会计软件采用与企业生产率——来自非上市公司的证据
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摘要
现有关于会计信息化经济后果的研究主要关注ERP系统,而现实中大部分公司仍在使用相对简单的会计核算软件。本文利用企业纳税申报表信息,首次大样本实证分析了非上市公司中会计软件应用情况及其对生产率的影响。我们发现75%的非上市公司采用了功能不等的各类会计软件,但其中仅有6%为ERP。控制其他因素后,采用会计软件的企业生产率显著高于未采用会计软件的企业,且会计软件性能与生产率显著正相关。企业会计信息利用能力和增长机会强化了这一效应。本文采取格兰杰因果检验和工具变量回归等方法缓解内生性问题。本文有助于更全面理解会计信息系统的经济后果,并为促进经济高质量发展提供重要决策参考。
Existing studies on the economic consequences of accounting information systems(AIS)focus on ERP.However,ERP adopters are rare;Most non-listed firms use simpler accounting software with basic features.Using tax return information submitted to the tax bureau by firms from a developed province in China,this study empirically examines the adoption of accounting software by non-listed firms and its impact on firm productivity.We find that 75%of the non-listed companies use some types of accounting software,but only 6%of them are ERP adopters.Firms that use accounting software have higher TFP than those that don't use;Even the simplest types of accounting software have a significantly positive effect on TFP.More advanced accounting software have a larger effect on TFP.Our findings remain valid after using Granger causality test and instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity problem.Further analyses show that the effect is more pronounced in firms that make better use of accounting information and have greater growth opportunities.This study provides new evidence on the economic consequences of disparate accounting information systems and has important implications for promoting high-quality economic development in China.
Existing studies on the economic consequences of accounting information systems(AIS)focus on ERP.However,ERP adopters are rare;Most non-listed firms use simpler accounting software with basic features.Using tax return information submitted to the tax bureau by firms from a developed province in China,this study empirically examines the adoption of accounting software by non-listed firms and its impact on firm productivity.We find that 75%of the non-listed companies use some types of accounting software,but only 6%of them are ERP adopters.Firms that use accounting software have higher TFP than those that don't use;Even the simplest types of accounting software have a significantly positive effect on TFP.More advanced accounting software have a larger effect on TFP.Our findings remain valid after using Granger causality test and instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity problem.Further analyses show that the effect is more pronounced in firms that make better use of accounting information and have greater growth opportunities.This study provides new evidence on the economic consequences of disparate accounting information systems and has important implications for promoting high-quality economic development in China.
引文
楼润平,薛声家.2011.ERP与公司盈利绩效:来自沪深上市公司的经验证据.系统工程理论与实践,8:1460～1469
饶艳超.2005.ERP系统实施对企业成本影响的实证分析——来自沪深两市制造业上市公司的经验证据.财经研究,4:133～144
王立彦,张继东.2007.ERP系统实施与公司业绩增长之关系——基于中国上市公司数据的实证分析.管理世界,3:116～121
