中国西北地区页岩气形成地质条件分析
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摘要
长期以来,对西北地区盆地常规石油勘探已经取得了巨大突破,但页岩气的勘探仍处于起步阶段。页岩气具有自身的成藏机理,需要特殊的地质条件。通过分析我国西北地区塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地、准噶尔盆地、吐哈盆地、银-额盆地和焉耆盆地页岩分布情况、厚度、面积、总有机碳含量、热演化程度、有机质类型、矿物岩石成分等因素,认为中国西北地区页岩分布面积广泛、厚度大,许多盆地或地区页岩有机碳含量高、热演化程度高、有机质类型好,具备页岩气大规模成藏的地质条件。其中吐哈盆地页岩与塔里木盆地页岩中黏土矿物含量低,石英等脆性矿物含量高,易受外力作用影响形成天然裂缝与诱导裂缝网络结构,有利于页岩气开采。与美国产气页岩的各项指标比较发现,塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地古生界海相及海陆交互相页岩厚度大、脆性矿物种类多且含量高,但有机质丰度较美国海相产气页岩低,且热演化程度高(大部分处于高-过成熟热解气阶段)。与埋深超过3 000m的古生界过成熟(Ro为0.51%～3%)页岩和浅埋深但有机碳含量偏低(普遍小于2%)的新生界陆相页岩相比,中生界湖相和湖-沼相高有机碳含量(最高值达15.6%)页岩更具有勘探价值。
For a long time,great breakthrough has been made in conventional oil exploration in the basins of Northwest China,however the exploration of shale gas is still in its infancy due to its spectacular accumulation mechanism and controlled by special geological conditions.By analyzing the distribution,thickness,area,total organic carbon content,thermal evolution,type of organic matter and petrographic composition of the shale in Tarim Basin,Qaidam Basin,Junggar Basin,Turpan-Hami Basin,Yin′gen-e′ji′naqi Basin and Yanqi Basin respectively,we consider that the shale is widely distributed in Northwest China,and is characterized by big thickness,high TOC,high degree of thermal evolution,perfect type of organic matter,which is qualified for the geological conditions to form large scale of shale gas reservoir.Among these basins,low clay mineral content and high brittle mineral content such as quartz within shale of Tarim Basin and Turpan-Hami Basin is easy to generate natural fractures and induce fractures influenced by external force.As a result,network structure joint fractures are developed in the shale,which is favorable for Shale gas exploration.Compared with the U.S.marine facies shale,Palaeozoic shale with large thickness in Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin contain a variety of high content of brittle minerals,but have lower TOC and higher degree of thermal evolution.Mesozoic lacustrine facies and paludal facies shale with higher TOC(maximum value of up to 15.6%) have more exploration value if it is compared with the Palaeozoic marine facies shale with depth of more than 3 000 m of which organic matter has a high thermal evolutionary degree,and with Cenozoic land facies shale with lower TOC(generally less than 2%).
For a long time,great breakthrough has been made in conventional oil exploration in the basins of Northwest China,however the exploration of shale gas is still in its infancy due to its spectacular accumulation mechanism and controlled by special geological conditions.By analyzing the distribution,thickness,area,total organic carbon content,thermal evolution,type of organic matter and petrographic composition of the shale in Tarim Basin,Qaidam Basin,Junggar Basin,Turpan-Hami Basin,Yin′gen-e′ji′naqi Basin and Yanqi Basin respectively,we consider that the shale is widely distributed in Northwest China,and is characterized by big thickness,high TOC,high degree of thermal evolution,perfect type of organic matter,which is qualified for the geological conditions to form large scale of shale gas reservoir.Among these basins,low clay mineral content and high brittle mineral content such as quartz within shale of Tarim Basin and Turpan-Hami Basin is easy to generate natural fractures and induce fractures influenced by external force.As a result,network structure joint fractures are developed in the shale,which is favorable for Shale gas exploration.Compared with the U.S.marine facies shale,Palaeozoic shale with large thickness in Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin contain a variety of high content of brittle minerals,but have lower TOC and higher degree of thermal evolution.Mesozoic lacustrine facies and paludal facies shale with higher TOC(maximum value of up to 15.6%) have more exploration value if it is compared with the Palaeozoic marine facies shale with depth of more than 3 000 m of which organic matter has a high thermal evolutionary degree,and with Cenozoic land facies shale with lower TOC(generally less than 2%).
引文
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[3]秦建中.中国烃源岩[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:252-263.
[4]郑军卫,刘文汇,史斗.塔里木盆地深层气勘探潜势[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(5):802-807.
[5]李素梅,庞雄奇,杨海军,等.塔里木盆地海相混源油气成藏理论与模式[R].北京:中国石油大学,2009:1-11.
