三峡库区不同植物篱生态效益评价
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摘要
植物篱是一项具有改良土壤、保持水土、增加土壤肥力和控制面源污染等生态效益的复合农林技术。遵循层次分析法原理,从改良土壤、保持水土、增加土壤肥力和控制面源污染等方面建立了长江三峡库区坡耕地植物篱系统生态效益评价指标体系,应用熵值法与专家评分法计算评价指标权重,并结合层次分析法对不同类型和不同种类植物篱的土壤改良效益、水土保持效益、土壤养分增加效益和面源污染控制效益及综合生态效益进行了分析评价。结果表明:不同类型植物篱综合生态效益以灌木类植物篱最大,草本类植物篱综合生态效益最小,并且灌木类植物篱的土壤改良效益、水土保持效益、增加土壤养分效益和控制面源污染效益均最大;不同种类的植物篱中,黄荆+臭椿植物篱的综合生态效益最大,而毛豆类植物篱具有较高的增加土壤养分的生态效益,紫背天葵+旱菜植物篱控制面源污染的生态效益最大。
Hedgerow intercropping is a comprehensive agroforestry technique with the eco-benefits of soil improvement,soil particle interception,soil conservation,soil fertility enhancement and non-point pollution controlling.To evaluate the eco-benefits of hedgerows with different categories and species,42hedgerow inventory plots were arranged in the Jiangjin city of the Three Gorges reservoir area.The properties containing bulk density,moisture content,saturated water conductivity,water stable aggregates,antiscouribility index,anti-erodibility,organic matter and soil nutrients concentration of soil which sampled before,behind and under hedgerows,and between hedgerows steep land were tested to evaluate the ecobenefits of hedgerow.According to the principle of Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP),the evaluating indicators system involving soil improvement,soil conservation,soil fertility enhancement and non-point pollution controlling containing 17indicators were established.The weights values were calculated by Entropy and Delphi which help to avoid the subjectivity of experts in computing weights values,and AHP combined to calculate the comprehensive eco-benefits values.And then,the eco-benefits with different categories and species in the Three Gorges reservoir area were compared according the comprehensive ecobenefits values.The results indicated that,the shrub hedgerows had the best eco-benefits among the hedgerows with different categories,and shrub hedgerows were of excellent benefits in soil improvement, soil conservation,soil fertility enhancement and non-point pollution controlling.Among different species, hedgerows with Vitex negundo and Ailanthus altissima had the best comprehensive eco-benefits,Giycine maxhedgerows were of the excellent benefits in soil fertility enhancement,hedgerows with Gynura bicolor and Herba Rorippae were the best one in non-point source(NPS)pollution controlling.
Hedgerow intercropping is a comprehensive agroforestry technique with the eco-benefits of soil improvement,soil particle interception,soil conservation,soil fertility enhancement and non-point pollution controlling.To evaluate the eco-benefits of hedgerows with different categories and species,42hedgerow inventory plots were arranged in the Jiangjin city of the Three Gorges reservoir area.The properties containing bulk density,moisture content,saturated water conductivity,water stable aggregates,antiscouribility index,anti-erodibility,organic matter and soil nutrients concentration of soil which sampled before,behind and under hedgerows,and between hedgerows steep land were tested to evaluate the ecobenefits of hedgerow.According to the principle of Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP),the evaluating indicators system involving soil improvement,soil conservation,soil fertility enhancement and non-point pollution controlling containing 17indicators were established.The weights values were calculated by Entropy and Delphi which help to avoid the subjectivity of experts in computing weights values,and AHP combined to calculate the comprehensive eco-benefits values.And then,the eco-benefits with different categories and species in the Three Gorges reservoir area were compared according the comprehensive ecobenefits values.The results indicated that,the shrub hedgerows had the best eco-benefits among the hedgerows with different categories,and shrub hedgerows were of excellent benefits in soil improvement, soil conservation,soil fertility enhancement and non-point pollution controlling.Among different species, hedgerows with Vitex negundo and Ailanthus altissima had the best comprehensive eco-benefits,Giycine maxhedgerows were of the excellent benefits in soil fertility enhancement,hedgerows with Gynura bicolor and Herba Rorippae were the best one in non-point source(NPS)pollution controlling.
引文
[1]唐华彬,尹迪信,罗红军,等.经济植物篱模式在坡耕地上的试验示范研究[J].中国水土保持,2006,1:17-19.
