadically. Comprehensively analyzing the main factors including rocks,precipitation and tectonics that affect geomorphic parameters,we reached the conclusion that tectonics is the major factor that controls the development of the watershed topographic features and the tectonic activity was increased gradually from the north to the south. The northern piedmont tectonic activity of the Zhongtiao Mountain is mainly controlled by the northern Zhongtiao Mountain Fault according to regional geological tectonic background. The field geological investigation combined with previous studies show that the north Zhongtiao Mountian Fault can be divided into the south section,the middle section,and the north section according to their different geometric trending and fault activities by Xiyaowen village and Mohe village. Fault slip rate which is an important index to judge fault activity in the middle section is higher than that in the south and the north sections and the maximum value is distributed in the south of Yongji. The tectonic activity of the north piedmont of Zhongtiao Mountain gained from geomorphic parameters is consistent with the fault activity since the late Quaternary. In the north section,as the weak fault activity,we can see the flat pediment which is retreated by the long-term erosion of the Zhongtiao Mountain is as wide as 10 km. However,in the middle section,steep mountain landforms are formed due to the constant strong tectonic activity,and they become more and more striking from the north to the south. The highest peak Snow Mountain which is located at the south of Yongji shows that in this part the fault is the most active,and this is consistent with the high value obtained from geomorphic parameters. Utilize the river geomorphic parameters as the study objects of the tectonic activity can effectively reflect the regional tectonic movement. It provides a new perspective for discussing the relative activity strength in river drainage.
Based on the Digital Elevation Model and Geographic Information System technology,we extract and analyze the geomorphic parameters which include stream length-gradient index,channel steepness index and hypsometric integral of the northern piedmont of the Zhongtiao Mountain,Shanxi Province,China. The results showed that the values of stream length-gradient index,channel steepness index and hypsometric integral index were increased gradually from north to south in general and the high values of the parameters were all distributed in the south part between Yongji and Haizhou. The knickpoints which represent the spatial or temporal adjustment of tectonic movement are densely distributed in the part south of Haizhou whereas in the part north of Haizhou the knickpoints were distributed sporadically. Comprehensively analyzing the main factors including rocks,precipitation and tectonics that affect geomorphic parameters,we reached the conclusion that tectonics is the major factor that controls the development of the watershed topographic features and the tectonic activity was increased gradually from the north to the south. The northern piedmont tectonic activity of the Zhongtiao Mountain is mainly controlled by the northern Zhongtiao Mountain Fault according to regional geological tectonic background. The field geological investigation combined with previous studies show that the north Zhongtiao Mountian Fault can be divided into the south section,the middle section,and the north section according to their different geometric trending and fault activities by Xiyaowen village and Mohe village. Fault slip rate which is an important index to judge fault activity in the middle section is higher than that in the south and the north sections and the maximum value is distributed in the south of Yongji. The tectonic activity of the north piedmont of Zhongtiao Mountain gained from geomorphic parameters is consistent with the fault activity since the late Quaternary. In the north section,as the weak fault activity,we can see the flat pediment which is retreated by the long-term erosion of the Zhongtiao Mountain is as wide as 10 km. However,in the middle section,steep mountain landforms are formed due to the constant strong tectonic activity,and they become more and more striking from the north to the south. The highest peak Snow Mountain which is located at the south of Yongji shows that in this part the fault is the most active,and this is consistent with the high value obtained from geomorphic parameters. Utilize the river geomorphic parameters as the study objects of the tectonic activity can effectively reflect the regional tectonic movement. It provides a new perspective for discussing the relative activity strength in river drainage.
引文
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[2] ALIPOOR R,POORKERMANI M,ZARE M,et al. Active tectonic assessment around Rudbar Lorestan dam site,High Zagros Belt(SW of Iran)[J]. Geomorphology,2011,128:1-14.
[3] FONT M,AMORESE D,LAGARDE J L. DEM and GIS analysis of the stream gradient index to evaluate effects of tectonics:The Normandy intraplate area(NW France)[J]. Geomorphology,2010,119:172-180.
[4]常直杨,王建,白世彪,等.基于DEM的白龙江流域新构造运动定量分析[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(2):292-301.[CHANG Zhiyang,WANG Jian,BAI Shibiao,et al. Appraisal of active tectonic in Bailongjiang Basin based on DEM data[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(2):292-301.]
