北京地区颗粒物质量消光吸湿增长模型研究
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摘要
颗粒物吸湿增长特性是卫星遥感反演近地面颗粒物需要解决的关键问题。本文基于北京地区2007-08—2009-08共两年的地基观测资料,计算了该地区颗粒物平均质量消光效率,结果表明该地区颗粒物平均质量消光效率随相对湿度增加而连续平滑增长。相对湿度从20%增长到85%左右时,质量消光效率增长较为平缓,当相对湿度达85%后,质量消光效率急剧增长。在平均质量消光效率基础上,进一步计算了不同湿度下的气溶胶吸湿增长因子,该因子在不同湿度下的变化趋势基本一致,都在6月达到最大值,1月达到最小值。1月至6月,呈上升趋势,7月至12月,呈波动性缓慢下降趋势,12月值略高于1月。最后,基于平均质量消光效率的吸湿增长因子,针对北京地区常用的3种吸湿增长模型进行拟合,研究表明3种模型在北京地区的适用性都比较好,差别不大,模型3稍优于模型2,模型2稍优于模型1。
Hygroscopic growth characteristics of particulate matter are one of the key issues that need to be addressed in satellite remote sensing of ground-level particulate matter. To solve this problem,the characteristics of the extinction properties of particulate matter as they change with air relative humidity need to be understood,and an accurate hygroscopic growth model of particulate matter should be established. A hygroscopic growth model suitable for Beijing is constructed by using the measurements from instruments deployed on the ground.First,the average particulate matter of mass extinction efficiency is calculated based on continuous measurements from the ground sites in Beijing over a period of two years. Result shows that average mass extinction efficiency of particulate matter increases with relative humidity continuously. The increase in the average particulate matter mass extinction efficiency is moderate when relative humidity increased from 20% to 85%,whereas it increased rapidly when relative humidity increased to 85%. Second,the hygroscopic growth factors of particulate matter in different levels are calculated based on the average particulate matter mass extinction efficiency; the change trend with time of the hygroscopic growth factors are consistent,with the maximum value observed in June and the minimum value in January. From January to June,the hygroscopic growth factors increased before gradually decreasing from July to December. Their values in December were slightly higher than those in January. Third,three hygroscopic growth models commonly used in Beijing are fitted based on these hygroscopic growth factors. The three models showed good applicability in Beijing.The third model is slightly better than the second model,and the second model is slightly better than the first. These models can be used in satellite remote sensing of ground-level particulate matter.
Hygroscopic growth characteristics of particulate matter are one of the key issues that need to be addressed in satellite remote sensing of ground-level particulate matter. To solve this problem,the characteristics of the extinction properties of particulate matter as they change with air relative humidity need to be understood,and an accurate hygroscopic growth model of particulate matter should be established. A hygroscopic growth model suitable for Beijing is constructed by using the measurements from instruments deployed on the ground.First,the average particulate matter of mass extinction efficiency is calculated based on continuous measurements from the ground sites in Beijing over a period of two years. Result shows that average mass extinction efficiency of particulate matter increases with relative humidity continuously. The increase in the average particulate matter mass extinction efficiency is moderate when relative humidity increased from 20% to 85%,whereas it increased rapidly when relative humidity increased to 85%. Second,the hygroscopic growth factors of particulate matter in different levels are calculated based on the average particulate matter mass extinction efficiency; the change trend with time of the hygroscopic growth factors are consistent,with the maximum value observed in June and the minimum value in January. From January to June,the hygroscopic growth factors increased before gradually decreasing from July to December. Their values in December were slightly higher than those in January. Third,three hygroscopic growth models commonly used in Beijing are fitted based on these hygroscopic growth factors. The three models showed good applicability in Beijing.The third model is slightly better than the second model,and the second model is slightly better than the first. These models can be used in satellite remote sensing of ground-level particulate matter.
