南中国海10m风和海面动态粗糙度特征研究
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摘要
根据海面粗糙度(z_0)与海面10 m风速的关系,本文提出一种适用于海上10 m风速求解算法。通过和ERA-Interim风速比较,发现用这种动态z_0法订正的风速比固定z_0法更接近ERA-Interim风速,相关性更好。基于这种动态z_0法,利用南中国海两个海上平台站的资料,计算得到近4年逐时10 m风速及对应的动态粗糙度。分析发现风速主要集中在3~13 m·s~(-1),4—9月平均风速较小,从10月到次年3月平均风速较大。从风速日变化来看,14—17时风速达到最小;06一09时达到最大。另外,z_0有明显的季节变化和日变化,与风速变化一致。分析了台风韦森特中心过境时,气象要素的变化说明订正后的风速及z0_0符合实际观测值。
Based on the relationship between the sea surface roughness(z_0) and the 10 m wind speed,a method is developed for the 10 m wind speed in this paper.By comparing with the ERA-Interim wind speed,a very good correlation is obtained.And the wind speed calculated by this method is closer to the ERA-Interim wind speed than the speed by the fixed z_0 method.Based on this dynamic z_0 method,the data from two weather stations on the offshore oil platform in the South China Sea is used to calculate the hourly 10 m wind speed and the corresponding dynamic roughness length for nearly four years.The analysis reveals the wind speed ranges mainly within 3-13 m · s~(-1).The average wind speed is smaller from April to September and larger from October to March.The daily variation of wind speed has the following characteristics in 14:00 — 17:00 BT,the wind speed is at the minimum and in 06:00 —09:00 BT,the wind speed reaches the maximum.In addition,there is significant seasonal variation and daily variation of z_0 value which is consistent with the variation of wind speed.The variation of meteorological elements is analyzed when the center of Vicente passed the station,and the result shows that the corrected wind speed and z_0are in accord with the actual observation values.
Based on the relationship between the sea surface roughness(z_0) and the 10 m wind speed,a method is developed for the 10 m wind speed in this paper.By comparing with the ERA-Interim wind speed,a very good correlation is obtained.And the wind speed calculated by this method is closer to the ERA-Interim wind speed than the speed by the fixed z_0 method.Based on this dynamic z_0 method,the data from two weather stations on the offshore oil platform in the South China Sea is used to calculate the hourly 10 m wind speed and the corresponding dynamic roughness length for nearly four years.The analysis reveals the wind speed ranges mainly within 3-13 m · s~(-1).The average wind speed is smaller from April to September and larger from October to March.The daily variation of wind speed has the following characteristics in 14:00 — 17:00 BT,the wind speed is at the minimum and in 06:00 —09:00 BT,the wind speed reaches the maximum.In addition,there is significant seasonal variation and daily variation of z_0 value which is consistent with the variation of wind speed.The variation of meteorological elements is analyzed when the center of Vicente passed the station,and the result shows that the corrected wind speed and z_0are in accord with the actual observation values.
引文
方平治,赵兵科,鲁小琴,等.2013.华东沿海地带台风风廓线特征的观测个例分析.大气科学,37(5):1091-1098.
方翔,咸迪,李小龙,等.2007.QuikSCAT洋面风资料及其在热带气旋分析中的应用.气象,33(3):33-39.
高国庆,胡彬.2012.影响大型风电机组塔筒高度的因素探讨.风能,(8):66-70.
高留喜,朱蓉,常蕊.2014.QuikSCAT和ASCAT卫星反演风场在中国南海北部的适用性研究.气象,40(10):1240-1247.
韩素芹,刘彬贤,解以扬,等.2008.利用255 m铁塔研究城市化对地面粗糙度的影响.气象,34(1):54-58.
黄世成,周嘉陵,陈兵,等.2007.风速资料在大型工程中的应用和订正方法.防灾减灾工程学报,27(3):351-356.
李鹏,田景奎.2011.不同下垫面近地层风速廓线特征.资源科学,33(10):2005-2010.
茅宇豪,刘树华,李婧.2006.不同下垫面空气动力学参数的研究.气象学报,64(3):325-334.
彭秀芳,王秀杰,辜晋德.2012.海上风电场风能计算中关于海面粗糙度问题的探讨.太阳能学报,33(2):226-229.
钱维宏,江漫,单晓龙.zOl3.大气变量物理分解原理及其在区域暴雨分析中的应用.气象,39(5):537-542.
秦育婧,卢楚翰.2013.利用高分辨率ERA-Interim再分析资料对2011年夏季江淮区域水汽汇的诊断分析.大气科学,37(6):1210-1218.
邱玉珺,吴风巨,刘志.2010.梯度法计算空气动力学粗糙度存在的问题.大气科学学报,(6):697-702.
史剑,蒋国荣.2015.风浪状态对海面粗糙度影响.海洋与湖沼,46(6):1255-1262.
