新疆核桃主栽品种开花及散粉特性研究
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摘要
对新疆主栽核桃品种的开花物候期、花粉活力和散粉规律方面进行研究,旨在揭示开花及散粉规律,为提高授粉受精效果以及科学配置授粉树提供依据。以新疆‘新新2’、‘温185’2个主栽早实核桃品种为材料,在花期对花粉量统计测算、花粉活力测定、开花物候期观测、花期散粉量和日散粉量测定等进行研究。结果表明:(1)2个品种每花蕾中花粉粒个数,‘温185’平均为7.70万粒,‘新新2’平均为7.14万粒。(2)2个主栽品种散粉量在空间方向基本一致,依次为南部>东部>西部>北部>内部;同一方向散粉量,中部>内部>外部。(3)平均气温20~24℃是2个主栽品种最为适宜的散粉温度。(4)‘新新2’与‘温185’雌雄花期可遇,同为约4天,但‘新新2’在自然条件可进行自花授粉,而‘温185’因雌花失去可授性,不能进行自花授粉。温度在核桃散粉的过程中起着重要的作用;雄花在树冠不同空间方位存在散粉差异。
In order to reveal the regularity of walnuts' flowering and pollen dissemination and to provide basis for improving effects on their pollination and fecundation and arrange pollination trees scientifically, a study was carried out on the blooming phenophase, pollen viability and the regularity of pollen dissemination of the main cultivated walnut varieties in Xinjiang. Using two main-cultivated early bearing walnut varieties‘Xinxin 2'and‘Wen 185'in Xinjiang as materials, the authors computed the quantities of pollen, measured the pollen's vitality, observed the blossom phonological and measured the quantities of pollen dissemination in total and in a day during the florescence. The results indicated that the numbers of anther in every bud of‘Wen185'and‘Xinxin2'had average 77000 and 71400 grains respectively. The two main cultivated varieties' quantity of pollen dissemination was consistent in spatial direction: south> east> west> north>internal successively; for the same direction, it was central> internal> outside. The optimum temperature about the two main varieties' pollen dissemination was 20℃ to 24℃. The male and female flowers' flowering phases of‘Xinxin2'and‘Wen185'were synchronization, which were about 4 days. The flowers of‘Xinxin 2'could be self-pollinated under natural conditions, but the female flowers of‘Wen185'lost its receptivity, so failed to be self-pollinated. The temperature played an important role in walnuts' pollen dissemination. There was difference in pollen dissemination when the male flowers distributed in different spaces of tree crown.
In order to reveal the regularity of walnuts' flowering and pollen dissemination and to provide basis for improving effects on their pollination and fecundation and arrange pollination trees scientifically, a study was carried out on the blooming phenophase, pollen viability and the regularity of pollen dissemination of the main cultivated walnut varieties in Xinjiang. Using two main-cultivated early bearing walnut varieties‘Xinxin 2'and‘Wen 185'in Xinjiang as materials, the authors computed the quantities of pollen, measured the pollen's vitality, observed the blossom phonological and measured the quantities of pollen dissemination in total and in a day during the florescence. The results indicated that the numbers of anther in every bud of‘Wen185'and‘Xinxin2'had average 77000 and 71400 grains respectively. The two main cultivated varieties' quantity of pollen dissemination was consistent in spatial direction: south> east> west> north>internal successively; for the same direction, it was central> internal> outside. The optimum temperature about the two main varieties' pollen dissemination was 20℃ to 24℃. The male and female flowers' flowering phases of‘Xinxin2'and‘Wen185'were synchronization, which were about 4 days. The flowers of‘Xinxin 2'could be self-pollinated under natural conditions, but the female flowers of‘Wen185'lost its receptivity, so failed to be self-pollinated. The temperature played an important role in walnuts' pollen dissemination. There was difference in pollen dissemination when the male flowers distributed in different spaces of tree crown.
引文
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[18]齐国辉,李保同,黄瑞虹,等.早实核桃新品种的生物学特性[J].经济林研究,2008,26(2):39-43.
[19]马燕,靳丽鑫,张雪梅,等.不同麻核桃品种物候期观察和花粉特性研究[J].北方园艺,2014(15):17-21
[20]房瑶瑶,陈兴彬,杨克强.核桃实生群体物候的观测[J].经济林研究,2011,29(3):97-101.
[21]Wood Bruce W,Smith Morris W,Worley Ray E,et al.Reproductive and vegetative Characteristics of Pecan Cultivars[J].Hort Science,1997,32(6):1028-1033.
[2]缑锋利.3种核桃花粉生活力的比较研究[J].山西农业科学,2014,42(2):140-142.
[3]王锦锋.核桃不同品种花粉生活力及其贮藏条件研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(2):392-394
[4]张毅,裘银伟,郭永伟,等.山核桃离体花粉活力初步研究[J].江苏林业科技,2007,34(6):13-14.
[5]吴开志,肖千文,廖运洪,等.核桃花粉离体萌发的培养基研究[J].果树学报,2008,25(6):941-945.
[6]王红霞,高仪,张志华,等.核桃花粉形态及生活力的比较[J].中国农业通报,2011,27(10):98-101.
[7]张斌,夏国华,王正加,等.山核桃开花生物学特性与雌花可授期[J].西南林学院学报,2008,28(6)1-4.
[8]莫正海,张计育,翟敏,等.薄壳山核桃在南京的开花物候期观察和比较[J].植物资源与环境学报,2013,22(1):57-62.
[9]苏喜廷,姚盛智,陈志诚,等.胡桃楸遗传改良中几项技术的试验研究[J].林业科技,2008,33(1):8-9.
[10]安晓芹,廖康,马媛,等.新疆杏品种开花生物学特性研究[J].新疆农业大学学报,2012,35(4):287-293.
[11]左丹丹,明军,刘春,等.植物花粉生活力检测技术进展[J].安徽农业科,2007,35(62):4742-4745.
[12]胡适宜.花粉生活力的测定[J].植物学通报,1993,70(2):60-62.
[13]孟娟,贾兵,衡伟.砀山酥梨花芽分化及开花物候期观察研究[J].安徽林业科技,2012,38(1):15-19.
[14]唐巧红.新疆野苹果的开花物候期和授粉试验[J].浙江农业科学,2013(3):285-286.
[15]汤仁发.山核桃小年变大年的原因分析[J].浙江林业科技,1980(4):26.
[16]殷巧,唐文莉,章兵,等.5个美国山核桃优良品种开花等性状比较[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(10):23-27
[17]李川,辜夕容,姚小华.薄壳山核桃主要无性系开花物候及花粉特性研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2012:10-14.
[18]齐国辉,李保同,黄瑞虹,等.早实核桃新品种的生物学特性[J].经济林研究,2008,26(2):39-43.
[19]马燕,靳丽鑫,张雪梅,等.不同麻核桃品种物候期观察和花粉特性研究[J].北方园艺,2014(15):17-21
[20]房瑶瑶,陈兴彬,杨克强.核桃实生群体物候的观测[J].经济林研究,2011,29(3):97-101.
[21]Wood Bruce W,Smith Morris W,Worley Ray E,et al.Reproductive and vegetative Characteristics of Pecan Cultivars[J].Hort Science,1997,32(6):1028-1033.