引文
Carrico C M,Rood M J,Ogren J A,Neususs C,Wiedensohler A andHeintzenberg J.2000.Aerosol optical properties at Sagres,Portugalduring ACE-2.Tellus B,52(2):694-715[DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00049.x]
Carrico C M,Kus P,Rood M J,Quinn P K and Bates T S.2003.Mixtures of pollution,dust,sea salt,and volcanic aerosol during ACEAsia:radiative properties as a function of relative humidity.Journalof Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,108(D23):8650[DOI:10.1029/2003JD003405]
Cheng Y F.2007.The aerosol radiative properties at Xinken in PearlRiver Delta—An observation based model study.Beijing:pekingUniversity(程雅芳.2007.珠江三角洲新垦地区气溶胶的辐射特性-基于观测的模型研究.北京:北京大学)
Day D E and Malm W C.2001.Aerosol light scattering measurements asa function of relative humidity:a comparison between measurementsmade at three different sites.Atmospheric Environment,35(30):5169-5176[DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00320-X]
Ferron G A,Karg E,Busch B and Heyder J.2005.Ambient particles atan urban,semi-urban and rural site in Central Europe:hygroscopicproperties.Atmospheric Environment,39(2):343-352[DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.015]
GassóS,Hegg D A,Covert D S,Collins D,Noone K J,Ostrom E,Schmid B,Russell P B,Livingston J M,Durkee P A and JonssonH.2000.Influence of humidity on the aerosol scattering coefficientand its effect on the upwelling radiance during ACE-2.Tellus B,52(2):546-567[DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00055.x]
Gupta P,Christopher S A,Wang J,Gehrig R,Lee Y and Kumar N.2006.Satellite remote sensing of particulate matter and air qualityassessment over global cities.Atmospheric Environment,40(30):5880-5892[DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.016]
He X,Deng Z Z,Li C C,Liu Q H,Wang M H,Liu X Y and Mao J T.2010.Application of MODIS AOD in surface PM10evaluation.ActaScientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,46(2):178-184(何秀,邓兆泽,李成才,刘启汉,王美华,刘晓阳,毛节泰.2010.MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品在地面PM10监测方面的应用研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),46(2):178-184)
Hu M,Zhao Y L,He L Y,Huang X F,Tang X Y,Yao X H and ChenZ Q.2005.Mass size distribution of Beijing particulate matters andits inorganic water-soluble ions in winter and summer.Environmental Science,26(4):1-6(胡敏,赵云良,何凌燕,黄晓锋,唐孝炎,姚小红,陈泽强.2005.北京冬、夏季颗粒物及其离子成分质量浓度谱分布.环境科学,26(4):1-6)
Im J S,Saxena V K and Wenny B N.2001.An assessment of hygroscopic growth factors for aerosols in the surface boundary layer for computing direct radiative forcing.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,106(D17):20213-20224[DOI:10.1029/2000JD000152]
Kasten F.1969.Visibility forecast in the phase of pre-condensation.Tellus,21(5):631-635[DOI:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00469.x]
Koelemeijer R B A,Homan C D and Matthijsen J.2006.Comparison ofspatial and temporal variations of aerosol optical thickness and particulate matter over Europe.Atmospheric Environment,40(27):5304-5315[DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.044]
Kotchenruther R A and Hobbs P V.1998.Humidification factors of aerosols from biomass burning in Brazil.Journal of GeophysicalResearch:Atmospheres,103(D24):32081-32089[DOI:10.1029/98JD00340]
Kotchenruther R A,Hobbs P V and Hegg D A.1999.Humidificationfactors for atmospheric aerosols off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,104(D2):2239-2251[DOI:10.1029/98JD01751]
Li C C,Mao J T,Liu Q H,Yuan Z B,Wang M H and Liu X Y.2005.Application of MODIS satellite products to the air pollution researchin Beijing.SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,48(s2):209-219(李成才,毛节泰,刘启汉,袁自冰,王美华,刘晓阳.2005.MODIS卫星遥感气溶胶产品在北京市大气污染研究中的应用.中国科学D辑:地球科学,35(增刊):177-186)
Liu X G.2008.Research on Aerosol Hygroscopic Properties by Measurement and Model-Takeing Beijing and PRD for example.Beijing:Peking University(刘新罡.2008.大气气溶胶吸湿性质观测、模型研究———以北京、珠江三角洲地区为例.北京:北京大学)
Magi B I and Hobbs P V.2003.Effects of humidity on aerosols in southern Africa during the biomass burning season.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,108(D13):8495[DOI:10.1029/2002JD002144]
Malm W C,Sisler J F,Huffman D,Eldred R A and Cahill T A.1994.Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and opticalextinction in the United States.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,99(D1):1347-1370[DOI:10.1029/93JD02916]
