华西雨屏区几种乡土树种不同物候关键时期凋落物的有机组分特征
|
摘要
凋落物的有机组分含量可随着植物生长节律及物候期变化而改变.以华西雨屏区喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)、枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera)、柏木(Cupressus funebris)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortune)为研究对象,通过定点动态收集萌芽期、展叶期、盛叶期和落叶期凋落物组成,分析其水溶性组分(Water soluble component,WSC)、有机溶性组分(Organic solvent soluble component,OSC)、酸溶性组分(Acid-soluble extractive,ASE)和酸不溶性组分(Acid-insoluble residue,AIR)的差异.结果显示,相同树种中,各器官凋落物的WSC相对含量呈现逐渐减小的趋势,OSC相对含量在一年中总体呈现盛叶期增加、落叶期降低的趋势,ASE相对含量在各物候期间变化不显著,AIR相对含量则表现出增加的变化趋势,凋落叶、枝木质纤维素指数(LCI)表现出上升的趋势,凋落果则为下降趋势;同一物候期,凋落物中的WSC相对含量表现为喜树高于其他树种,AIR相对含量表现为针叶树种高于阔叶树种;4个树种凋落叶在盛叶期均表现出较高的WSC和OSC相对含量,凋落枝则有较高的OSC相对含量;萌芽期和盛叶期的凋落枝呈现出较高的ASE相对含量和较低的AIR相对含量与LCI值.本研究表明,关键时期、物种类型、器官类型及其相互作用对凋落物中WSC、OSC、ASE和AIR相对含量具有不同程度的影响;结果可进一步丰富对生态系统碳的归还等特征的认识.
The characteristics of organic components in litter play important roles in litter decomposition and other material cycling processes in ecosystems, but the content of organic components in litter would be controlled by leaf phenological rhythms. Therefore, a field investigation was carried out to determine the characteristics of organic components in the litter of several native trees at different phenological stages in the Rainy Area of West China. The represented tree species(Camptotheca acuminata, Pterocarya stenoptera, Cupressus funebris, and Cryptomeria fortunei) with typical leaf phenological rhythms were selected, and litter, including leaf, twig, and fruit, was collected at different phenological stages such as leaf budding, leaf expanding, leaf maturing, and leaf falling. The water-soluble component(WSC), organic-solvent-soluble component(OSC),acid-soluble extractive(ASE), and acid-insoluble residue(AIR) content was analyzed in different fallen organs of different species at different phenological stages. The results showed that in the same tree species, the relative content of WSC of all organ litters continued to decline. The relative content of OSC increased at the leaf maturing stage but decreased at the leaf falling stage over the entire year. Few changes were observed in the content of ASE from litters under the different phenological stages, while the relative content of AIR increased. At the same time, the lignocellulose index(LCI) of leaf litter and twig litter showed increasing tendency, but the LCI of fruit litter continued to show a decreasing tendency over the entire year. For the same phenological stage, the relative content of WSC in the litter of C. acuminata was higher in comparison with that in other tree species, and the relative content of AIR was higher in conifer species than in broad-leaved species. Compared with other periods, higher relative content of WSC and OSC in leaf litter was detected at the leaf maturing stage, and higher relative content of OSC in twig litter was observed at the leaf maturing stage. The twig litter at the leaf budding and leaf maturing stages showed relatively high ASE content, but low AIR content and LCI. These results show that the key stages, species types,organ types, and their interactions significantly affected the relative content of WSC, OSC, ASE and AIR in litter, enriching our understanding of the characteristics of ecosystem carbon return.
