上海志丹苑元代水闸遗址古水系恢复
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摘要
利用三角洲平原河网水系丰富的历史遗存,重建过去人类水利活动面貌与水文环境变迁,有利于揭示人类社会对自然环境演变的响应或改造,是长江三角洲人地关系研究的重要内容之一。本文利用上海市志丹苑元代水闸遗址区所获钻孔进行全新世古环境演变过程分析,并基于254个工程地质钻孔资料恢复了遗址附近约25 km2的全新世晚期水系图,以揭示水闸遗址所在河道及周边水网特征。研究结果显示:气候海平面控制下的三角洲进积是志丹苑水闸废弃的根本原因。志丹苑水闸遗址所在古河道是潮滩地貌基础上形成的三角洲平原感潮河流,属古吴淞江支流;水闸所在位置河床明显束窄,且上、下游存在显著坡降,推测水闸下游有过人工疏浚。古水系图还显示了长江三角洲平原典型的"横塘纵浦"水网格局,其中横塘深度普遍大于纵浦,这种特征与其各自的成因密切相关,即横塘多源自潮沟、纵浦则是滩涂淤涨速度快慢更替形成的微地貌。
The ancient water conservancy project is useful as it reveals the societal response to the evolution of the hydrological environment in the delta plain, which is important for the study of the human-nature relationship. In this study,we used a sediment core obtained from the historical site to investigate the impact of the Holocene environmental change on the site. We also collected data from 254 engineering geological cores to reconstruct the palaeo-waterway system in an area of ～25 km2 around the Zhidanyuan sluice. The results indicated that the abandonment of the Zhidanyuan sluice was induced by delta progradation in response to the sea level rise. The palaeo-channel on which the Zhidanyuan sluice was built developed from a tidal flat environment to a tidal channel. The river is a tributary to the Palaeo-Wusong River. The riverbed at the sluice was characterized by a narrow channel and a steep gradient to the downstream of the sluice, which might suggest that artificial dredging accompanied the water conservancy project. The reconstructed local waterway system demonstrated a typical network pattern, i.e., rivers ran transverse and longitudinal to the palaeo-shoreline in the Changjiang delta plain. The depth of the transverse rivers was generally greater than that of the longitudinal rivers, which we attribute to their origin. The former originated from tidal creeks, while the latter were formed due to the change in the rate of shoreline advance.
The ancient water conservancy project is useful as it reveals the societal response to the evolution of the hydrological environment in the delta plain, which is important for the study of the human-nature relationship. In this study,we used a sediment core obtained from the historical site to investigate the impact of the Holocene environmental change on the site. We also collected data from 254 engineering geological cores to reconstruct the palaeo-waterway system in an area of ～25 km2 around the Zhidanyuan sluice. The results indicated that the abandonment of the Zhidanyuan sluice was induced by delta progradation in response to the sea level rise. The palaeo-channel on which the Zhidanyuan sluice was built developed from a tidal flat environment to a tidal channel. The river is a tributary to the Palaeo-Wusong River. The riverbed at the sluice was characterized by a narrow channel and a steep gradient to the downstream of the sluice, which might suggest that artificial dredging accompanied the water conservancy project. The reconstructed local waterway system demonstrated a typical network pattern, i.e., rivers ran transverse and longitudinal to the palaeo-shoreline in the Changjiang delta plain. The depth of the transverse rivers was generally greater than that of the longitudinal rivers, which we attribute to their origin. The former originated from tidal creeks, while the latter were formed due to the change in the rate of shoreline advance.
引文
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[16]赵政.浅谈上海地区河道淤积成因及对策[J].上海水务,2001,5(3):6-9.ZHAOZ. AstudyofFormandcountermeasureofriverchannel sedimentation in Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Water, 2001,5(3):6-9.
[17]褚绍唐.吴淞江的历史变迁[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),1980(2):102-111.ZHU S T. The historical evolution of the Wusong Jiang(River)[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science),1980(2):102-111.
[18]王昕,王张华,徐浩.近1500年来吴淞江水系演变及其淤塞原因探讨[J].上海地质,2008,29(1):1-4,48.WANG X, WANG Z H, XU H. Evolution of the Wusongjiang waterwaysystemduringthepast1500yearsanddiscussionon causes of its siltation[J]. Shanghai Geology, 2008,29(1):1-4,48.
[19]严钦尚,邵虚生.杭州湾北岸全新世海侵后期的岸线变化[J].中国科学(B辑),1987(11):1225-1235.YAN Q S, SHAO X S. The shoreline change of the north Hangzhou Bay in late stage of Holocene transgression[J]. Sciencein China(SeriesB), 1987(11):1225-1235.
[20]谢建磊,赵宝成,战庆,等.元素地球化学在古环境和古生态研究中的应用综述[J].上海国土资源,2015,36(3):64-70,74.XIE J L, ZHAO B C, ZHAN Q, et al. Review of geochemical applicationsforpaleoenvironmentalandpaleoecological analyses[J]. Shanghai Land&Resources, 2015,36(3):64-70,74.
[21]战庆.长江三角洲全新世海平面重建研究综述[J].上海国土资源,2015,36(1):80-85,94.ZHAN Q. Holocene sea-level reconstruction for the Yangtze delta plain, China[J]. Shanghai Land&Resources, 2015,36(1):80-85,94.
[22]丛新,赵龙伟.中国海岸带地区第四纪沉积环境变迁研究现状综述[J].上海国土资源,2017,38(4):80-85.CONG X, ZHAO L W. Research status of quaternary sedimentary environmentchangesintheChinesecoastalzone[J].Shanghai Land&Resources, 2017,38(4):80-85.