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[6]徐岳仁,何宏林,邓起东,等.山西霍山山脉河流地貌定量参数及其构造意义[J].第四纪研究,2013,33(4):746-759.[XU Yueren,HE Honglin,DENG Qidong,et al. Quantitative river geomorphic parameters surround Mts. Huoshan,Shanxi Province and their tectonic implications[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2013,33(4):746-759.]
[7] TSODOULOS I M,KOUKOUVELAS I K,PAVLIDES S. Tectonic geomorphology of the easternmost extension of the Gulf of Corinth(Beotia,Central Greece)[J]. Tectonophysics,2008,453(1):211-232.
[8] LARUE J P. Longitudinal profiles and knickzones:The example of the rivers of the Cher Basin in the northern French Massif Central[J]. Proceedings of the Geologists Association,2011,122(1):125-142.
[9]李宗盟,高红山,潘保田,等.贺兰山水系流域数值地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(3):422-429.[LI Zongmeng,GAO Hongshan,PAN Baotian,et al. Geomorphic indices of the river and drainage in Helan Mountain and its indication to tectonics[J]. Arid land geography,2012,35(3):422-429.]
[10]赵国华,李勇,颜照坤,等.龙门山中段山前河流Hack剖面和面积—高程积分的构造地貌研究[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(2):302-311.[ZHAO Guohua,LI Yong,YAN Zhaokun,et al.Tectonic geomorphology analysis of piedmont rivers of the middle Mt. Longmenshan based on Hack profile and hypsometric integral[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(2):302-311.]
[11]张天琪,王振,张晓明,等.北天山乌鲁木齐河流域面积——高程积分及其地貌意义[J].第四纪研究,2015,35(1):60-70.[ZHANG Tianqi,WANG Zhen,ZHANG Xiaoming,et al. Hypsometric integral analysis of the Urumqi River drainage basin and its implications for topographic evolution[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2015,35(1):60-70.]
[12]徐伟,刘志成,袁兆德,等.华山山前河流地貌参数及其构造意义研究[J].地震地质,2017,39(6):1316-1335.[XU Wei,LIU Zhicheng,YUAN Zhaode,et al. River geomorphic parameters and their tectonic implications of Huashan[J]. Seismology and Geology,2017,39(6):1316-1335.]
[13]苏宗正,程新原,安卫平,等.山西运城盆地的中条山断裂[M].活动断裂研究(8).北京:地震出版社,2001,120-130.[SU Zongzheng,CHENG Xinyuan,AN Weiping,et al. Study on Zhongtiaoshan active fault in Yuncheng Basin of Shanxi Province,China[M]∥Research on Active Fault(8). Beijing:Seismological Press,2001,120-130.]
[14]王向阳,张晓红,黄春玲,等.中条山北麓断裂形变异常的研究[J].山西地震,2004,(1):25-28.[WANG Xiangyang,ZHANG Xiaohong,HUANG Chunling,et al. Study on the ground deformation anomaly of the fault at north Zhongtiao Mountain[J]. Earthquake Research in Shanxi,2004,(1):25-28.]
[15]程绍平,杨桂枝.山西中条山断裂带的晚第四纪分段模型[J].地震地质,2002,24(3):289-302.[CHENG Shaoping,YANG Guizhi. Late Quaternary segementation model of the Zhongtiaoshan Fault,Shanxi Province[J]. Seismology and Geology,2002,24(3):289-302.]
[16]王怡然,李有利,闫冬冬,等.中条山北麓断裂中南段全新世地震事件的初步研究[J].地震地质,2015,37(1):1-12.[WANG Yiran,LI Youli,YAN Dongdong,et al. Holocene paleoseismology of the middle and south segment of the north Zhongtiaoshan Fault Zone,Shanxi[J]. Seismology and Geology,2015,37(1):1-12.]
[17]苗德雨,李有利,吕胜华,等.山西中条山北麓断裂夏县段新构造运动[J].地理研究,2014,33(4):665-673.[MIAO Deyu,LI Youli,LV Shenghua,et al. Neotectonic activity in Xiaxian Segment of the north Zhongtiao Moutain Fault Zone,Shanxi[J]. Geographical Research,2014,33(4):665-673.]
[18]司苏沛,李有利,吕胜华,等.山西中条山北麓断裂盐池段全新世古地震事件和滑动速率研究[J].中国科学:(地球科学),2014,44(9):1958-1967.[SI Supei,LI Youli,LV Shenghua,et al. Holocene slip rate and paleoearthquake records of the Salt Lake segment of the northern Zhongtiaoshan Fault,Shanxi Province[J].Science China:(Earth Science),2014,44(9):1958-1967.]
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