新时代中国乡村振兴:探索与思考——乡村地理青年学者笔谈
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摘要
乡村振兴是新时期国家重大战略,是一项系统工程。中国地域广阔,资源禀赋和经济发展区域差异显著,乡村振兴路径需要体现乡村发展的综合性、复杂性和区域性。来自乡村地理学领域的16位青年学者,以笔谈方式,对中国乡村振兴的科学路径开展了深入讨论。核心观点如下:(1)乡村振兴需要遵循时空分异规律,重点关注乡村发展的时空传承与现实需求之间的衔接,建立彰显地域特色和具有可操行性的理论和技术体系,分类、有序地推进乡村的人居环境、产业体系、生态环境和治理模式等转型。(2)力求城乡融合和联动,构建城乡复合多中心网络体系,创新采用"乡村群"空间组织模式,以乡村内生力、城镇辐射力与规划约束力共同驱动乡村振兴。(3)在中国"大国小农"的基本国情下,农业承载着食品安全、社会稳定和生态产品等多重功能,需要构建农业"全价值链"的发展路径,促进一二三产业深度融合,助力乡村产业兴旺。(4)在能源富集区,在保障国家能源安全需求前提下,需从根本上解决农村发展不平衡不充分问题;在西南地区,依托山区特色生态、人文资源打造山区现代农业产业体系、重塑乡村旅游新品牌、构筑山水田园乡村家园;在东北地区,乡村振兴应与"东北振兴"战略协同推进,有序分类推进;在长三角地区,应在全面认知乡村工业化到乡村城镇化,再到乡村特色化,到乡村的社会、文化和生态建设的阶段演化特征基础上,寻求差异化的乡村振兴路径;在西北地区,应在生态保护的前提下有效提升乡村"自主脱贫"的能力,实现从"输血"扶贫向"造血"扶贫转变;在京津冀地区,需以城乡基本公共服务均等化为目标,推动城乡融合与乡村振兴;在资源型地区,乡村振兴核心将以一二三产业融合的高效农业体系替代以资源开采为核心的产业体系;在传统农区,优化耕地利用转型同农村劳动力结构变化的耦合格局是实现乡村振兴的关键;在经济发达地区,具有"混杂性"特征的乡村,需激活农村土地资源的资产和资本属性,推进空间有序整合与活化,寻求多主体共同参与和缔造的现代乡村治理模式。
The rural revitalization, as a national strategy in the new era, puts forward the requirements and goals of the thriving industry, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance and prosperity. China is a country with a vast territory,marked by regional differences in resource and economic development levels. What's more,rural areas are complex, diverse, and have many problems. Rural revitalization is a systematic project with comprehensive, complex and regional characteristics. Sixteen young scholars in the field of rural geography across the country have conducted in-depth discussions and reflections on the scientific path of rural revitalization in China. The core points are as follows:(1) In accordance with the law of time-space distribution, we should fully understand the connection between the historical basis of rural development and the practical needs, establish a theoretical and technical system that highlights regional characteristics and has operability,and promote the transformation of rural residential environment, industrial system and governance mode in a classified and orderly manner.(2) Rural revitalization strives for the integration between urban and rural areas to build a compound multi-center network system,which breaks through the village and town systems of traditional linear "central place", and innovate the spatial organization mode of "village cluster". Rural endogenous force, urban radiation force and planning binding force jointly drive rural revitalization.(3) The agriculture has multiple functions such as food safety, social stability, and ecological products. Its development needs to create the whole value chain of agriculture to promote the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries.(4) In energy-rich areas, we should fundamentally solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate rural development under the premise of ensuring the national energy security demand. In Southwest China, we should take advantage of ecology and human resources to build a modern agricultural industry system, remodel the brand of rural tourism, and build landscape rural homes. In Northeast China, rural revitalization must proceed in an orderly and classified way in the process of synergistic promotion of the "northeast revitalization" strategy. In the Yangtze River Delta region, it is necessary to cognize the evolutionary stages from rural industrialization to rural urbanization, and then to rural characteristics with more and more emphasis on the social, cultural and ecological construction of rural areas, seeking a scientific path of rural revitalization. In Northwest China, we propose to effectively improve the ability of "independent poverty alleviation" in rural areas under the premise of ecological protection, and realize the transformation from "transfusing blood" to "producing blood". In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, oriented by equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas, we will promote the development of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. In resource-oriented areas, rural industries will replace the industrial system formed around resource exploitation with an efficient agricultural system integrating primary, secondary and tertiary industries. In traditional agricultural areas, it is necessary to optimize the coupling pattern between farmland use transformation and rural labor structure change, which is an important means to achieve rural revitalization. In economically developed areas, villages with "mixed" characteristics need to activate the assets and capital attributes of rural land resources, promote the integration and activation of spatial order, and comprehensively explore the modern rural governance mode with the participation of multiple subjects.