The characteristics of organic components in litter play important roles in litter decomposition and other material cycling processes in ecosystems, but the content of organic components in litter would be controlled by leaf phenological rhythms. Therefore, a field investigation was carried out to determine the characteristics of organic components in the litter of several native trees at different phenological stages in the Rainy Area of West China. The represented tree species(Camptotheca acuminata, Pterocarya stenoptera, Cupressus funebris, and Cryptomeria fortunei) with typical leaf phenological rhythms were selected, and litter, including leaf, twig, and fruit, was collected at different phenological stages such as leaf budding, leaf expanding, leaf maturing, and leaf falling. The water-soluble component(WSC), organic-solvent-soluble component(OSC),acid-soluble extractive(ASE), and acid-insoluble residue(AIR) content was analyzed in different fallen organs of different species at different phenological stages. The results showed that in the same tree species, the relative content of WSC of all organ litters continued to decline. The relative content of OSC increased at the leaf maturing stage but decreased at the leaf falling stage over the entire year. Few changes were observed in the content of ASE from litters under the different phenological stages, while the relative content of AIR increased. At the same time, the lignocellulose index(LCI) of leaf litter and twig litter showed increasing tendency, but the LCI of fruit litter continued to show a decreasing tendency over the entire year. For the same phenological stage, the relative content of WSC in the litter of C. acuminata was higher in comparison with that in other tree species, and the relative content of AIR was higher in conifer species than in broad-leaved species. Compared with other periods, higher relative content of WSC and OSC in leaf litter was detected at the leaf maturing stage, and higher relative content of OSC in twig litter was observed at the leaf maturing stage. The twig litter at the leaf budding and leaf maturing stages showed relatively high ASE content, but low AIR content and LCI. These results show that the key stages, species types,organ types, and their interactions significantly affected the relative content of WSC, OSC, ASE and AIR in litter, enriching our understanding of the characteristics of ecosystem carbon return.
引文
1李宜浓,周晓梅,张乃莉,马克平.陆地生态系统混合凋落物分解研究进展[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):4977-4987[Li YL,Zhou XM,Zhang NL,Ma KP.The research of mixed litter effects on litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2016,36(16):4977-4987]
2 Capellesso ES,Scrovonski KL,Zanin EM,Hepp LU,Bayer C,Sausen TL.Effects of forest structure on litter production,soil chemical composition and litter-soil interactions[J].Acta Bot Bras,2016,30:329-335
3 Tariq H,Moazzam NS,Ansari L,Naeem I,Asif T,Raqeeb A,Kausar R.Litter fall quantity,root density,biomass and decomposition rate in Dalbergia sissoo:a nutrient cycling perspective[J].J Biodiv Environ Sci,2017,10(6):38-49
4 Srisunont C,Jaiyen T,Tenrung M,Likitchaikul M,Srisunont T.Nutrient accumulation by litterfall in mangrove forest at Klong Khone,Thailand[J].Thamm Int J Sci Technol,2017,22(2-3):9-18
5 Bernini E,Rezende CE.Litterfall in a mangrove in Southeast Brazil[J].Pan-Am J Aquat Sci,2010,5(4):508-509
6 Garkoti SC.Litter production and nutrient return in three different aged regenerating white oak(Quercus leucotrichophora A.Camus)forests in the central Himalaya[J].Int J Ecol Environ Sci,2014,40(2-3):139-148
7 Kumar JIN,Kumar RN,Bhoi RK,Patel K.Seasonal changes of bioelements in litter and their potential return to green leaves in five species of tropical dry deciduous forest,western India[J].J For Res,2010,21(1):33-38