Malm W C,Day D E and Kreidenweis S M.2000.Light scattering char-acteristics of aerosols as a function of relative humidity:Part I-acomparison of measured scattering and aerosol concentrations usingthe theoretical models.Journal of the Air&Waste ManagementAssociation,50(5):686-700[DOI:10.1080/10473289.2000.10464117]
Pan X L.2007.Observation Study of Atmospheric Aerosol ScatteringCharacteristics as a Function of Relative Humidity.Beijing:ChineseAcademy of Meteorological Sciences(潘小乐.2007.相对湿度对气溶胶散射特性影响的观测研究.北京:中国气象科学研究院)
Pan X L,Yan P,Tang J,Ma J Z,Wang Z F,Gbaguidi A and Sun Y L.2009.Observational study of influence of aerosol hygroscopic growthon scattering coefficient over rural area near Beijing mega-city.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,9(19):7519-7530[DOI:10.5194/acp-9-7519-2009]
Sheridan P J,Jefferson A and Ogren J A.2002.Spatial variability ofsubmicrometer aerosol radiative properties over the Indian Oceanduring INDOEX.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,107(D19):INX2 10-1-INX2 10-17[DOI:10.1029/2000JD000166]
Sloane C S and Wolff G T.1985.Prediction of ambient light scatteringusing a physical model responsive to relative humidity:Validationwith measurements from detroit.Atmospheric Environment(1967),19(4):669-680[DOI:10.1016/0004-6981(85)90046-0]
Song C H,Park M E,Lee K H,Ahn H J,Lee Y,Kim J Y,Han K M,Kim J,Ghim Y S and Kim Y J.2008.An investigation into seasonal and regional aerosol characteristics in East Asia using model-predicted and remotely-sensed aerosol properties.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,8(22):6627-6654[DOI:10.5194/acp-8-6627-2008]
Stelson A W and Seinfeld J H.1982.Relative humidity and temperaturedependence of the ammonium nitrate dissociation constant.Atmospheric Environment(1967),16(5):983-992[DOI:10.1016/0004-6981(82)90184-6]
Tang I N and Munkelwitz H R.1994.Water activities,densities,andrefractive indices of aqueous sulfates and sodium nitrate droplets ofatmospheric importance.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,99(D9):18801-18808[DOI:10.1029/94JD01345]
Tang I N.1996.Chemical and size effects of hygroscopic aerosols onlight scattering coefficients.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,101(D14):19245-19250[DOI:10.1029/96JD03003]
Tang I N.1997.Thermodynamic and optical properties of mixed-saltaerosols of atmospheric importance.Journal of GeophysicalResearch:Atmospheres,102(D2):1883-1893[DOI:10.1029/96JD03085]
Tomasi C.1982.Features of the scale height for particulate extinction inhazy atmosphere.Journal of Applied Meteorology,21(7):931-944[DOI:10.1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0931:FOTSHF>2.0.CO;2]
Wang Z F,Chen L F,Tao J H,Zhang Y and Su L.2010.Satellitebased estimation of regional particulate matter(PM)in Beijingusing vertical-and-RH correcting method.Remote Sensing of Envi-ronment,114(1):50-63[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.009]
Xu J,Bergin M H,Yu X,Liu G,Zhao J,Carrico C M and Baumann K.2002.Measurement of aerosol chemical,physical and radiativeproperties in the Yangtze delta region of China.Atmospheric Environment,36(2):161-173[DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00455-1]
Yan P,Pan X L,Tang J,Zhou X J and Zeng L M.2008.An experimental study on the influence of relative humidity on the atmosphericaerosol scattering coeff icient at an urban site in Beijing.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,66(1):111-119(颜鹏,潘小乐,汤洁,周秀骥,曾立民.2008.北京市区大气气溶胶散射系数亲水增长的观测研究.气象学报,66(1):111-119)
Yang J,Li Z H and Huang S H.1999.Influenee of Relative Humidityon Shortwave Radiative ProP erties of Atmos Pherie Aerosol Particles.Chinese Journal of Atmos Pherie Scienees,23(2):239-247(杨军,李子华,黄世鸿.1999.相对湿度对大气气溶胶粒子短波辐射特性的影响.大气科学,23(2):239-247)
Zhang L S and Shi G Y.2002.The Impact of Relative Humidity on theRadiative Property and Radiative Forcing of Sulfate Aerosol.ACTAMETEOROLOGICA SINICA.60(2):230-237(张立盛,石广玉.2002.相对湿度对气溶胶辐射特性和辐射强迫的影响.气象学报,60(2):230-237)
Zhang R J,Wang M X,Hu F and Xu Y F.2002.Elemental Concentrations and Distributions of Atmospheric Particles before and in Heating Period in Beijing.Journal of the Gr aduate School of the ChineseAcademy of Sciences,19(1):75-81(张仁健,王明星,胡非,徐永福.2002.采暖期前和采暖期北京大气颗粒物的化学成分研究.中国科学院研究生院学报,19(1):75-81)
