往复流河道沉积物重金属的污染特征和风险评估
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摘要
在往复流现象明显的蕰藻浜中下游河道选择16个采样点,分析研究沉积物性状以及Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb、Mn的含量以及分布情况。结果表明:蕰藻浜总体污染程度为中等,其中陈行桥、江杨北路桥以及淞港码头污染较严重。Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn和Mn的含量分别为24.0~357.0、0.06~0.69、20.0~85.4、18.2~132、14.2~136、84.6~685、472~1 086 mg/kg。通过分析发现,Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn和Cr总量都具有显著的相关性,很有可能来自同一外源污染,而中游河段的Mn主要来自于沉积物母质。河道两岸以往的工业与生活排污以及往复水流使得重金属污染物在沉积物中聚集是造成重金属污染的潜在原因。运用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法、污染负荷指数3种风险评价法对沉积物重金属进行风险评估,总体来说,3种评价方法都表明Cu的污染程度较严重,Mn的污染较轻。其中地累积指数法结果显示,各重金属的污染顺序为Cu>Zn≥Cd>Pb≥Cr>Ni>Mn,然而由于Cd本身生物毒性较高,对沉积物生态环境危害贡献率可达到60%;污染负荷指数评价结果发现蕰藻浜下游河段部分断面沉积物达到了极强污染程度,应当受到重视。
In current study,16 sediment sampling sites were sellected from a reciprocating river —Wenzao Creek to analyse the concentration and distribution of 7 heavy metals in the sediments. The sources of heavy metals were determined by correlation analysis. In addition,the risk was evaluated by geoaccumulation index,potential ecological risk index and pollution load index.The results showed that the overall contamination degree was medium in Wenzao Creek,with three sampling points—Chenxing bridge,Jiangyangbeilu bridge,Songgang port were more seriously polluted. The concentration of Cr,Cd,Pb,Ni,Cu,Zn and Mn in surface sediments ranged from 24. 0 to 357. 0,0. 06 to 0. 69,20. 0 to 85. 4,18. 2 to 132,14. 2 to 136,84. 6 to 685,472 to 1 086 mg/kg,respectively. Lead,Ni,Cu,Zn and Cr has significant correlation which implies that they may came from the same contamination sources. Manganese in the mid of Wenzao Creek mainly came from its parent material. The sediments was mostly contaminated by Cu,while Mn was relatively uncontaminated as the results from three evaluation methods. Heavy metals from previous industrial legacy and domestic sewage was likely to be accumulated at the bottom of the river as a consequence of the reciprocating flow. Based on the geoaccumulation index,the contamination can be ordered as Cu > Zn≥Cd > Pb≥Cr > Ni >Mn,the potential ecological risk index shows Cd contribute 60% of the total risk,and the results from the pollution load index suggested that pollution was most serious in the downriver sediments.
In current study,16 sediment sampling sites were sellected from a reciprocating river —Wenzao Creek to analyse the concentration and distribution of 7 heavy metals in the sediments. The sources of heavy metals were determined by correlation analysis. In addition,the risk was evaluated by geoaccumulation index,potential ecological risk index and pollution load index.The results showed that the overall contamination degree was medium in Wenzao Creek,with three sampling points—Chenxing bridge,Jiangyangbeilu bridge,Songgang port were more seriously polluted. The concentration of Cr,Cd,Pb,Ni,Cu,Zn and Mn in surface sediments ranged from 24. 0 to 357. 0,0. 06 to 0. 69,20. 0 to 85. 4,18. 2 to 132,14. 2 to 136,84. 6 to 685,472 to 1 086 mg/kg,respectively. Lead,Ni,Cu,Zn and Cr has significant correlation which implies that they may came from the same contamination sources. Manganese in the mid of Wenzao Creek mainly came from its parent material. The sediments was mostly contaminated by Cu,while Mn was relatively uncontaminated as the results from three evaluation methods. Heavy metals from previous industrial legacy and domestic sewage was likely to be accumulated at the bottom of the river as a consequence of the reciprocating flow. Based on the geoaccumulation index,the contamination can be ordered as Cu > Zn≥Cd > Pb≥Cr > Ni >Mn,the potential ecological risk index shows Cd contribute 60% of the total risk,and the results from the pollution load index suggested that pollution was most serious in the downriver sediments.
引文
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[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:15-19.LU Rukun.Agricultural chemical analysis of soil[M].Beijing:Agricultural Science and Technology in China,1999:15-19.
[18]邱鸿荣,罗建中,郑国辉,等.西南涌流域底泥重金属污染特征及潜在生态危害评价[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(6):33-36.QIU Hongrong,LUO Jianzhong,ZHENG Guohui,et al.Investigation of heavy metal pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment in sediment of Xinan river watershed[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(6):33-36.