[2]田茂洁.等高植物篱模式下土壤物理性质变化与水土保持效果研究进展[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):383-386.
[3]王玲玲,何丙辉,龚清朝,等.三峡库区砾石坡耕地农林复合经营效益研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):84-90.
[4]王学强,蔡强国,和继军.红壤丘陵区水保措施在不同坡度坡耕地上优化配置的探讨[J].资源科学,2007,29(6):68-74.
[5]陈明霞,查轩.生草覆盖和植物篱措施对红壤坡地土壤侵蚀调控效应研究[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2009,4(1):32-37.
[6]唐政洪,蔡强国,许峰,等.半干旱区植物篱侵蚀及养分控制过程的试验研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(5):593-600.
[7]许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安.等高植物篱控制紫色土坡耕地侵蚀的特点[J].土壤学报,2002,39(1):71-80.
[8]王宏,蔡强国,朱远达.应用EUROSEM模型对三峡库区陡坡地水力侵蚀的模拟研究[J].地理研究,2003,22(5):579-589.
[9]唐政洪,蔡强国,许峰,等.冀西北半干旱区等高植物篱面源污染控制机理[J].环境科学,2001,22(6):86-90.
[10]夏立忠,杨林章,李运东.生草覆盖与植物篱技术防治紫色土坡地土壤侵蚀与养分流失的初步研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(2):28-31.
[11]尹迪信,唐华彬,朱青,等.植物篱逐步梯化技术试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(2):84-87.
[12]祝其丽,孙辉,何道文,等.植物篱种植模式综合效益研究[J].四川环境,2007,26(3):41-45.
[13]王玲玲,何丙辉,李贞霞.等高植物篱技术研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(3):131-133.
[14]陈治谏,廖晓勇,刘邵权.坡地植物篱农业技术生态经济效益评价[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):125-127.
[15]MAFONGOYA P L,NAIR P K R,DZOWELA B H.Multipurposes tree prunings as a source of nitrogen to maize under semiarid conditions in Zimbabwe.2.Nitrogen recovery rates and crop growth as influenced by mixtures and prunings[J].Agroforestry Systems,1997,35:47-56.
[16]SHIVELY G E.Impact of hedgerow on upland maize yield in the Philippines[J].Agroforestry Systems,1998,39:59-71.
[17]WILSON G F,KANG B T,MULONGOY K.Alley cropping:Trees as sources of green-manure and mulch in the tropics[J].Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 1986,3:251-267.
[18]黎建强,张洪江,程金花,等.长江上游不同植物篱系统的土壤物理性质[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(2):418-424.
[19]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1978.
[20]邵明安,王九全,黄明斌.土壤物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[21]魏孝荣,邵明安.黄土高原沟壑区小流域坡地土壤养分分布特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):604-612.
[22]中国农学会.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[23]廖晓勇,罗承德,陈治谏,等.三峡库区坡地果园间植草篱的水土保持效应[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(1):152-156.
[24]周维博,李佩成.干旱半干旱地域灌区水资源综合效益评价体系研究[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(3):287-293.
[25]邱菀华.管理决策与应用熵学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2001.
[26]刘智,端木京顺,王强,等.基于熵权多目标决策的方案评估方法研究[J].数学的实践与认识,2005,35(10):114-119.
[27]赵松山,白雪梅.用德尔菲法确定权数的改进方法[J].统计研究,1994(3):46-49.
[28]朱远达,蔡强国,张光远,等.植物篱对土壤养分流失的控制机理研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2003,12(4):345-351.
[29]刘定辉,赵燮京,曹均城,等.紫色丘陵区蓑草植物篱的减流减沙效应及其机理[J].西南农业学报,2007,20(3):439-442.
[30]黎建强,张洪江,陈奇伯,等.长江上游不同植物篱系统土壤抗冲、抗蚀特征[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(7):1223-1228.
[31]CHARLES K.Perspective on hedgerow intercropping[J].Agroforestry Systems,1985,3:339-356.
[32]孙辉,唐亚,何永华,等.等高固氮植物篱模式对坡耕地土壤养分的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(2):79-82.
[33]许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安,等.坡地等高植物篱带间距对表土养分流失影响[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(2):23-29.
[34]黎建强,张洪江,程金花,等.不同类型植物篱对长江上游坡耕地土壤养分含量及坡面分布的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(11):2574-2580.
[35]袁远亮,孙辉,唐亚.等高固氮植物篱脐橙园综合效益分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2001,9(4):76-78.