Carrico C M,Kus P,Rood M J,Quinn P K and Bates T S.2003.Mixtures of pollution,dust,sea salt,and volcanic aerosol during ACEAsia:radiative properties as a function of relative humidity.Journalof Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,108(D23):8650[DOI:10.1029/2003JD003405]
Cheng Y F.2007.The aerosol radiative properties at Xinken in PearlRiver Delta—An observation based model study.Beijing:pekingUniversity(程雅芳.2007.珠江三角洲新垦地区气溶胶的辐射特性-基于观测的模型研究.北京:北京大学)
Day D E and Malm W C.2001.Aerosol light scattering measurements asa function of relative humidity:a comparison between measurementsmade at three different sites.Atmospheric Environment,35(30):5169-5176[DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00320-X]
Ferron G A,Karg E,Busch B and Heyder J.2005.Ambient particles atan urban,semi-urban and rural site in Central Europe:hygroscopicproperties.Atmospheric Environment,39(2):343-352[DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.015]
GassóS,Hegg D A,Covert D S,Collins D,Noone K J,Ostrom E,Schmid B,Russell P B,Livingston J M,Durkee P A and JonssonH.2000.Influence of humidity on the aerosol scattering coefficientand its effect on the upwelling radiance during ACE-2.Tellus B,52(2):546-567[DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00055.x]
Gupta P,Christopher S A,Wang J,Gehrig R,Lee Y and Kumar N.2006.Satellite remote sensing of particulate matter and air qualityassessment over global cities.Atmospheric Environment,40(30):5880-5892[DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.016]
He X,Deng Z Z,Li C C,Liu Q H,Wang M H,Liu X Y and Mao J T.2010.Application of MODIS AOD in surface PM10evaluation.ActaScientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,46(2):178-184(何秀,邓兆泽,李成才,刘启汉,王美华,刘晓阳,毛节泰.2010.MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品在地面PM10监测方面的应用研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),46(2):178-184)
Hu M,Zhao Y L,He L Y,Huang X F,Tang X Y,Yao X H and ChenZ Q.2005.Mass size distribution of Beijing particulate matters andits inorganic water-soluble ions in winter and summer.Environmental Science,26(4):1-6(胡敏,赵云良,何凌燕,黄晓锋,唐孝炎,姚小红,陈泽强.2005.北京冬、夏季颗粒物及其离子成分质量浓度谱分布.环境科学,26(4):1-6)
Im J S,Saxena V K and Wenny B N.2001.An assessment of hygroscopic growth factors for aerosols in the surface boundary layer for computing direct radiative forcing.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,106(D17):20213-20224[DOI:10.1029/2000JD000152]
Kasten F.1969.Visibility forecast in the phase of pre-condensation.Tellus,21(5):631-635[DOI:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00469.x]
Koelemeijer R B A,Homan C D and Matthijsen J.2006.Comparison ofspatial and temporal variations of aerosol optical thickness and particulate matter over Europe.Atmospheric Environment,40(27):5304-5315[DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.044]
Kotchenruther R A and Hobbs P V.1998.Humidification factors of aerosols from biomass burning in Brazil.Journal of GeophysicalResearch:Atmospheres,103(D24):32081-32089[DOI:10.1029/98JD00340]
Kotchenruther R A,Hobbs P V and Hegg D A.1999.Humidificationfactors for atmospheric aerosols off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,104(D2):2239-2251[DOI:10.1029/98JD01751]
Li C C,Mao J T,Liu Q H,Yuan Z B,Wang M H and Liu X Y.2005.Application of MODIS satellite products to the air pollution researchin Beijing.SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,48(s2):209-219(李成才,毛节泰,刘启汉,袁自冰,王美华,刘晓阳.2005.MODIS卫星遥感气溶胶产品在北京市大气污染研究中的应用.中国科学D辑:地球科学,35(增刊):177-186)
Liu X G.2008.Research on Aerosol Hygroscopic Properties by Measurement and Model-Takeing Beijing and PRD for example.Beijing:Peking University(刘新罡.2008.大气气溶胶吸湿性质观测、模型研究———以北京、珠江三角洲地区为例.北京:北京大学)
Magi B I and Hobbs P V.2003.Effects of humidity on aerosols in southern Africa during the biomass burning season.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,108(D13):8495[DOI:10.1029/2002JD002144]
Malm W C,Sisler J F,Huffman D,Eldred R A and Cahill T A.1994.Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and opticalextinction in the United States.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,99(D1):1347-1370[DOI:10.1029/93JD02916]
