纵波方位各向异性正演模拟及叠前裂缝检测应用研究——以鄂尔多斯盆地致密砂岩气区块为例
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摘要
裂缝作为油气的重要运移通道,同时可以显著改善致密储层的孔渗特性,因此预测裂缝的发育对于寻找天然气聚集的地质甜点及致密储层压裂施工改造的工程甜点具有非常关键的指导作用.基于叠前纵波地震资料的方位各向异性特性进行裂缝预测技术,由于受多种因素影响裂缝方位与纵波反射系数的关系异常复杂,因此需要通过岩石物理正演模拟实验以及成像测井资料来确定二者之间关系.在此基础上针对鄂尔多斯盆地X区块的致密砂岩储层,利用裂缝相对密度半定量化研究技术,成功预测了X区块的致密砂岩储层的裂缝发育的密度.通过电阻率成像测井、钻井岩心资料及后续压裂试采情况验证表明:高角度高导裂缝与叠前裂缝预测成果吻合度较高,预测精度能够满足勘探开发生产需求,证明该技术在X区块具有实际的应用价值.
Fracture is one important type of migration pathway for hydrocarbon, as well as a key factor which significantly improves the porosity-permeability property in tight reservoirs. Therefore the prediction of distribution of fracturing system takes a critical role in discovering geological dessert of gas accumulations and engineering dessert of fracturing in tight reservoirs. We use azimuthal anisotropy of prestack P-wave seismic data to predict the layout of fractures. Due to the complexity between azimuth of fractures and the P-wave reflection coefficient, we must determine the interactive relationship between them by petrophysical forward simulations and imaging logging data. Subsequently we apply the fracture-relative-density semi-quantitative calibration technology to the tight sandstone reservoir of X Block in Ordos basin, which, in turn, successfully aid us to predict the density of fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs. The FMI, coring data and the subsequent fracturing test results validate that the high-angle and high-conductive fractures are consistent with pre-stack prediction results whose forecasting precision meets all fundamental requirements from exploration and production of hydrocarbon. Our new technology is proved effective and it has the widespread commercial value and the prospects for development in X Block.
Fracture is one important type of migration pathway for hydrocarbon, as well as a key factor which significantly improves the porosity-permeability property in tight reservoirs. Therefore the prediction of distribution of fracturing system takes a critical role in discovering geological dessert of gas accumulations and engineering dessert of fracturing in tight reservoirs. We use azimuthal anisotropy of prestack P-wave seismic data to predict the layout of fractures. Due to the complexity between azimuth of fractures and the P-wave reflection coefficient, we must determine the interactive relationship between them by petrophysical forward simulations and imaging logging data. Subsequently we apply the fracture-relative-density semi-quantitative calibration technology to the tight sandstone reservoir of X Block in Ordos basin, which, in turn, successfully aid us to predict the density of fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs. The FMI, coring data and the subsequent fracturing test results validate that the high-angle and high-conductive fractures are consistent with pre-stack prediction results whose forecasting precision meets all fundamental requirements from exploration and production of hydrocarbon. Our new technology is proved effective and it has the widespread commercial value and the prospects for development in X Block.
引文
Crampin S. 1981. A review of wave motion in anisotropic and cracked elastic-media [J]. Wave Motion,3(4): 343-391.
Crampin S. 1987. Geological and industrial implications of extensive-dilatancy anisotropy [J]. Nature,328: 491- 496.
CHEN Huai-Zhen,YIN Xing-Yao,ZHANG Jin-Qiang,et al. 2014. Seismic inversion for fracture rock physics parameters using azimuthally anisotropic elastic impedance [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),57(10): 3431-3441,doi: 10.6038/cjg20141029.陈怀震,印兴耀,张金强,等. 2014. 基于方位各向异性弹性阻抗的裂缝岩石物理参数反演方法研究[J]. 地球物理学报,57(10): 3431-3441,doi: 10.6038/cjg20141029.
CHEN Qiao,LIU Xiang-Jun,LIANG Li-Xi,et al. 2012. Numerical simulation of the fractured model acoustic attenuation coefficient [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),(6): 2044-2052,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.06.026.陈乔,刘向君,梁利喜,等. 2012. 裂缝模型声波衰减系数的数值模拟[J]. 地球物理学报,(6): 2044-2052,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.06.026.
DING Pin-Bo,DI Bang-Rang,WEI Jian-Xin,et al. 2015. Experimental research on the effects of crack density based on synthetic sandstones contain controlled fractures [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),58(4): 1390-1399,doi: 10.6038/cjg20150425.丁拼搏,狄帮让,魏建新,等. 2015. 利用含可控裂缝人工岩样研究裂缝密度对各向异性的影响[J]. 地球物理学报,58(4): 1390-1399,doi: 10.6038/cjg20150425.