[2]宋建,何继英,周丽娟,等.志丹苑水闸遗址的发掘与研究[J].上海文博,2003(1):38-43.SONG J, HE J Y, ZHOU L J, et al. Excavation and study of the Zhidanyuanruinsofstonewaterconstruction[J].Shanghai Wenbo,2003(1):38-43.
[3]何继英.志丹苑元代水闸遗址与元水利专家任仁发[J].上海博物馆集刊,2012(1):463-477.HE J Y. The Yuan-dynasty sluice site at Zhidanyuan and the water conservancyexpertRenRenfa[J].ShanghaiMuseumCollected Papers, 2012(1):463-477.
[4]张玉兰,宋建,贾丽.上海志丹苑元代水闸遗址的发现及其古环境[J].上海地质,2004,25(1):6-8,35.ZHANG Y L, SONG J, JIA L. Discovery of sluice of Yuan Dynasty fromZhidanyuanrelicsanditspaleoenvironment[J].Shanghai Geology, 2004,25(1):6-8,35.
[5]张玉兰,宋建,赵泉鸿.上海志丹苑遗址元代水闸的再现及古河道演变[J].科学通报,2003,48(19):2084-2087.ZHANG Y L, SONG J, ZHAO Q H. Discovery of sluice of Yuan Dynasty from Zhidanyuan relics and its palaeochannel evolution[J].Science Bulletin, 2003,48(19):2084-2087.
[6]WANG X, WANG Z H, CHEN Z Y, et al. Zhidanyuan sluice of Yuan-dynasty, Shanghai area of Yangtze delta:discussion of its abandonment[J]. Front. Earth Sci. China, 2010,4(4):386-392.
[7]傅林祥.上海志丹苑水闸遗址考略[J].学术月刊,2005(4):98-103.FU L X. An evidential research on Shanghai Zhidanyuan sluice site[J]. Academic Monthly, 2005(4):98-103.
[8]胡昌新.探索元代“志丹苑水闸”的悬案[J].上海水务,2011,27(4):7-9.HU C X. Study on unsettled questions of Yuan Dynasty from Zhidanyuan relics[J]. Shanghai Water, 2011,27(4):7-9.
[9]吴志伟.志丹苑元代水闸遗址为赵浦南闸——兼谈任仁发《水利集》[J].都会遗踪,2016(3):82-92.WU Z W. Brief discussion on the Yuan-Dynasty water gate site andRenRenfa’sacollectionifessaysonwaterconservancy[J].Cultural Heritage of Cities, 2016(3):82-92.
[10]YAN Q S, XU S Y, SHAO X S. Holocene cheniers in the Yangtze delta, China[J]. Marine Geology, 1989,90:337-343.
[11]邱金波,李晓.上海市第四纪地层与沉积环境[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007:213.QIU J B, LI X. Quaternary strata and sedimentary environment of Shanghai[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiScienceandTechnologyPress,2007:213.
[12]YONEDA M, UNO H, SHIBATA Y, et al. Radiocarbon marine reservoiragesinthewesternpacificestimatedbypre-bomb molluscanshells[J].NuclearInstrumentsandMethodsinPhysics Research B, 2007, 259:432-437.
[13]上海市工程建设规范:岩土工程勘察规范[S].上海,2012:178-184.Codeforinvestigationofgeotechnicalengineering[S].Shanghai,2012:178-184.
[14]史玉金.上海陆域古河道分布及对工程建设影响研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(2):277-283.SHI Y J. Ancient river bed distribution and its effect on construction in land area of Shanghai[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(2):277-283.
[15]魏嵩山.太湖水系的历史变迁[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),1979(2):58-64.WEI S S. The historical evolution of Taihu water system[J]. Fudan Journal(Social Sciences Edition), 1979(2):58-64.
[16]赵政.浅谈上海地区河道淤积成因及对策[J].上海水务,2001,5(3):6-9.ZHAOZ. AstudyofFormandcountermeasureofriverchannel sedimentation in Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Water, 2001,5(3):6-9.
[17]褚绍唐.吴淞江的历史变迁[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),1980(2):102-111.ZHU S T. The historical evolution of the Wusong Jiang(River)[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science),1980(2):102-111.
[18]王昕,王张华,徐浩.近1500年来吴淞江水系演变及其淤塞原因探讨[J].上海地质,2008,29(1):1-4,48.WANG X, WANG Z H, XU H. Evolution of the Wusongjiang waterwaysystemduringthepast1500yearsanddiscussionon causes of its siltation[J]. Shanghai Geology, 2008,29(1):1-4,48.
[19]严钦尚,邵虚生.杭州湾北岸全新世海侵后期的岸线变化[J].中国科学(B辑),1987(11):1225-1235.YAN Q S, SHAO X S. The shoreline change of the north Hangzhou Bay in late stage of Holocene transgression[J]. Sciencein China(SeriesB), 1987(11):1225-1235.
[20]谢建磊,赵宝成,战庆,等.元素地球化学在古环境和古生态研究中的应用综述[J].上海国土资源,2015,36(3):64-70,74.XIE J L, ZHAO B C, ZHAN Q, et al. Review of geochemical applicationsforpaleoenvironmentalandpaleoecological analyses[J]. Shanghai Land&Resources, 2015,36(3):64-70,74.
[21]战庆.长江三角洲全新世海平面重建研究综述[J].上海国土资源,2015,36(1):80-85,94.ZHAN Q. Holocene sea-level reconstruction for the Yangtze delta plain, China[J]. Shanghai Land&Resources, 2015,36(1):80-85,94.
[22]丛新,赵龙伟.中国海岸带地区第四纪沉积环境变迁研究现状综述[J].上海国土资源,2017,38(4):80-85.CONG X, ZHAO L W. Research status of quaternary sedimentary environmentchangesintheChinesecoastalzone[J].Shanghai Land&Resources, 2017,38(4):80-85.