曾建光,王立彦,徐海乐.2012.ERP系统的实施与代理成本——基于中国ERP导入期的证据.南开管理评论,3:131～138
张瑞君,孙玥璠,石保俊.2008.中国企业ERP投资关键信息披露问题研究.会计研究,2:55～62
张喆,黄沛,张良.2005.中国企业ERP实施关键成功因素分析:多案例研究.管理世界,12:137～143
赵泉午,黄志忠,卜祥智.2008.上市公司ERP实施前后绩效变化的实证研究——来自沪市1993—2003年的经验数据.管理科学学报,1:122～132
Amiram,D.,Z.Bozanic,E.Rouen.2015.Financial Statement Irregularities:Evidence from the Distributional Properties of Financial Statement Numbers.Review of Accounting Studies,20(4):1540～1593
Bendoly,E.,E.D.Rosenzweig,J.K.Stratman.2009.The Efficient Use of Enterprise Information for Strategic Advantage:A Data Envelopment Analysis.Journal of Operations Management,27(4):310～323
Booth,P.,Z.Matolcsy,B.Wieder.2000.The Impacts of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems on Accounting Practice-the Australian Experience.Australian Accounting Review,10(22):4～18
Chapman,C.S.,L.A.Kihn.2009.Information System Integration,Enabling Control and Performance.Accounting,Organizations and Society,34(2):151～169
Hendricks,K.B.,V.R.Singhal,J.K.Stratman.2007.The Impact of Enterprise Systems on Corporate Performance:A Study of ERP,SCM,and CRM System Implementations.Journal of Operations Management,25(1):65～82
Hitt,L.M.,D.Wu,X.Zhou.2002.Investment in Enterprise Resource Planning:Business Impact and Productivity Measures.Journal of Management Information Systems,19(1):71～98
Levinsohn,J.,A.Petrin.2003.Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservables.Review of Economic Studies,70(2):317～341
Nicolaou,A.I.2004.Firm Performance Effects in Relation to the Implementation and Use of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems.Journal of Information Systems,18(2):79～105
Poston,R.,S.Grabski.2001.Financial Impacts of Enterprise Resource Planning Implementations.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,2(4):271～294
Ranganathan,C.,C.V.Brown.2006.ERP Investments and the Market Value of Firms:Toward an Understanding of Influential ERP Project Variables.Information Systems Research,17(2):145～161
Shang,S.,P.B.Seddon.2002.Assessing and Managing the Benefits of Enterprise Systems:The Business Manager's Perspective.Information Systems Journal,12(4):271～299
Spathis,C.2006.Enterprise Systems Implementation and Accounting Benefits.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,19(1):67～82
(1)本文的初始样本中,非上市公司占企业总数的99.57%,贡献了全体企业92.77%的营业收入、91.47%的增加值和96.31%的就业。
(2)例如概括化的存货信息忽略了性质存在较大差异的原材料、在产品和完工产品等资产间的区别。
(3)本文获得的数据已经过了脱敏处理,企业名称、股东等身份信息已经被隐去。
(4)该字段的依据为《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》第二十条,“从事生产、经营的纳税人的财务、会计制度或者财务、会计处理办法和会计核算软件,应当报送税务机关备案”,因此其填写披露具有强制性,可以避免自愿披露的噪音和内生性问题。
(5)Software_type = 1和2哑变量间的系数差异不显著,可能说明用友/金蝶以外的厂商的非ERP软件作用差异不大。
(6)这一作用也相当于直接使TFP从50百分位水平提升至62百分位水平,或者从25百分位水平提升至36百分位水平。
(7)企业账税差指会计利润和应纳税所得额之间的差额,账税差越大表明企业会计操纵可能性越大(Hanlon, 2005)。自然存在的变量首位有效数字是d(取值1-9的自然数)的概率接近log10(1 + 1/d),这种首位数字偏小的分布规律称为Benford's Law。Amiram et al.(2015)发现,公司财务报告中各科目首位数字分布与Benford's Law的偏差越大,企业财报越可能存在错误或者被操纵。
(8)备抵法能更及时反映企业真实财务状况,避免在最终账款无法收回时才确认损失所造成的信息延迟,故而采取备抵法(直接核销法)的企业会计信息利用能力可能更高(低)。本文样本中有73.4%的企业仍在采用直接核销法。
饶艳超.2005.ERP系统实施对企业成本影响的实证分析——来自沪深两市制造业上市公司的经验证据.财经研究,4:133～144