DING Pin-Bo,DI Bang-Rang,WEI Jian-Xin,et al. 2017. Velocity and anisotropy influenced by different scale fractures: Experiments on synthetic rocks with controlled fractures [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),60(4): 1538-1546,doi: 10.6038/cjg20170426.丁拼搏,狄帮让,魏建新,等. 2017. 不同尺度裂缝对弹性波速度和各向异性影响的实验研究[J]. 地球物理学报 ,60(4): 1538-1546,doi: 10.6038/cjg20170426.
Far M E,Sayers C M,Thomsen L,et al. 2013. Seismic characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs using amplitude versus offset and azimuth analysis [J]. Geophysical Prospecting,61(2): 427- 447.
Gan Q G,Yang Z W,Peng D J. 2011. AVA fracture detection and its application in JM area [J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),6(5): 25-28.
Gray D,Head K. 2000. Fracture detection in Manderson Field: A 3-D AVAZ case history [J]. Leading Edge,19(11): 1214-1221.
He Z H,Huang D J. 2003. Detection and prediction of fracture-cavecontained reservoir from seismic data [J]. Progress in Exploration Geophysics (in Chinese),26(2): 79-98.贺振华,黄德济. 2003. 缝洞储层的地震检测和预测[J]. 勘探地球物理进展,26(2): 79-98.
Kuster G T,Toksoz M N. 1974. Velocity and Attenuation of Seismic Waves in Two-Phase Media: Part I. Theoretical Formulations [J]. Geophysics,39(5): 587- 606.
Liu S Q,Hu Q Z. 2008. Discussion on Technology of Prestack Fracture Detection [J]. Tuha Oil & Gas (in Chinese),13(1): 68-70.刘书强,胡前泽. 2008. 叠前裂缝检测技术浅谈[J]. 吐哈油气,13(1): 68-70.
Qu S L,Ji Y X,Wang X,et al. 2001. Seismic method for using full-azimuth P-wave attribution to detect fracture [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),36(4): 390-397.曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫,等. 2001. 全方位P波属性裂缝检测方法[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,36(4): 390-397.
Tang J W,Ding J R,Hao T Y. 2008. Application study of comprehensive geophysical methods in the Xuwen area [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),23(3): 800-807.唐建伟,丁建荣,郝天珧. 2008. 徐闻地区综合地球物理勘探方法应用研究[J]. 地球物理学进展,23(3): 800-807.
Thomsen L .1986. Weak elastic anisotropy [J]. Geophysics,51(10): 1954-1966.
Thomsen L .1988. Reflection seismology over azimuthally anisotropic media [J]. Geophysics,53(3): 304-313.
Tsvankin I,Gaiser J,Grechka V,et al. 2010. Seismic anisotropy in exploration and reservoir characterization: An overview [J]. Geophysics,75(5): 75A15-75A29.
Yang Q Y,Zhao Q,Wang S X. 2006. P-wave azimuthal anisotropy and its application in detection of fractures [J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),45(2): 177-181.杨勤勇,赵群,王世星. 2006. 纵波方位各向异性及其在裂缝检测中的应用[J]. 石油物探,45(2): 177-181.
Yang X,Wang Z L,Yu Y Y. 2010. The overview of seismic techniques in prediction of fracture reservoir [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),25(5): 1785-1794,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2010.05.036.杨晓,王真理,喻岳钰.2010. 裂缝性储层地震检测方法综述[J]. 地球物理学进展,25(5): 1785-1794,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2010.05.036.
Zhu M,Huo J J,Bai X F. 2011. Application of Fracture Prediction with Prestack Seismic Data in Fengcheng Field of Junggar Basin [J]. China Petroleum Exploration (in Chinese),6(5): 25-28,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2011.05- 06.005.朱明,霍进杰,白雪峰.2011. 准噶尔盆地风城地区风城组叠前裂缝检测技术应用[J]. 中国石油勘探,6(5): 25-28,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2011.05- 06.005.
甘其刚,杨振武,彭大钧. 2004. 振幅随方位角变化裂缝检测技术及其应用[J]. 石油物探,43(4): 373-376.
Crampin S. 1987. Geological and industrial implications of extensive-dilatancy anisotropy [J]. Nature,328: 491- 496.
CHEN Huai-Zhen,YIN Xing-Yao,ZHANG Jin-Qiang,et al. 2014. Seismic inversion for fracture rock physics parameters using azimuthally anisotropic elastic impedance [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),57(10): 3431-3441,doi: 10.6038/cjg20141029.陈怀震,印兴耀,张金强,等. 2014. 基于方位各向异性弹性阻抗的裂缝岩石物理参数反演方法研究[J]. 地球物理学报,57(10): 3431-3441,doi: 10.6038/cjg20141029.