The rural revitalization, as a national strategy in the new era, puts forward the requirements and goals of the thriving industry, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance and prosperity. China is a country with a vast territory,marked by regional differences in resource and economic development levels. What's more,rural areas are complex, diverse, and have many problems. Rural revitalization is a systematic project with comprehensive, complex and regional characteristics. Sixteen young scholars in the field of rural geography across the country have conducted in-depth discussions and reflections on the scientific path of rural revitalization in China. The core points are as follows:(1) In accordance with the law of time-space distribution, we should fully understand the connection between the historical basis of rural development and the practical needs, establish a theoretical and technical system that highlights regional characteristics and has operability,and promote the transformation of rural residential environment, industrial system and governance mode in a classified and orderly manner.(2) Rural revitalization strives for the integration between urban and rural areas to build a compound multi-center network system,which breaks through the village and town systems of traditional linear "central place", and innovate the spatial organization mode of "village cluster". Rural endogenous force, urban radiation force and planning binding force jointly drive rural revitalization.(3) The agriculture has multiple functions such as food safety, social stability, and ecological products. Its development needs to create the whole value chain of agriculture to promote the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries.(4) In energy-rich areas, we should fundamentally solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate rural development under the premise of ensuring the national energy security demand. In Southwest China, we should take advantage of ecology and human resources to build a modern agricultural industry system, remodel the brand of rural tourism, and build landscape rural homes. In Northeast China, rural revitalization must proceed in an orderly and classified way in the process of synergistic promotion of the "northeast revitalization" strategy. In the Yangtze River Delta region, it is necessary to cognize the evolutionary stages from rural industrialization to rural urbanization, and then to rural characteristics with more and more emphasis on the social, cultural and ecological construction of rural areas, seeking a scientific path of rural revitalization. In Northwest China, we propose to effectively improve the ability of "independent poverty alleviation" in rural areas under the premise of ecological protection, and realize the transformation from "transfusing blood" to "producing blood". In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, oriented by equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas, we will promote the development of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. In resource-oriented areas, rural industries will replace the industrial system formed around resource exploitation with an efficient agricultural system integrating primary, secondary and tertiary industries. In traditional agricultural areas, it is necessary to optimize the coupling pattern between farmland use transformation and rural labor structure change, which is an important means to achieve rural revitalization. In economically developed areas, villages with "mixed" characteristics need to activate the assets and capital attributes of rural land resources, promote the integration and activation of spatial order, and comprehensively explore the modern rural governance mode with the participation of multiple subjects.
引文
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[2]LIU Y S,LI Y H.Revitalize the world's countryside.Nature,2017,548(7667):275-277.
[3]刘沛林.新型城镇化建设中“留住乡愁”的理论与实践探索.地理研究,2015,34(7):1205-1212.[LIU P L.The theory and practice exploration of''remembering nostalgia''in the construction of new urbanization.Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1205-1212.]
