玛纳斯河流域生态环境质量时空分异评价
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摘要
利用3S空间分析和地学统计分析方法,选取植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤等归一化生态指数,采用生态要素及功能叠加的转移矩阵模型,研究了新疆玛纳斯河流域生态要素及环境质量时空分异规律。研究得出:①总体上玛纳斯河流域仍保持山地、绿洲、荒漠的空间分异格局,生态环境整体质量较差,但转好趋势明显,城乡建设格局变化决定着局地环境动态演变。②人工绿洲、山前缓冲区生态质量最好但变化较快,农田内部的盐渍化虽然得到很好控制,但大量盐分被排入下游及周边,对自然绿洲造成新的危害。中山林草带植被覆盖、土壤恢复、水土保持较好。③2000—2008年流域生态环境质量缓慢好转,其中以生态环境质量由差转中为主,集中在古尔班通古特沙漠,虽然绿洲—荒漠过渡带生态恢复明显,但高山冰雪带不断萎缩; 2008—2016年流域生态环境质量明显转好,其中以生态环境质量由中变良为主,集中在山前缓冲区,虽然山地—绿洲过渡带生态改善进程加快,但高山冰雪带仍持续退缩。
The ecological environment and its spatial differentiation is the basis for the sustainable development in arid region,and it profoundly affects the socio-economic and healthy development pattern in oasis. As a typical inland drainage basin,the Manas River Basin was taken as the research area,and the 3S spatial analysis and geostatistical analysis were used to select the normalized ecological indexes (such as vegetation coverage,slope and soil),and the transfer matrix model of superposition of ecological factors and functions was applied to analyze the spatiotemporal differentiation of ecological factors and environmental quality in the Manas River Basin in Xinjiang. The results could be concluded as follows: ① In general,the spatial differentiation pattern of mountains,oases and deserts was still maintained in the Manas River Basin,the overall quality of the ecological environment was poor,but there was an improving trend. The change of urban and rural construction pattern determined the dynamic evolution of local environment. ② The ecological environment quality of artificial oasis,mountainous area and piedmont buffer zone was the best,especially the vegetation coverage,soil restoration and soil and water conservation of mountain forest and grassland. The ecological quality of artificial oasis was the best,but the change was significant. Although soil salinization was controlled well,a big amount of salt was discharged into the downstream and surrounding areas,thus some new disasters were resulted in the natural oases. ③ During the period of 2000-2008,the ecological environment in the drainage basin was slowly improved. Although the ecological regeneration in the oasis-desert ecotone was obvious,the shrinkage of alpine ice-snow continued. The ecological environment in the drainage basin was improved significantly during the period of 2008-2016.
The ecological environment and its spatial differentiation is the basis for the sustainable development in arid region,and it profoundly affects the socio-economic and healthy development pattern in oasis. As a typical inland drainage basin,the Manas River Basin was taken as the research area,and the 3S spatial analysis and geostatistical analysis were used to select the normalized ecological indexes (such as vegetation coverage,slope and soil),and the transfer matrix model of superposition of ecological factors and functions was applied to analyze the spatiotemporal differentiation of ecological factors and environmental quality in the Manas River Basin in Xinjiang. The results could be concluded as follows: ① In general,the spatial differentiation pattern of mountains,oases and deserts was still maintained in the Manas River Basin,the overall quality of the ecological environment was poor,but there was an improving trend. The change of urban and rural construction pattern determined the dynamic evolution of local environment. ② The ecological environment quality of artificial oasis,mountainous area and piedmont buffer zone was the best,especially the vegetation coverage,soil restoration and soil and water conservation of mountain forest and grassland. The ecological quality of artificial oasis was the best,but the change was significant. Although soil salinization was controlled well,a big amount of salt was discharged into the downstream and surrounding areas,thus some new disasters were resulted in the natural oases. ③ During the period of 2000-2008,the ecological environment in the drainage basin was slowly improved. Although the ecological regeneration in the oasis-desert ecotone was obvious,the shrinkage of alpine ice-snow continued. The ecological environment in the drainage basin was improved significantly during the period of 2008-2016.
引文
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[20]宋文杰,张清,刘莎莎,等.基于LUCC的干旱区人为干扰与生态安全分析---以天山北坡经济带绿洲为例[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(1):235-242.[Song Wenjie,Zhang Qing,Liu Shasha,et al.LUCC-Based human disturbance and ecological security in arid area:A case study in the economic zone on northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(1):235-242.]
[2]Running S W.A measurable planetary boundary for the biosphere[J].Science,2012,337(6 101):1 458-1 459.