[19]张远,石陶然,于涛,等.滇池典型湖区沉积物粒径与重金属分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(4):370-379.ZHANG Yuan,SHI Taoran,YU Tao,et al.Sediment particle size and the distribution of heavy metals in the typical districts of Dianchi lake[J].Research of Environmental Science,2013,26(4):370-379.
[20]TACK F M G.Trace Elements:General Soil Chemistry,Principles and Processes[M].Published by Wiley,2010:9-39.
[21]RAJ S M,JAYAPRAKASH M.Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in marine sediments of Bay of Bengal,off Ennore,south-east coast of India[J].Environmental Geology,2008,56(1):207-217.
[22]LOSKA K,WIECHLA D.Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir[J].Chemosphere,2003,51(8):723-733.
[23]徐庆,钱瑾,张毓祥,等.上海黄浦江表层沉积物重金属污染评价[J].中国环境监测,2011,27(3):89-92.XU Qing,QIAN Jin,ZHANG Yuxiang,et al.Assessment on heavy metals pollution in surface sediments of Huangpu river Shanghai[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2011,27(3):89-92.
[24]陈明,蔡青云,徐慧,等.水体沉积物重金属污染风险评价研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(6):1 069-1 074.CHEN Ming,CAI Qingyun,XU Hui,et al.Research progress of risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in water body sediments[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(6):1 069-1 074.
[25]史贵涛,陈振楼,许世远.上海城市公园土壤及灰尘中重金属污染特征[J].环境科学,2007,28(2):238-242.SHI Guitao,CHEN Zhenlou,XU Shiyuan.Characteristics of heavy metal pollution in soil and dust of urban parks in Shanghai[J].Envirmental Science,2007,28(2):238-242.
[26]梅旭荣.中国农业环境问题[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:77-79.
[27]贾英,方明,吴友军,等.上海河流沉积物重金属的污染特征与潜在生态风险[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):147-153.JIA Ying,FANG Ming,WU Youjun,et al.Pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in river sediments of Shanghai[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(1):147-153.
[28]SELVAM A P,PRIYA S L,BANERJEEK,et al.Heavy metal assessment using geochemical and statistical tools in the surface sediments of Vembanad Lake,Southwest Coast of India[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(10):5 899-5 915.
[2]周颖,季彩华.上海市河道整治变化历程及新理念的应用[J].中国水运,2011,11(8):158-160.ZHOU Ying,JI Caihua.The regulation change course and application of new ideas of river in Shanghai[J].China Water Transport,2011,11(8):158-160.
[3]吴红岩.关于蕰藻浜水环境污染的调查研究与思考[J].环境科学导刊,2013,32(2):49-51.WU Hongyan.Investigation and consideration about Wenzao Creek water pollution[J].Environmental Science Survey,2013,32(2):49-51.
[4]周念清,王燕,江思珉,等.长江口水质现状与水环境特征研究[J].上海环境科学,2009,28(2):52-55.ZHOU Nianqing,WANG Yan,JIANG Simin,et al.Studies on the water quality status and the nature of water body of Yangtze river estuary[J].Envoronmental Science of Shanghai,2009,28(2):52-55.
[5]袁旭音,王爱华,许乃政.太湖沉积物中重金属的地球化学形态及特征分析[J].地球化学,2004,33(6):611-618.YUAN Xuyin,WANG Aihua,XU Naizheng.Chemical partitioning of heavy metals and their characteristics for sediments from lake Taihu[J].Chinese Joural of Geochemistry,2004,33(6):611-618.
[6]徐信,支崇远,陈玲.花溪水库表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(3):76-78.XU Xin,ZHI Chongyuan,CHEN Ling.Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metal in surface sediments from the Huaxi reservior[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(3):76-78.
[7]陈一清,黄钟霆,毕军平,等.湘江干流沉积物中铅和镉的污染特征与评价[J].中国环境监测,2014,30(2):62-66.CHEN Yiqing,HUANG Zhongting,BI Junping,et al.Pollution characteristics and assessment of Pb,Cd in the sediments of Xiangjiang[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2014,30(2):62-66.
[8]张光贵.洞庭湖表层沉积物中重金属污染特征、来源与生态风险[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(6):58-64.ZHANG Guanggui.Pollution characteristics,sources and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Dongting lake[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(6):58-64.
[9]肖永丽,付晓萍,高阳俊,等.上海市郊区河道底泥重金属污染状况评价[J].环境工程,2014(32):879-884.XIAO Yongli,FU Xiaoping,GAO Yangjun,et al.Assessment on heavy metals pollution in river sediments of Shanghai suburban area[J].Environmental Engineering,2014(32):879-884.
