尺度:电影中的影像及其空间的协商
摘要
<正>电影中的场景并不是指真正的地理上的空间位置,最起码它是不值得相信的。它们和真实的情况都不成比例。电影中尺度的扩大或收缩能达到一种令人不安的程度。我们在塔的顶端和无底洞之间徘徊,我们在内心的深渊和外界无边的视野中迷失。所有的电影都将我们困扰在其中的不确定性之中。——罗伯特·史密斯~(1)在电影理论的历史中,各种摄影尺度/标尺(scale)所带来的效果未被关注过。迄今为止,最激烈的关于
引文
本文为作者在上海大学电影学高峰学科(2016)支持的国际会议“电影与媒体:理论新前沿和学术新领域”上宣读的论文。
(1)Robert Smithson,"Cinematic Atopia",in Robert Smithson,the Collected Writings,ed.Jack Flam(Berkeley:University of California Press),p.141.
(2)See Béla Balázs,Theory of the Film:Character and Growth of a New Art,trans.Edith Bone(New York:Dover Publications,Inc.,1970);Jean Epstein,"Bonjour cinéma and other writings",Trans.Tom Milne,Afterimage 10(1981):8-39;Gilles Deleuze,Cinema 1:The Movement-Image,trans.Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam(Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press),1986.Also see my article,"The Close-up:Scale and Detail in the Cinema",differences:A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies,vol.14,no.3(Fall 2003).
(3)Sergei Eisenstein,Au-déla desétoiles,trans.Jacques Aumont,Bernard Eisenschitz,Sylviane Mossé,AndréRobel,Luda et Jean Schnitzer(Paris:Union Générald’Editions,1974),p.229.
(4)同(3),第112页。
(5)"scale,n.3",The Oxford English Dictionary.2nd ed.1989.2016.OED Online.Oxford University Press.Accessed 2 August 2016.http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/171737?rskey=f Q6ccz&result=1&is Adv anced=true#first Match.
(6)"scale,n.2",The Oxford English Dictionary.2nd ed.1989.OED Online.Oxford University Press.Accessed 2 August 2016.http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/171736?rskey=Wcffx9&result=2#eid.
(7)Andrew Kirby,"Popular Culture,Academic Discourse,and the Incongruities of Scale",in Geographies of Power:Placing Scale,ed.Andrew Herod and Melissa W.Wright(Malden,MA:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.,2002),p.74.
(8)Sallie Marston,Keith Woodward,John Paul Jones III,"Scale",Dictionary of Human Geography,5th Edition,ed.Derrek Gregory,Ron Johnston,Geraldine Pratt,Michael J.Watts,and Sarah Whatmore(Malden,MA:Wiley-Blackwell,2009),p.665.
(9)See Sallie A.Marston,"The social construction of scale",Progress in Human Geography 24(2000),pp.219-242 and S.Marston and N.Smith,"States,scales,and households:Limits to scale thinking?",Progress in Human Geography 25(2001),pp.615-619.
(10)"Scale",Dictionary of Human Geography,p.666.
(11)Robert Tavernor,Smoot's Ear:The Measure of Humanity(New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2007.
(12)同(11),第16页。
(13)Oliver Wendell Holmes,"The Stereoscope and the Stereograph",in Classic Essays on Photography,ed.Alan Trachtenberg(New Haven,Conn.:Leete's Island Books,1980),p.81.
(14)See Jan Holmberg's dissertation on the close-up,Fortatadebilder:Filmensnarbilder I historiskochteoretiskbelysning(Stockholm:Aura Forlag,2000).I am grateful to Jan Holmberg for providing me with an English translation of Chapter Three,"Large and Small."
(15)Jeremy Blatter,"Constructing Scale",in Houghton Library,Paper Worlds:Printing Knowledge in Early Modern Europe(New Haven:Harvard University,2010),pp.73-74.
(16)Jorge Louis Borges,"Of Exactitude in Science",AUniversal History of Infamy,trans.Norman Thomas di Giovanni(Harmondsworth England:Penquin Books,Ltd.,1975),p.131.