8 Cornwell WK,Cornelissen JH,Amatangelo K,Dorrepaal E,Eviner VT,Godoy O,Hobbie SE,Hoorens B,Kurokawa H,Pérez-Harguindeguy N,Quested HM,Santiago LS,Wardle DA,Wright IJ,Aerts R,Allison SD,Bodegom PV,Brovkin V,Chatain A,Callaghan TV,Kazakou E,Klein JA,Read J,Reich PB,Soudzilovskaia NA,Vaieretti MV,Westoby M.Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide[J].Ecol Lett,2008,11(10):1065-1071
9 Swift MJ,Heal OW,Anderson JM.Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems[M].Berkley,California:University of California Press,1979
10杨佳萍,寥蓉,杨万勤,谭波,付长坤,张钰,吴福忠.高山峡谷区暗针叶林凋落物产量及动态[J].应用与环境生物学报,2017,23(4):745-752[Yang JP,Liao R,Yang WQ,Tan B,Fu CK,Zhang Y,Wu FZ.Litter production and its dynamic pattern in a dark coniferous forest in the alpine gorge region[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2017,23(4):745-752]
11 Garkoti SC.Litter production and nutrient return in three different aged regenerating white oak(Quercus leucotrichophora A.Camus)forests in the central Himalaya[J].Int J Ecol Environ Sci,2014,40(2-3):139-148
12陆晓辉,丁贵杰.马尾松人工纯林凋落松针数量及基质质量动态[J].生态学报,2017,37(22):7568-7575[Lu XH,Ding GJ.Dynamics and quality of leaf litter fall in pure Pinus massoniana plantations[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2017,37(22):7568-7575]
13 Violita,Kotowska MM,Hertel D,Triadiati,Miftahudin,Anas I.Transformation of lowland rainforest into oil palm plantations results in changes of leaf litter production and decomposition in Sumatra,Indonesia[J].J Biodiv Environ Sci,2015,6(1):546-556
14 Hosseini SM,Rouhi moghaddam E,Ebrahimi E,Rahmani A.Comparison of growth,nutrition and soil properties of pure stands of Quercus castaneifolia C.A.Mey.and mixed with Carpinus betulus L.in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran[J].Ecol Balk,2011,3(1):1149-1160
15 Hilli S,Stark S,Derome J.Carbon quality and stocks in organic horizons in boreal forest soils[J].Ecosystems,2008,11(2):270-282
16徐李亚,杨万勤,李晗,倪祥银,何洁,吴福忠.雪被覆盖对高山森林凋落物分解过程中水溶性和有机溶性组分含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(11):3067-3075[Xu LY,Yang WQ,Li H,Ni XY,He J,Wu FZ.Effects of snow cover on water soluble and organic solvent soluble components during foliar litter decomposition in an alpine forest[J].Chin J A ppl Ecol,2014,25(11):3067-3075]
17 Preston CM,Nault JR,rofymow JA.Chemical changes during 6 years of decomposition of 11 litters in some Canadian forest sites.Part 2.13C abundance,solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy and the meaning of‘‘Lignin’’[J].Ecosystems,2009,12(7):1078-1102
18庄平,高贤明.华西雨屏带及其对我国生物多样性保育的意义[J].生物多样性,2002,10(3):339-344[Zhuang P,Gao XM.The concept of the Rainy Zone of West China and its significance to the biodiversity conservation in China[J].Chin Biodiv,2002,10(3):339-344]
19陈昌笃.都江堰地区-横断山北段生物多样性交汇、分化和存留的枢纽地段[J].生态学报,2000,20(1):28-34[Chen CD.The Du jiangyan Region——Pivot sector of assemblage,differentiation and maintenance of biodiversity in northern part of Hengduan Mountain[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2000,20(1):28-34]
20 Kumar JIN,Kumar RN,Bhoi RK,Patel K.Seasonal changes of bioelements in litter and their potential return to green leaves in five species of tropical dry deciduous forest,western India[J].J For Res,2010,21(1):33-38
21 Chittaranjan,Kumar,Mondal.Litterfall,decomposition and nutrient release of Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis in a sub-tropical forest of West Bengal,Eastern India[J].J For Res,2016,27(5):1055-1065
22王文君,杨万勤,谭波,刘瑞龙,吴福忠.四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林不同物候期土壤动物对凋落物氮和磷释放的影响[J].林业科学,2015,51(1):1-11[Wang WJ,Yang WQ,Tan B,Liu RL,Wu FZ.Effects of soil fauna to nitrogen and phosphorus releases during litter decomposition at different phenological stages in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Sichuan Basin[J].Sci Silv Sin,2015,51(1):1-11]