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[5]乔家君,马玉玲.城乡界面动态模型研究.地理研究,2016,35(12):2283-2297.[QIAO J J,MA Y L.Research on dynamic model of urban-rural interface.Geographical Research,2016,35(12):2283-2297.]
[6]刘继来,刘彦随,李裕瑞,等.2007-2015年中国农村居民点用地与农村人口时空耦合关系.自然资源学报,2018,33(11):1861-1871.[LIU J L,LIU Y S,LI Y R,et al.Coupling analysis of rural residential land and rural population in China during 2007-2015.Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(11):1861-1871.]
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[8]朱凤凯,张凤荣.城市化背景下宅基地利用的租值消散与农户行为研究:以北京市朝阳区下辛堡村为例.自然资源学报,2016,31(6):936-947.[ZHU F K,ZHANG F R.Study on rent dissipation and land use behavior of suburban rural housing land under the background of urbanization.Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(6):936-947.]
[9]王新歌,席建超,孔钦钦.“实心”与“空心”:旅游地乡村聚落土地利用空间“极化”研究:以河北野三坡旅游区两个村庄为例.自然资源学报,2016,31(1):90-101.[WANG X G,XI J C,KONG Q Q.Solid and hollowed villages:Study on the spatial polarization of tourist villages'land use pattern:A case study of two villages in Yesanpo Tourism Area,Hebei province.Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(1):90-101.]
[10]杨忍.基于自然主控因子和道路可达性的广东省乡村聚落空间分布特征及影响因素.地理学报,2017,72(10):1859-1871.[YANG R.An analysis of rural settlement patterns and their effect mechanisms based on road traffic accessibility of Guangdong.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(10):1859-1871.]
[11]杨忍,刘彦随,龙花楼,等.中国乡村转型重构研究进展与展望:逻辑主线与内容框架.地理科学进展,2015,34(8):1019-1030.[YANG R,LIU Y S,LONG H L,et al.Research progress and prospect of rural transformation and reconstruction in China:Paradigms and main content.Progress in Geography,2015,34(8):1019-1030.]
[12]文琦,刘彦随.陕北能源开发区农村转型发展轨迹及效应解析.地理科学,2014,34(9):1077-1084.[WEN Q,LIU YS.Development track and its effect of rural transformation in energy exploitation area of Northern Shaanxi province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(9):1077-1084.]
[13]王晓毅.再造生存空间:乡村振兴与环境治理.北京师范大学学报:社会科学版,2018,(6):124-130.[WANG X Y.Rebuilding the space for living:Rural revitalization vs environment governance.Journal of Beijing Normal University:Social Sciences,2018,(6):124-130.]
[14]QU Y B,JIANG G H,YANG Y T,et al.Multi-scale analysis on spatial morphology differentiation and formation mechanism of rural residential land:A case study in Shandong province,China.Habitat International,2018,71:135-146.
[15]孔祥智.农民合作、土地托管与乡村振兴:山东省供销社综合改革再探索.东岳论丛,2018,39(10):18-24.[KONG XZ.Farmers'cooperation,land trust and rural revitalization:A further exploration of comprehensive reform of supply and marketing cooperatives in Shandong province.Dong Yue Tribune,2018,39(10):18-24.]
[16]林聚任,刘佳,梁亮.乡风文明与当前农村新型社区建设:以山东省“乡村文明行动”为例.中国农业大学学报:社会科学版,2018,35(3):103-110.[LIN J R,LIU J,LIANG L.Civilization in countryside and the current construction of new-type rural communities:An analysis of rural civilization action in Shandong province.China Agricultural University Journal:Social Sciences Edition,2018,35(3):103-110.]
[17]WILSON G A."Constructive tensions"in resilience research:Critical reflections from a human geography perspective.Geographical Journal,2018,184:89-99.
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(1)《山西省统计年鉴2017》,http://www.stats-sx.gov.cn/tjsj/tjnj/nj2017/indexch.htm.