(17)CGI计算机图像技术看起来已经消除了模型存在的必要性,但它依然需要根据影像空间尺度来进行制作,标量系统和模型本身并没有消失。
(18)Cited in Marta Braun,Picturing Time:The Work of EtienneJules Marey(1830-1904)(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992),p.155.See Braun,especially pp.155-156,for a discussion of Marey's attempts to develop a motion picture camera.
(19)See Tom Gunning,"Phantasmagoria and the Manufacturing of Illusions and Wonder:Towards a Cultural Optics of the Cinematic Apparatus"in The Cinema,A New Technology for the 20th Century,eds.Andre Gaudreault,Catherine Russell and Pierre Veronneau(Editions Payot Lausanne,2004)pp.31-44.
(20)Katharina Loew,"Magic Mirrors:The Schüfftan Process",in Special Effects:New Histories/Theories/Contexts,ed.Dan North,Bob Rehak,Michael S.Duffy(London:Palgrave,2015),p.63.
(21)同(20),第65页。
(22)同(20),第66页。
(23)Le Corbusier,The Modulor:A Harmonious Measure to the Human Scale Universally Applicable to Architecture and Mechanics(Cambridge:Harvard UP,1954),p.20.
(24)同(23),第19页。
(25)Christopher Lukinbeal,"Scale:An Unstable Representational Analogy",Media Fields Journal,no.4(2012),p.2.
(26)当前“米”的定义是以光的速度为基础的--光在一个特定的时间段(1/299,792,458秒)内所通过的距离。
(27)Peter Sloterdijk,Spheres,vol.2:Globes,trans.Wieland Hoban(South Pasadena,CA:Semiotext(e),2014),p.868.
(28)Cited in Peter H.Brothers,"Japan's Nuclear Nightmare:How the Bomb Became a Beast Called Godzilla",Cineaste,vol.36,issue 3(Summer 2011),p.36.
(29)"Godzilla",Wikipedia,The Free Encyclopedia,Aug.4,2016.Accessed Aug.5,2016.
(30)"The New Godzilla is 350 Feet Tall!Biggest Godzilla Ever!"Movie Tribute,February 28,2014.Accessed Aug.5,2016.
(31)同(27),第785页。
(32)同(27),第936页。
(1)Robert Smithson,"Cinematic Atopia",in Robert Smithson,the Collected Writings,ed.Jack Flam(Berkeley:University of California Press),p.141.
(2)See Béla Balázs,Theory of the Film:Character and Growth of a New Art,trans.Edith Bone(New York:Dover Publications,Inc.,1970);Jean Epstein,"Bonjour cinéma and other writings",Trans.Tom Milne,Afterimage 10(1981):8-39;Gilles Deleuze,Cinema 1:The Movement-Image,trans.Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam(Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press),1986.Also see my article,"The Close-up:Scale and Detail in the Cinema",differences:A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies,vol.14,no.3(Fall 2003).
(3)Sergei Eisenstein,Au-déla desétoiles,trans.Jacques Aumont,Bernard Eisenschitz,Sylviane Mossé,AndréRobel,Luda et Jean Schnitzer(Paris:Union Générald’Editions,1974),p.229.
(4)同(3),第112页。
(5)"scale,n.3",The Oxford English Dictionary.2nd ed.1989.2016.OED Online.Oxford University Press.Accessed 2 August 2016.http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/171737?rskey=f Q6ccz&result=1&is Adv anced=true#first Match.
(6)"scale,n.2",The Oxford English Dictionary.2nd ed.1989.OED Online.Oxford University Press.Accessed 2 August 2016.http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/171736?rskey=Wcffx9&result=2#eid.
(7)Andrew Kirby,"Popular Culture,Academic Discourse,and the Incongruities of Scale",in Geographies of Power:Placing Scale,ed.Andrew Herod and Melissa W.Wright(Malden,MA:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.,2002),p.74.