23 GB/T 2677.4-1993.造纸原料水抽出物含量测定[S][GB/T 2677.4-1993.Fibrous Raw Material-Determination of Water Solubility[S]]
24 GB/T 2677.6-1994.造纸原料有机溶剂抽出物含量的测定[S][GB/T 2677.6-1994.Fibrous Raw Material-Deter mination of Solvent Extractives[S].]
25 Melillo JM,Aber JD,Linkins AE,Ricca A,Fry B,Nadelhoffer KJ.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum:plant litter to soil organic matter[J].Plant Soil,1989,115(2):53-62
26 Liski J,Palosuo T,Peltoniemi M,Sievanen R.Carbon and decomposition model Yasso for forest soils[J].Ecol Mod,2005,189(1-2):168-182
27刘文丹,陶建平,张腾达,钱凤,柴捷,刘宏伟.中亚热带木本植物各器官凋落物分解特性[J].生态学报,2014,34(17):4850-4858[Liu WD,Tao JP,Zhang TD,Qian F,Chai J,Liu HW.Decomposition of above and belowground organ litters of mid-subtropical woody plants[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2014,34(17):4850-4858]
28马志良,杨万勤,吴福忠,谭波.四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落叶多酚类物质在不同降雨期间的降解特征[J].生态学报,2018,38(9):1-7[Ma ZL,Yang WQ,Wu FZ,Tan B.The polyphenol degradation characteristics of leaf litter at different rainy stages in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Sichuan Basin,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2018,38(9):1-7]
29 Pandey S,Sheikh GA,Bhat AH.Dynamics of litterfall in nutrient cycling and forest preservation[J].Int J Multidis Res,2016,2(5):31-36
30 Gupta G,Yadav RS,Maurya D.Decomposition of different litter fractions in agroforestry system of Central India[J].Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci,2017,6(9):1089-1097
31 Suseela V,Tharayil N,Xing B,Dukes JS.Warming and drought differentially influence the production and resorption of elemental and metabolic nitrogen pools in Quercus rubra[J].Global Change Biol,2015,21(11):4177-4195
32 Sloboda B,Marques R,Bianchin J,Blum H,Donha C,Silveira F,Capretz R.Litterfall and nutrient dynamics in a mature Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil[J].Flore Ambi,2017,24:1-9
33 Duchesne L,Ouimet R,CamiréC,Houle D.Seasonal nutrient transfers by foliar resorption,leaching,and litter fall in a northern hardwood forest at Lake Clair Watershed,Quebec,Canada[J].Can J For Res,2001,31(2):333-344
34 Rana BS,Saxena AK,Rao OP,Singh BP.Nutrient return to the soil through litterfall under certain tree plantations on sodic wastelands in northern India[J].J Trop For Sci,2007,19(3):141-149
35 Carnol M,Bazgir M.Nutrient return to the forest floor through litter and throughfall under 7 forest species after conversion from Norway spruce[J].For Ecol Manag,2013,309(12):66-75
36谌贤,刘洋,唐实玉,杨帅,陈亚梅,杨林,郑海峰,李洪杰.川西亚高山森林凋落物不同分解阶段基质质量特征[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(3):586-594[Chen X,Liu Y,Tang SY,Yang S,Chen YM,Yang L,Zheng HF,Li HJ.Characteristics of substrate quality variation at different litter decomposition stages in subalpine forest of western Sichuan[J].Acta Bot Bor-Occid Sin,2017,37(3):586-594]
37 Taylor BR,Parkinson D,Parsons WFJ.Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates:a microcosm test[J].Ecology,1989,70(1):97-104