[6]王飞宇,杜治利,张宝民,等.柯坪剖面中上奥陶统萨尔干组黑色页岩地球化学特征[J].新疆石油地质,2008,29(6):687-689.
[7]张水昌,王飞宇,张保民,等.塔里木盆地中上奥陶统油源层地球化学研究[J].石油学报,2000,21(6):23-28.
[8]文志刚,王正允,何幼斌.柴北缘下奥陶统烃源岩有机地球化学特征[J].天然气工业,2004,24(4):7-9.
[9]程顶胜,刘松,吴培红,等.塔里木盆地石炭系生烃潜力的模糊数学综合评价[J].石油学报,2000,21(1):34-39.
[10]文志刚,王正允,何幼斌,等.柴达木盆地北缘上石炭统烃源岩评价[J].天然气地球科学,2004,15(2):125-127.
[11]段宏亮,钟建华,邱旭明,等.柴东地区石炭系烃源岩地球化学特征[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(2):219-231.
[12]国建英,李志明.准噶尔盆地石炭系烃源岩特征及气源分析[J].石油实验地质,2009,31(3):275-281.
[13]何登发,陈新发,况军,等.准噶尔盆地石炭系烃源岩分布与含油气系统[J].石油勘探与开发,2010,37(4):397-408.
[14]高岗,梁浩,李华明,等.吐哈盆地石炭系—下二叠统烃源岩地球化学特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2009,36(5):583-592.
[15]黄凯,赖世新,陈景亮,等.准噶尔盆地二叠系含油气系统类型及展布[J].新疆石油地质,1999,20(4):287-292.
[16]徐耀辉,文志刚,唐友军.准噶尔盆地南缘上二叠统烃源岩评价[J].石油天然气学报:江汉石油学院学报,2007,29(3):20-22.
[17]徐宗谦,苏传国.吐哈盆地与准噶尔盆地生烃条件对比[J].吐哈油气,1997,4(13):17-22.
[18]柳益群,冯乔,周立发,等.吐哈盆地二叠系含油结核研究及生油前景分析[J].石油学报,2002,23(5):40-43.
[19]苏传国,李定方,蒋新义,等.吐哈盆地台北凹陷上二叠统源岩生烃潜力分析[J].新疆地质,2002,20(1):77-79.
[20]尹成明,江波,韩秦鹏,等.柴达木盆地石油勘探潜力及勘探方向[J].中国石油勘探,2006,11(6):38-41.
[21]傅恒,刘巧红,杨树生.陆相烃源岩的沉积环境及其对生烃潜力的影响:以准噶尔盆地侏罗系烃源岩为例[J].岩相古地理,1996,16(5):31-36.
[22]姚素平,毛鹤龄,金奎励,等.准噶尔盆地侏罗系西山窑组沉积有机相研究及烃源岩评价[J].中国矿业大学学报,1997,26(1):60-64.
[23]郑建京,温德顺,孟仟祥,等.煤系烃源岩热模拟演化过程的地球化学参数特征:以准噶尔盆地侏罗系煤系烃源岩为例[J].天然气地球科学,2003,14(2):134-138.
[24]尹亚晖,庞雄奇,石兴春,等.吐哈盆地前侏罗系烃源岩生排烃史定量模拟与有利勘探区预测[J].石油勘探与开发,2000,27(4):49-51.
[25]陈建平,黄第藩,李晋超,等.吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤系油气主力源岩探讨[J].地质学报,1999,73(2):140-151.
[26]马强,姚亚明,金维平,等.焉耆盆地含油气系统[J].新疆石油地质,2008,29(2):172-175.
[27]张代生.银根—额济纳旗盆地油气地质条件与勘探方向[J].吐哈油气,2002,7(1):5-10.
[28]王力,金强.柴达木盆地西部第三系烃源灶及其对油气聚集的控制作用[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(4):467-472.
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[30]梅建森,康毅力,张永高,等.柴达木盆地生物气源岩评价及勘探方向[J].天然气工业,2007,27(9):17-20.
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[32]杨威,魏国齐,王清华,等.塔里木盆地寒武系两类优质烃源岩及其形成的含油气系统[J].石油与天然气地质,2004,25(3):263-267.
[33]马安来,金之钧,张水昌,等.塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系烃源岩的分子地球化学特征[J].地球化学,2006,35(6):593-601.
[34]石昕,王绪龙,张霞,等.准噶尔盆地石炭系烃源岩分布及地球化学特征[J].中国石油勘探,2005,1:34-39.
[35]段宏亮,钟建华,王志坤,等.柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩评价[J].地质通报,2006,25(9/10):1136-1142.
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