[2]田茂洁.等高植物篱模式下土壤物理性质变化与水土保持效果研究进展[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):383-386.
[3]王玲玲,何丙辉,龚清朝,等.三峡库区砾石坡耕地农林复合经营效益研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):84-90.
[4]王学强,蔡强国,和继军.红壤丘陵区水保措施在不同坡度坡耕地上优化配置的探讨[J].资源科学,2007,29(6):68-74.
[5]陈明霞,查轩.生草覆盖和植物篱措施对红壤坡地土壤侵蚀调控效应研究[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2009,4(1):32-37.
[6]唐政洪,蔡强国,许峰,等.半干旱区植物篱侵蚀及养分控制过程的试验研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(5):593-600.
[7]许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安.等高植物篱控制紫色土坡耕地侵蚀的特点[J].土壤学报,2002,39(1):71-80.
[8]王宏,蔡强国,朱远达.应用EUROSEM模型对三峡库区陡坡地水力侵蚀的模拟研究[J].地理研究,2003,22(5):579-589.
[9]唐政洪,蔡强国,许峰,等.冀西北半干旱区等高植物篱面源污染控制机理[J].环境科学,2001,22(6):86-90.
[10]夏立忠,杨林章,李运东.生草覆盖与植物篱技术防治紫色土坡地土壤侵蚀与养分流失的初步研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(2):28-31.
[11]尹迪信,唐华彬,朱青,等.植物篱逐步梯化技术试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(2):84-87.
[12]祝其丽,孙辉,何道文,等.植物篱种植模式综合效益研究[J].四川环境,2007,26(3):41-45.
[13]王玲玲,何丙辉,李贞霞.等高植物篱技术研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(3):131-133.
[14]陈治谏,廖晓勇,刘邵权.坡地植物篱农业技术生态经济效益评价[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):125-127.
[15]MAFONGOYA P L,NAIR P K R,DZOWELA B H.Multipurposes tree prunings as a source of nitrogen to maize under semiarid conditions in Zimbabwe.2.Nitrogen recovery rates and crop growth as influenced by mixtures and prunings[J].Agroforestry Systems,1997,35:47-56.
[16]SHIVELY G E.Impact of hedgerow on upland maize yield in the Philippines[J].Agroforestry Systems,1998,39:59-71.
[17]WILSON G F,KANG B T,MULONGOY K.Alley cropping:Trees as sources of green-manure and mulch in the tropics[J].Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 1986,3:251-267.
[18]黎建强,张洪江,程金花,等.长江上游不同植物篱系统的土壤物理性质[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(2):418-424.
[19]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1978.
[20]邵明安,王九全,黄明斌.土壤物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[21]魏孝荣,邵明安.黄土高原沟壑区小流域坡地土壤养分分布特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):604-612.
[22]中国农学会.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[23]廖晓勇,罗承德,陈治谏,等.三峡库区坡地果园间植草篱的水土保持效应[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(1):152-156.
[24]周维博,李佩成.干旱半干旱地域灌区水资源综合效益评价体系研究[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(3):287-293.
[25]邱菀华.管理决策与应用熵学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2001.
[26]刘智,端木京顺,王强,等.基于熵权多目标决策的方案评估方法研究[J].数学的实践与认识,2005,35(10):114-119.
[27]赵松山,白雪梅.用德尔菲法确定权数的改进方法[J].统计研究,1994(3):46-49.
[28]朱远达,蔡强国,张光远,等.植物篱对土壤养分流失的控制机理研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2003,12(4):345-351.
[29]刘定辉,赵燮京,曹均城,等.紫色丘陵区蓑草植物篱的减流减沙效应及其机理[J].西南农业学报,2007,20(3):439-442.
[30]黎建强,张洪江,陈奇伯,等.长江上游不同植物篱系统土壤抗冲、抗蚀特征[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(7):1223-1228.
[31]CHARLES K.Perspective on hedgerow intercropping[J].Agroforestry Systems,1985,3:339-356.
[32]孙辉,唐亚,何永华,等.等高固氮植物篱模式对坡耕地土壤养分的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(2):79-82.
[33]许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安,等.坡地等高植物篱带间距对表土养分流失影响[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(2):23-29.
[34]黎建强,张洪江,程金花,等.不同类型植物篱对长江上游坡耕地土壤养分含量及坡面分布的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(11):2574-2580.
[35]袁远亮,孙辉,唐亚.等高固氮植物篱脐橙园综合效益分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2001,9(4):76-78.