38 Rahman MM,Tsukamoto J,Rahman MM,Yoneyama A,Mostafa KM.Lignin and its effects on litter decomposition in forest ecosystems[J].Chem Ecol,2013,29(6):540-553
39 Esteban R,Barrutia O,Artetxe U,Fernández-Marín B,Hernández A,García-Plazaola JI.Internal and external factors affecting photosynthetic pigment composition in plants:a meta-analytical approach[J].New Phytol,2015,206(1):268-80
40李智,许荔,林梦,杨萌,贾桂霞.北美云杉针叶表皮结构的差异分析[J].林业科学,2014,50(3):134-138[Li Z,Xu L,Lin M,Yang M,Jia GX.Analysis of variation in epidermal structure of Picea pungens needles[J].Sci Sile Sin,2014,50(3):134-138]
41 Chuyong GB,Newbery DM,Songwe NC.Litter breakdown and mineralization in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees[J].Biogeochemistry,2000,148(3):73-94
42 Ong CSP,Juan JC,Yule CM.Litterfall production and chemistry of Koompassia malaccensis and Shorea uliginosa in a tropical peat swamp forest:plant nutrient regulation and climate relationships[J].Trees,2015,29(2):527-537
2 Capellesso ES,Scrovonski KL,Zanin EM,Hepp LU,Bayer C,Sausen TL.Effects of forest structure on litter production,soil chemical composition and litter-soil interactions[J].Acta Bot Bras,2016,30:329-335
3 Tariq H,Moazzam NS,Ansari L,Naeem I,Asif T,Raqeeb A,Kausar R.Litter fall quantity,root density,biomass and decomposition rate in Dalbergia sissoo:a nutrient cycling perspective[J].J Biodiv Environ Sci,2017,10(6):38-49
4 Srisunont C,Jaiyen T,Tenrung M,Likitchaikul M,Srisunont T.Nutrient accumulation by litterfall in mangrove forest at Klong Khone,Thailand[J].Thamm Int J Sci Technol,2017,22(2-3):9-18
5 Bernini E,Rezende CE.Litterfall in a mangrove in Southeast Brazil[J].Pan-Am J Aquat Sci,2010,5(4):508-509
6 Garkoti SC.Litter production and nutrient return in three different aged regenerating white oak(Quercus leucotrichophora A.Camus)forests in the central Himalaya[J].Int J Ecol Environ Sci,2014,40(2-3):139-148
7 Kumar JIN,Kumar RN,Bhoi RK,Patel K.Seasonal changes of bioelements in litter and their potential return to green leaves in five species of tropical dry deciduous forest,western India[J].J For Res,2010,21(1):33-38
8 Cornwell WK,Cornelissen JH,Amatangelo K,Dorrepaal E,Eviner VT,Godoy O,Hobbie SE,Hoorens B,Kurokawa H,Pérez-Harguindeguy N,Quested HM,Santiago LS,Wardle DA,Wright IJ,Aerts R,Allison SD,Bodegom PV,Brovkin V,Chatain A,Callaghan TV,Kazakou E,Klein JA,Read J,Reich PB,Soudzilovskaia NA,Vaieretti MV,Westoby M.Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide[J].Ecol Lett,2008,11(10):1065-1071
9 Swift MJ,Heal OW,Anderson JM.Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems[M].Berkley,California:University of California Press,1979
10杨佳萍,寥蓉,杨万勤,谭波,付长坤,张钰,吴福忠.高山峡谷区暗针叶林凋落物产量及动态[J].应用与环境生物学报,2017,23(4):745-752[Yang JP,Liao R,Yang WQ,Tan B,Fu CK,Zhang Y,Wu FZ.Litter production and its dynamic pattern in a dark coniferous forest in the alpine gorge region[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2017,23(4):745-752]