Malm W C,Day D E and Kreidenweis S M.2000.Light scattering char-acteristics of aerosols as a function of relative humidity:Part I-acomparison of measured scattering and aerosol concentrations usingthe theoretical models.Journal of the Air&Waste ManagementAssociation,50(5):686-700[DOI:10.1080/10473289.2000.10464117]
Pan X L.2007.Observation Study of Atmospheric Aerosol ScatteringCharacteristics as a Function of Relative Humidity.Beijing:ChineseAcademy of Meteorological Sciences(潘小乐.2007.相对湿度对气溶胶散射特性影响的观测研究.北京:中国气象科学研究院)
Pan X L,Yan P,Tang J,Ma J Z,Wang Z F,Gbaguidi A and Sun Y L.2009.Observational study of influence of aerosol hygroscopic growthon scattering coefficient over rural area near Beijing mega-city.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,9(19):7519-7530[DOI:10.5194/acp-9-7519-2009]
Sheridan P J,Jefferson A and Ogren J A.2002.Spatial variability ofsubmicrometer aerosol radiative properties over the Indian Oceanduring INDOEX.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,107(D19):INX2 10-1-INX2 10-17[DOI:10.1029/2000JD000166]
Sloane C S and Wolff G T.1985.Prediction of ambient light scatteringusing a physical model responsive to relative humidity:Validationwith measurements from detroit.Atmospheric Environment(1967),19(4):669-680[DOI:10.1016/0004-6981(85)90046-0]
Song C H,Park M E,Lee K H,Ahn H J,Lee Y,Kim J Y,Han K M,Kim J,Ghim Y S and Kim Y J.2008.An investigation into seasonal and regional aerosol characteristics in East Asia using model-predicted and remotely-sensed aerosol properties.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,8(22):6627-6654[DOI:10.5194/acp-8-6627-2008]
Stelson A W and Seinfeld J H.1982.Relative humidity and temperaturedependence of the ammonium nitrate dissociation constant.Atmospheric Environment(1967),16(5):983-992[DOI:10.1016/0004-6981(82)90184-6]
Tang I N and Munkelwitz H R.1994.Water activities,densities,andrefractive indices of aqueous sulfates and sodium nitrate droplets ofatmospheric importance.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,99(D9):18801-18808[DOI:10.1029/94JD01345]
Tang I N.1996.Chemical and size effects of hygroscopic aerosols onlight scattering coefficients.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,101(D14):19245-19250[DOI:10.1029/96JD03003]
Tang I N.1997.Thermodynamic and optical properties of mixed-saltaerosols of atmospheric importance.Journal of GeophysicalResearch:Atmospheres,102(D2):1883-1893[DOI:10.1029/96JD03085]
Tomasi C.1982.Features of the scale height for particulate extinction inhazy atmosphere.Journal of Applied Meteorology,21(7):931-944[DOI:10.1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0931:FOTSHF>2.0.CO;2]
Wang Z F,Chen L F,Tao J H,Zhang Y and Su L.2010.Satellitebased estimation of regional particulate matter(PM)in Beijingusing vertical-and-RH correcting method.Remote Sensing of Envi-ronment,114(1):50-63[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.009]
Xu J,Bergin M H,Yu X,Liu G,Zhao J,Carrico C M and Baumann K.2002.Measurement of aerosol chemical,physical and radiativeproperties in the Yangtze delta region of China.Atmospheric Environment,36(2):161-173[DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00455-1]
Yan P,Pan X L,Tang J,Zhou X J and Zeng L M.2008.An experimental study on the influence of relative humidity on the atmosphericaerosol scattering coeff icient at an urban site in Beijing.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,66(1):111-119(颜鹏,潘小乐,汤洁,周秀骥,曾立民.2008.北京市区大气气溶胶散射系数亲水增长的观测研究.气象学报,66(1):111-119)
Yang J,Li Z H and Huang S H.1999.Influenee of Relative Humidityon Shortwave Radiative ProP erties of Atmos Pherie Aerosol Particles.Chinese Journal of Atmos Pherie Scienees,23(2):239-247(杨军,李子华,黄世鸿.1999.相对湿度对大气气溶胶粒子短波辐射特性的影响.大气科学,23(2):239-247)
Zhang L S and Shi G Y.2002.The Impact of Relative Humidity on theRadiative Property and Radiative Forcing of Sulfate Aerosol.ACTAMETEOROLOGICA SINICA.60(2):230-237(张立盛,石广玉.2002.相对湿度对气溶胶辐射特性和辐射强迫的影响.气象学报,60(2):230-237)
Zhang R J,Wang M X,Hu F and Xu Y F.2002.Elemental Concentrations and Distributions of Atmospheric Particles before and in Heating Period in Beijing.Journal of the Gr aduate School of the ChineseAcademy of Sciences,19(1):75-81(张仁健,王明星,胡非,徐永福.2002.采暖期前和采暖期北京大气颗粒物的化学成分研究.中国科学院研究生院学报,19(1):75-81)