[3]王传艺,林征.2014未来地球计划战略研究议程---全球可持续发展研究战略优先领域[M].北京:气象出版社,2015.[Wang Chuanyi,Lin Zheng.Strategic Research Agenda 2014:Priorities for a Global Sustainability Research Strategy[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2015.]
[4]Zhang J,Liu J,Zhai L,et al.Implementation of geographical conditions monitoring in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,China[J].ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,2016,5(6):89.
[5]Munawar S,Khokhar M F,Atif S.Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation implementation in Northern Pakistan[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2015,102:316-323.
[6]Memon A A,Muhammad S,Rahman S,et al.Flood monitoring and damage assessment using water indices:A case study of Pakistan flood-2012[J].Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing&Space Sciences,2015,18(1):99-106.
[7]徐绍史.国家新型城镇化报2015[M].北京:中国计划出版社,2016.[Xu Shaoshi.New National Urbanization Report 2015[M].Beijing:China Planning Press,2016.]
[8]张沛,徐海量,杜清,等.基于RS和GIS的塔里木河干流生态环境状况评价[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):416-422.[Zhang Pei,Xu Hailiang,Du Qing,et al.Change of ecological conditions in the mainstream area of the Tarim River based on RS and GIS during the period of 1990-2010[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(2):416-422.]
[9]李文华.生态系统服务功能价值评估的理念、方法与应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008.[Li Wenhua.Concept of Service Valuation of Ecosystem,Methods and Applications[M].Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2008.]
[10]Liu X H,Yan S.Evaluating and structuring indicators for wetland assessment[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering in China,2010,4(2):221-227.
[11]封志明,杨艳昭,闫慧敏,等.百年来的资源环境承载力研究---从理论到实践[J].资源科学,2017,39(3):379-395.[Feng Zhiming,Yang Yanzhao,Yan Huimin,et al.A review of resources and environment carrying capacity research since the 20th Century:From theory to practice[J].Resources Science,2017,39(3):379-395.]
[12]孙东琪,张京祥,朱传耿,等.中国生态环境质量变化态势及其空间分异分析[J].地理学报,2017,67(12):1 599-1 610.[Sun Dongqi,Zhang Jingxiang,Zhu Chuangeng,et al.An assessment of China’s ecological environment quality change and its spatial variation[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,67(12):1 599-1 610.]
[13]杨萍,彭羽,刘雪华.基于生态评估的新疆玛纳斯县域适宜性分析[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2016,56(8):865-970.[Yang Ping,Peng Yu,Liu Xuehua,et al.Urban development suitability evaluations based on ecological assessments:A case study of Manasi County,Xinjiang Province[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Natural Science Edition),2016,56(8):865-970.]
[14]李杨,刘艳,张璞,等.古尔班通古特沙漠NDVI时空变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2009,26(5):686-693.[Li Yang,Liu Yan,Zhang Pu,et al.Research on the spatio-temporal change of NDVIin the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Arid Zone Research,2009,26(5):686-693.]
[15]孙朋,巩杰,高彦净,等.干旱区流域绿洲时空变化及其景观响应[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(2):355-361.[Sun Peng,Gong Jie,Gao Yanjing,et al.Spatiotemporal change of oases and their landscape response in arid areas in Northwest China[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,31(2):355-361.]
[16]张军民.基于MODS耦合的新疆玛纳斯河流域生态安全问题研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(11):49-53.[Zhang Jumin.Ecology security problem based on oasis circle level structure,Manasi Basin in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(11):49-53.]
[17]孙家抦.遥感原理与应用[M].3版.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2013.[Sun Jiabing.Principles and Applications of Remote Sensing[M].3rd ed.Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2013.]
[18]郭鹏,刘洪斌,白洁,等.1∶1万数字高程模型的建立及坡度分析[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004(1):42-44.[Guo Peng,Liu Hongbin,Bai Jie,et al.Establishment and slope analysis of 1∶10 000 digital elevation model[J].Territory&Natural Resources Research,2004(1):42-44.]
[19]王巧焕,卢玉东,赛佳美,等.干旱区绿洲土壤盐分特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(3):503-509.[Wang Qiaohuan,Lu Yudong,Sai Jiamei,et al.Characteristics of soil salinity in arid oasis[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(3):503-509.]
[20]宋文杰,张清,刘莎莎,等.基于LUCC的干旱区人为干扰与生态安全分析---以天山北坡经济带绿洲为例[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(1):235-242.[Song Wenjie,Zhang Qing,Liu Shasha,et al.LUCC-Based human disturbance and ecological security in arid area:A case study in the economic zone on northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(1):235-242.]