11 Garkoti SC.Litter production and nutrient return in three different aged regenerating white oak(Quercus leucotrichophora A.Camus)forests in the central Himalaya[J].Int J Ecol Environ Sci,2014,40(2-3):139-148
12陆晓辉,丁贵杰.马尾松人工纯林凋落松针数量及基质质量动态[J].生态学报,2017,37(22):7568-7575[Lu XH,Ding GJ.Dynamics and quality of leaf litter fall in pure Pinus massoniana plantations[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2017,37(22):7568-7575]
13 Violita,Kotowska MM,Hertel D,Triadiati,Miftahudin,Anas I.Transformation of lowland rainforest into oil palm plantations results in changes of leaf litter production and decomposition in Sumatra,Indonesia[J].J Biodiv Environ Sci,2015,6(1):546-556
14 Hosseini SM,Rouhi moghaddam E,Ebrahimi E,Rahmani A.Comparison of growth,nutrition and soil properties of pure stands of Quercus castaneifolia C.A.Mey.and mixed with Carpinus betulus L.in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran[J].Ecol Balk,2011,3(1):1149-1160
15 Hilli S,Stark S,Derome J.Carbon quality and stocks in organic horizons in boreal forest soils[J].Ecosystems,2008,11(2):270-282
16徐李亚,杨万勤,李晗,倪祥银,何洁,吴福忠.雪被覆盖对高山森林凋落物分解过程中水溶性和有机溶性组分含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(11):3067-3075[Xu LY,Yang WQ,Li H,Ni XY,He J,Wu FZ.Effects of snow cover on water soluble and organic solvent soluble components during foliar litter decomposition in an alpine forest[J].Chin J A ppl Ecol,2014,25(11):3067-3075]
17 Preston CM,Nault JR,rofymow JA.Chemical changes during 6 years of decomposition of 11 litters in some Canadian forest sites.Part 2.13C abundance,solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy and the meaning of‘‘Lignin’’[J].Ecosystems,2009,12(7):1078-1102
18庄平,高贤明.华西雨屏带及其对我国生物多样性保育的意义[J].生物多样性,2002,10(3):339-344[Zhuang P,Gao XM.The concept of the Rainy Zone of West China and its significance to the biodiversity conservation in China[J].Chin Biodiv,2002,10(3):339-344]
19陈昌笃.都江堰地区-横断山北段生物多样性交汇、分化和存留的枢纽地段[J].生态学报,2000,20(1):28-34[Chen CD.The Du jiangyan Region——Pivot sector of assemblage,differentiation and maintenance of biodiversity in northern part of Hengduan Mountain[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2000,20(1):28-34]
20 Kumar JIN,Kumar RN,Bhoi RK,Patel K.Seasonal changes of bioelements in litter and their potential return to green leaves in five species of tropical dry deciduous forest,western India[J].J For Res,2010,21(1):33-38
21 Chittaranjan,Kumar,Mondal.Litterfall,decomposition and nutrient release of Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis in a sub-tropical forest of West Bengal,Eastern India[J].J For Res,2016,27(5):1055-1065
22王文君,杨万勤,谭波,刘瑞龙,吴福忠.四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林不同物候期土壤动物对凋落物氮和磷释放的影响[J].林业科学,2015,51(1):1-11[Wang WJ,Yang WQ,Tan B,Liu RL,Wu FZ.Effects of soil fauna to nitrogen and phosphorus releases during litter decomposition at different phenological stages in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Sichuan Basin[J].Sci Silv Sin,2015,51(1):1-11]