CHEN Qiao,LIU Xiang-Jun,LIANG Li-Xi,et al. 2012. Numerical simulation of the fractured model acoustic attenuation coefficient [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),(6): 2044-2052,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.06.026.陈乔,刘向君,梁利喜,等. 2012. 裂缝模型声波衰减系数的数值模拟[J]. 地球物理学报,(6): 2044-2052,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.06.026.
DING Pin-Bo,DI Bang-Rang,WEI Jian-Xin,et al. 2015. Experimental research on the effects of crack density based on synthetic sandstones contain controlled fractures [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),58(4): 1390-1399,doi: 10.6038/cjg20150425.丁拼搏,狄帮让,魏建新,等. 2015. 利用含可控裂缝人工岩样研究裂缝密度对各向异性的影响[J]. 地球物理学报,58(4): 1390-1399,doi: 10.6038/cjg20150425.
DING Pin-Bo,DI Bang-Rang,WEI Jian-Xin,et al. 2017. Velocity and anisotropy influenced by different scale fractures: Experiments on synthetic rocks with controlled fractures [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),60(4): 1538-1546,doi: 10.6038/cjg20170426.丁拼搏,狄帮让,魏建新,等. 2017. 不同尺度裂缝对弹性波速度和各向异性影响的实验研究[J]. 地球物理学报 ,60(4): 1538-1546,doi: 10.6038/cjg20170426.
Far M E,Sayers C M,Thomsen L,et al. 2013. Seismic characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs using amplitude versus offset and azimuth analysis [J]. Geophysical Prospecting,61(2): 427- 447.
Gan Q G,Yang Z W,Peng D J. 2011. AVA fracture detection and its application in JM area [J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),6(5): 25-28.
Gray D,Head K. 2000. Fracture detection in Manderson Field: A 3-D AVAZ case history [J]. Leading Edge,19(11): 1214-1221.
He Z H,Huang D J. 2003. Detection and prediction of fracture-cavecontained reservoir from seismic data [J]. Progress in Exploration Geophysics (in Chinese),26(2): 79-98.贺振华,黄德济. 2003. 缝洞储层的地震检测和预测[J]. 勘探地球物理进展,26(2): 79-98.
Kuster G T,Toksoz M N. 1974. Velocity and Attenuation of Seismic Waves in Two-Phase Media: Part I. Theoretical Formulations [J]. Geophysics,39(5): 587- 606.
Liu S Q,Hu Q Z. 2008. Discussion on Technology of Prestack Fracture Detection [J]. Tuha Oil & Gas (in Chinese),13(1): 68-70.刘书强,胡前泽. 2008. 叠前裂缝检测技术浅谈[J]. 吐哈油气,13(1): 68-70.
Qu S L,Ji Y X,Wang X,et al. 2001. Seismic method for using full-azimuth P-wave attribution to detect fracture [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),36(4): 390-397.曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫,等. 2001. 全方位P波属性裂缝检测方法[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,36(4): 390-397.
Tang J W,Ding J R,Hao T Y. 2008. Application study of comprehensive geophysical methods in the Xuwen area [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),23(3): 800-807.唐建伟,丁建荣,郝天珧. 2008. 徐闻地区综合地球物理勘探方法应用研究[J]. 地球物理学进展,23(3): 800-807.
Thomsen L .1986. Weak elastic anisotropy [J]. Geophysics,51(10): 1954-1966.
Thomsen L .1988. Reflection seismology over azimuthally anisotropic media [J]. Geophysics,53(3): 304-313.
Tsvankin I,Gaiser J,Grechka V,et al. 2010. Seismic anisotropy in exploration and reservoir characterization: An overview [J]. Geophysics,75(5): 75A15-75A29.
Yang Q Y,Zhao Q,Wang S X. 2006. P-wave azimuthal anisotropy and its application in detection of fractures [J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),45(2): 177-181.杨勤勇,赵群,王世星. 2006. 纵波方位各向异性及其在裂缝检测中的应用[J]. 石油物探,45(2): 177-181.
Yang X,Wang Z L,Yu Y Y. 2010. The overview of seismic techniques in prediction of fracture reservoir [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),25(5): 1785-1794,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2010.05.036.杨晓,王真理,喻岳钰.2010. 裂缝性储层地震检测方法综述[J]. 地球物理学进展,25(5): 1785-1794,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2010.05.036.
Zhu M,Huo J J,Bai X F. 2011. Application of Fracture Prediction with Prestack Seismic Data in Fengcheng Field of Junggar Basin [J]. China Petroleum Exploration (in Chinese),6(5): 25-28,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2011.05- 06.005.朱明,霍进杰,白雪峰.2011. 准噶尔盆地风城地区风城组叠前裂缝检测技术应用[J]. 中国石油勘探,6(5): 25-28,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2011.05- 06.005.
甘其刚,杨振武,彭大钧. 2004. 振幅随方位角变化裂缝检测技术及其应用[J]. 石油物探,43(4): 373-376.