王立彦,张继东.2007.ERP系统实施与公司业绩增长之关系——基于中国上市公司数据的实证分析.管理世界,3:116～121
曾建光,王立彦,徐海乐.2012.ERP系统的实施与代理成本——基于中国ERP导入期的证据.南开管理评论,3:131～138
张瑞君,孙玥璠,石保俊.2008.中国企业ERP投资关键信息披露问题研究.会计研究,2:55～62
张喆,黄沛,张良.2005.中国企业ERP实施关键成功因素分析:多案例研究.管理世界,12:137～143
赵泉午,黄志忠,卜祥智.2008.上市公司ERP实施前后绩效变化的实证研究——来自沪市1993—2003年的经验数据.管理科学学报,1:122～132
Amiram,D.,Z.Bozanic,E.Rouen.2015.Financial Statement Irregularities:Evidence from the Distributional Properties of Financial Statement Numbers.Review of Accounting Studies,20(4):1540～1593
Bendoly,E.,E.D.Rosenzweig,J.K.Stratman.2009.The Efficient Use of Enterprise Information for Strategic Advantage:A Data Envelopment Analysis.Journal of Operations Management,27(4):310～323
Booth,P.,Z.Matolcsy,B.Wieder.2000.The Impacts of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems on Accounting Practice-the Australian Experience.Australian Accounting Review,10(22):4～18
Chapman,C.S.,L.A.Kihn.2009.Information System Integration,Enabling Control and Performance.Accounting,Organizations and Society,34(2):151～169
Hendricks,K.B.,V.R.Singhal,J.K.Stratman.2007.The Impact of Enterprise Systems on Corporate Performance:A Study of ERP,SCM,and CRM System Implementations.Journal of Operations Management,25(1):65～82
Hitt,L.M.,D.Wu,X.Zhou.2002.Investment in Enterprise Resource Planning:Business Impact and Productivity Measures.Journal of Management Information Systems,19(1):71～98
Levinsohn,J.,A.Petrin.2003.Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservables.Review of Economic Studies,70(2):317～341
Nicolaou,A.I.2004.Firm Performance Effects in Relation to the Implementation and Use of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems.Journal of Information Systems,18(2):79～105
Poston,R.,S.Grabski.2001.Financial Impacts of Enterprise Resource Planning Implementations.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,2(4):271～294
Ranganathan,C.,C.V.Brown.2006.ERP Investments and the Market Value of Firms:Toward an Understanding of Influential ERP Project Variables.Information Systems Research,17(2):145～161
Shang,S.,P.B.Seddon.2002.Assessing and Managing the Benefits of Enterprise Systems:The Business Manager's Perspective.Information Systems Journal,12(4):271～299
Spathis,C.2006.Enterprise Systems Implementation and Accounting Benefits.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,19(1):67～82
(1)本文的初始样本中,非上市公司占企业总数的99.57%,贡献了全体企业92.77%的营业收入、91.47%的增加值和96.31%的就业。
(2)例如概括化的存货信息忽略了性质存在较大差异的原材料、在产品和完工产品等资产间的区别。
(3)本文获得的数据已经过了脱敏处理,企业名称、股东等身份信息已经被隐去。
(4)该字段的依据为《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》第二十条,“从事生产、经营的纳税人的财务、会计制度或者财务、会计处理办法和会计核算软件,应当报送税务机关备案”,因此其填写披露具有强制性,可以避免自愿披露的噪音和内生性问题。
(5)Software_type = 1和2哑变量间的系数差异不显著,可能说明用友/金蝶以外的厂商的非ERP软件作用差异不大。
(6)这一作用也相当于直接使TFP从50百分位水平提升至62百分位水平,或者从25百分位水平提升至36百分位水平。
(7)企业账税差指会计利润和应纳税所得额之间的差额,账税差越大表明企业会计操纵可能性越大(Hanlon, 2005)。自然存在的变量首位有效数字是d(取值1-9的自然数)的概率接近log10(1 + 1/d),这种首位数字偏小的分布规律称为Benford's Law。Amiram et al.(2015)发现,公司财务报告中各科目首位数字分布与Benford's Law的偏差越大,企业财报越可能存在错误或者被操纵。
(8)备抵法能更及时反映企业真实财务状况,避免在最终账款无法收回时才确认损失所造成的信息延迟,故而采取备抵法(直接核销法)的企业会计信息利用能力可能更高(低)。本文样本中有73.4%的企业仍在采用直接核销法。