[10]贾振邦,霍文毅,赵智杰,等.应用次生相富集系数评价柴河沉积物重金属污染[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2000,36(6):808-812.JIA Zhenbang,HUO Wenyi,ZHAO Zhijie,et al.Secondary phase enrichment factor for evaluation of heavy metal pollution of sediment in the Chai river[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitiatis Pekinensis,2000,36(6):808-812.
[11]滑丽萍,华珞,高娟,等.中国湖泊底泥的重金属污染评价研究[J].土壤,2006,38(4):366-373.HUA Liping,HUA Luo,GAO Juan,et al.Heavy metal pollution of sediments of lakes in China[J].Soils,2006,38(4):366-373.
[12]WANG S F,JIA Y F,WANG S Y.Fractionation of heavy metals in shallow marine sediments from Jinzhou Bay China[J].J Environ Sci-China,2010,22(1):23-31.
[13]LIU H L,LI L Q,YIN C Q,et al.Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Moshui Lake[J].J Environ Sci-China,2008,20(4):390-397.
[14]刘成,邵世光,范成新,等.巢湖重污染汇流湾区沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(4):1 031-1 037.LIU Cheng,SHAO Shiguang,FAN Chengxin,et al.Pollution status and risk assessment of heavy metal in the sediment of the severe polluted confluence area of Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(4):1 031-1 037.
[15]RERTIN C,BOURG A.Trends in the heavy metal content(Cd,Pb,Zn)of river sediments in the drainage basin of smelting activities[J].Water Research,1995,29(7):1 729-1 736.
[16]姚晓飞,于晓华,周岩梅,等.南沙河水体重金属污染特征及潜在生态危险评价[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(3):18-22.YAO Xiaofei,YU Xiaohua,ZHOU Yanmei,et al.Contents and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in Nansha river[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(3):18-22.
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:15-19.LU Rukun.Agricultural chemical analysis of soil[M].Beijing:Agricultural Science and Technology in China,1999:15-19.
[18]邱鸿荣,罗建中,郑国辉,等.西南涌流域底泥重金属污染特征及潜在生态危害评价[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(6):33-36.QIU Hongrong,LUO Jianzhong,ZHENG Guohui,et al.Investigation of heavy metal pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment in sediment of Xinan river watershed[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(6):33-36.
[19]张远,石陶然,于涛,等.滇池典型湖区沉积物粒径与重金属分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(4):370-379.ZHANG Yuan,SHI Taoran,YU Tao,et al.Sediment particle size and the distribution of heavy metals in the typical districts of Dianchi lake[J].Research of Environmental Science,2013,26(4):370-379.
[20]TACK F M G.Trace Elements:General Soil Chemistry,Principles and Processes[M].Published by Wiley,2010:9-39.
[21]RAJ S M,JAYAPRAKASH M.Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in marine sediments of Bay of Bengal,off Ennore,south-east coast of India[J].Environmental Geology,2008,56(1):207-217.
[22]LOSKA K,WIECHLA D.Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir[J].Chemosphere,2003,51(8):723-733.
[23]徐庆,钱瑾,张毓祥,等.上海黄浦江表层沉积物重金属污染评价[J].中国环境监测,2011,27(3):89-92.XU Qing,QIAN Jin,ZHANG Yuxiang,et al.Assessment on heavy metals pollution in surface sediments of Huangpu river Shanghai[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2011,27(3):89-92.
[24]陈明,蔡青云,徐慧,等.水体沉积物重金属污染风险评价研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(6):1 069-1 074.CHEN Ming,CAI Qingyun,XU Hui,et al.Research progress of risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in water body sediments[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(6):1 069-1 074.
[25]史贵涛,陈振楼,许世远.上海城市公园土壤及灰尘中重金属污染特征[J].环境科学,2007,28(2):238-242.SHI Guitao,CHEN Zhenlou,XU Shiyuan.Characteristics of heavy metal pollution in soil and dust of urban parks in Shanghai[J].Envirmental Science,2007,28(2):238-242.
[26]梅旭荣.中国农业环境问题[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:77-79.
[27]贾英,方明,吴友军,等.上海河流沉积物重金属的污染特征与潜在生态风险[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):147-153.JIA Ying,FANG Ming,WU Youjun,et al.Pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in river sediments of Shanghai[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(1):147-153.
[28]SELVAM A P,PRIYA S L,BANERJEEK,et al.Heavy metal assessment using geochemical and statistical tools in the surface sediments of Vembanad Lake,Southwest Coast of India[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(10):5 899-5 915.