(8)Sallie Marston,Keith Woodward,John Paul Jones III,"Scale",Dictionary of Human Geography,5th Edition,ed.Derrek Gregory,Ron Johnston,Geraldine Pratt,Michael J.Watts,and Sarah Whatmore(Malden,MA:Wiley-Blackwell,2009),p.665.
(9)See Sallie A.Marston,"The social construction of scale",Progress in Human Geography 24(2000),pp.219-242 and S.Marston and N.Smith,"States,scales,and households:Limits to scale thinking?",Progress in Human Geography 25(2001),pp.615-619.
(10)"Scale",Dictionary of Human Geography,p.666.
(11)Robert Tavernor,Smoot's Ear:The Measure of Humanity(New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2007.
(12)同(11),第16页。
(13)Oliver Wendell Holmes,"The Stereoscope and the Stereograph",in Classic Essays on Photography,ed.Alan Trachtenberg(New Haven,Conn.:Leete's Island Books,1980),p.81.
(14)See Jan Holmberg's dissertation on the close-up,Fortatadebilder:Filmensnarbilder I historiskochteoretiskbelysning(Stockholm:Aura Forlag,2000).I am grateful to Jan Holmberg for providing me with an English translation of Chapter Three,"Large and Small."
(15)Jeremy Blatter,"Constructing Scale",in Houghton Library,Paper Worlds:Printing Knowledge in Early Modern Europe(New Haven:Harvard University,2010),pp.73-74.
(16)Jorge Louis Borges,"Of Exactitude in Science",AUniversal History of Infamy,trans.Norman Thomas di Giovanni(Harmondsworth England:Penquin Books,Ltd.,1975),p.131.
(17)CGI计算机图像技术看起来已经消除了模型存在的必要性,但它依然需要根据影像空间尺度来进行制作,标量系统和模型本身并没有消失。
(18)Cited in Marta Braun,Picturing Time:The Work of EtienneJules Marey(1830-1904)(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992),p.155.See Braun,especially pp.155-156,for a discussion of Marey's attempts to develop a motion picture camera.
(19)See Tom Gunning,"Phantasmagoria and the Manufacturing of Illusions and Wonder:Towards a Cultural Optics of the Cinematic Apparatus"in The Cinema,A New Technology for the 20th Century,eds.Andre Gaudreault,Catherine Russell and Pierre Veronneau(Editions Payot Lausanne,2004)pp.31-44.
(20)Katharina Loew,"Magic Mirrors:The Schüfftan Process",in Special Effects:New Histories/Theories/Contexts,ed.Dan North,Bob Rehak,Michael S.Duffy(London:Palgrave,2015),p.63.
(21)同(20),第65页。
(22)同(20),第66页。
(23)Le Corbusier,The Modulor:A Harmonious Measure to the Human Scale Universally Applicable to Architecture and Mechanics(Cambridge:Harvard UP,1954),p.20.
(24)同(23),第19页。
(25)Christopher Lukinbeal,"Scale:An Unstable Representational Analogy",Media Fields Journal,no.4(2012),p.2.
(26)当前“米”的定义是以光的速度为基础的--光在一个特定的时间段(1/299,792,458秒)内所通过的距离。
(27)Peter Sloterdijk,Spheres,vol.2:Globes,trans.Wieland Hoban(South Pasadena,CA:Semiotext(e),2014),p.868.
(28)Cited in Peter H.Brothers,"Japan's Nuclear Nightmare:How the Bomb Became a Beast Called Godzilla",Cineaste,vol.36,issue 3(Summer 2011),p.36.
(29)"Godzilla",Wikipedia,The Free Encyclopedia,Aug.4,2016.Accessed Aug.5,2016.
(30)"The New Godzilla is 350 Feet Tall!Biggest Godzilla Ever!"Movie Tribute,February 28,2014.Accessed Aug.5,2016.
(31)同(27),第785页。
(32)同(27),第936页。