23 GB/T 2677.4-1993.造纸原料水抽出物含量测定[S][GB/T 2677.4-1993.Fibrous Raw Material-Determination of Water Solubility[S]]
24 GB/T 2677.6-1994.造纸原料有机溶剂抽出物含量的测定[S][GB/T 2677.6-1994.Fibrous Raw Material-Deter mination of Solvent Extractives[S].]
25 Melillo JM,Aber JD,Linkins AE,Ricca A,Fry B,Nadelhoffer KJ.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum:plant litter to soil organic matter[J].Plant Soil,1989,115(2):53-62
26 Liski J,Palosuo T,Peltoniemi M,Sievanen R.Carbon and decomposition model Yasso for forest soils[J].Ecol Mod,2005,189(1-2):168-182
27刘文丹,陶建平,张腾达,钱凤,柴捷,刘宏伟.中亚热带木本植物各器官凋落物分解特性[J].生态学报,2014,34(17):4850-4858[Liu WD,Tao JP,Zhang TD,Qian F,Chai J,Liu HW.Decomposition of above and belowground organ litters of mid-subtropical woody plants[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2014,34(17):4850-4858]
28马志良,杨万勤,吴福忠,谭波.四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落叶多酚类物质在不同降雨期间的降解特征[J].生态学报,2018,38(9):1-7[Ma ZL,Yang WQ,Wu FZ,Tan B.The polyphenol degradation characteristics of leaf litter at different rainy stages in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Sichuan Basin,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2018,38(9):1-7]
29 Pandey S,Sheikh GA,Bhat AH.Dynamics of litterfall in nutrient cycling and forest preservation[J].Int J Multidis Res,2016,2(5):31-36
30 Gupta G,Yadav RS,Maurya D.Decomposition of different litter fractions in agroforestry system of Central India[J].Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci,2017,6(9):1089-1097
31 Suseela V,Tharayil N,Xing B,Dukes JS.Warming and drought differentially influence the production and resorption of elemental and metabolic nitrogen pools in Quercus rubra[J].Global Change Biol,2015,21(11):4177-4195
32 Sloboda B,Marques R,Bianchin J,Blum H,Donha C,Silveira F,Capretz R.Litterfall and nutrient dynamics in a mature Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil[J].Flore Ambi,2017,24:1-9
33 Duchesne L,Ouimet R,CamiréC,Houle D.Seasonal nutrient transfers by foliar resorption,leaching,and litter fall in a northern hardwood forest at Lake Clair Watershed,Quebec,Canada[J].Can J For Res,2001,31(2):333-344
34 Rana BS,Saxena AK,Rao OP,Singh BP.Nutrient return to the soil through litterfall under certain tree plantations on sodic wastelands in northern India[J].J Trop For Sci,2007,19(3):141-149
35 Carnol M,Bazgir M.Nutrient return to the forest floor through litter and throughfall under 7 forest species after conversion from Norway spruce[J].For Ecol Manag,2013,309(12):66-75
36谌贤,刘洋,唐实玉,杨帅,陈亚梅,杨林,郑海峰,李洪杰.川西亚高山森林凋落物不同分解阶段基质质量特征[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(3):586-594[Chen X,Liu Y,Tang SY,Yang S,Chen YM,Yang L,Zheng HF,Li HJ.Characteristics of substrate quality variation at different litter decomposition stages in subalpine forest of western Sichuan[J].Acta Bot Bor-Occid Sin,2017,37(3):586-594]
37 Taylor BR,Parkinson D,Parsons WFJ.Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates:a microcosm test[J].Ecology,1989,70(1):97-104
38 Rahman MM,Tsukamoto J,Rahman MM,Yoneyama A,Mostafa KM.Lignin and its effects on litter decomposition in forest ecosystems[J].Chem Ecol,2013,29(6):540-553
39 Esteban R,Barrutia O,Artetxe U,Fernández-Marín B,Hernández A,García-Plazaola JI.Internal and external factors affecting photosynthetic pigment composition in plants:a meta-analytical approach[J].New Phytol,2015,206(1):268-80
40李智,许荔,林梦,杨萌,贾桂霞.北美云杉针叶表皮结构的差异分析[J].林业科学,2014,50(3):134-138[Li Z,Xu L,Lin M,Yang M,Jia GX.Analysis of variation in epidermal structure of Picea pungens needles[J].Sci Sile Sin,2014,50(3):134-138]
41 Chuyong GB,Newbery DM,Songwe NC.Litter breakdown and mineralization in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees[J].Biogeochemistry,2000,148(3):73-94
42 Ong CSP,Juan JC,Yule CM.Litterfall production and chemistry of Koompassia malaccensis and Shorea uliginosa in a tropical peat swamp forest:plant nutrient regulation and climate relationships[J].Trees,2015,29(2):527-537