宋丽莉,毛慧琴,汤海燕,等.2004.广东沿海近地层大风特性的观测分析.热带气象学报,20(6):731-736.
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文圣常,余宙文.1984.海浪理论与计算原理.北京:科学出版社,662.
王宏娜,陈锦年,左涛.2014.印度洋潜热通量对南海夏季风爆发的影响.热带气象学报,30(1):189-193.
肖卫华,符养,高太长,等.2011.利用折射指数推算大气纬圈平均风场方法.应用气象学报,22(3):346-355.
姚日升,涂小萍,丁烨毅,等.2015.华东沿海ASCAT反演风速的检验和订正.应用气象学报,26(6):735-742.
张文煜,白庆梅,张秀珍.等.2008.渤海南岸空气动力学粗糙度和动量通量特征.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),44(4):62-65.
张增海,曹越男,刘涛,等.2014.ASCAT散射计风场在我国近海的初步检验与应用.气象,40(4):473-481.
赵小平,朱晶晶,樊晶,等.2016.强台风海鸥登陆期间近地层风特性分析.气象,42(4):415-423.
植石群,钱光明,罗金铃,等.2001.广东省沿海风随高度变化研究.热带地理,21(2):131-134.
中国气象局.2007.地面观测规范第7部分:风向和风速观测.QX/T51—2007.北京:气象出版社.
中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.2002.风电场风能资源评估方法.GB/T 18710—2002.北京:中国标准出版社.
周良明,郭佩芳.2005.利用卫星高度计风速资料研究海面粗糙度.海洋湖沼通报,(4):10-14.
周艳莲,孙晓敏,朱治林,等.2006.几种不同下垫面地表粗糙度动态变化及其对通量机理模型模拟的影响.中国科学#地球科学,36(S1):244-254.
朱彦良,凌超,陈洪滨,等.2012.两种再分析资料与RS92探空资料的比较分析.气候与环境研究,17(3):381-391.
褚晓春,陈信雄,周庆,等.2010.船舶风力观测资料对风场动力和热力订正的检验.海洋预报,27(5):40-43.
Beljaars A C M.1994.The parametrization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection.Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc,121,255-270.
Chan Y C,Chan S T.2015.Use of Wind measurements from offshore platforms for TC monitoring.29th Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Seminar on Meteorological Science and Technology,Macao,20—22 January 2015.http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/reprint/r1172.pdf.
ECMWF.2007.IFS Documentation-Cy31rl Part IV:Physical Processes,http?//www.ecmwf.int/sites/default/files/elibrary/2007/9221-part-iv-physical-processes.pdf.
Harper B A,Kepert J D,Ginger]D.2010.Guidelines for converting between various wind averaging periods in tropical cyclone conditions.WMO TD-No.1555,54.
Shi J,Zhong Z,Li R J,et al.2011.Dependence of Sea surface drag coefficient on wind-wave parameters.Acta Oceanol Sin,30(2),14-24.
Wu J.1969.Wind stress and surface roughness at air-sea interface.J Geophys Res,74(2):444-455.
WMO.2012.Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No.8,716.
方翔,咸迪,李小龙,等.2007.QuikSCAT洋面风资料及其在热带气旋分析中的应用.气象,33(3):33-39.
高国庆,胡彬.2012.影响大型风电机组塔筒高度的因素探讨.风能,(8):66-70.
高留喜,朱蓉,常蕊.2014.QuikSCAT和ASCAT卫星反演风场在中国南海北部的适用性研究.气象,40(10):1240-1247.
韩素芹,刘彬贤,解以扬,等.2008.利用255 m铁塔研究城市化对地面粗糙度的影响.气象,34(1):54-58.
黄世成,周嘉陵,陈兵,等.2007.风速资料在大型工程中的应用和订正方法.防灾减灾工程学报,27(3):351-356.
李鹏,田景奎.2011.不同下垫面近地层风速廓线特征.资源科学,33(10):2005-2010.
茅宇豪,刘树华,李婧.2006.不同下垫面空气动力学参数的研究.气象学报,64(3):325-334.
彭秀芳,王秀杰,辜晋德.2012.海上风电场风能计算中关于海面粗糙度问题的探讨.太阳能学报,33(2):226-229.
钱维宏,江漫,单晓龙.zOl3.大气变量物理分解原理及其在区域暴雨分析中的应用.气象,39(5):537-542.
秦育婧,卢楚翰.2013.利用高分辨率ERA-Interim再分析资料对2011年夏季江淮区域水汽汇的诊断分析.大气科学,37(6):1210-1218.
邱玉珺,吴风巨,刘志.2010.梯度法计算空气动力学粗糙度存在的问题.大气科学学报,(6):697-702.
史剑,蒋国荣.2015.风浪状态对海面粗糙度影响.海洋与湖沼,46(6):1255-1262.
宋丽莉,毛慧琴,汤海燕,等.2004.广东沿海近地层大风特性的观测分析.热带气象学报,20(6):731-736.
Stull R B.杨长新,译.1991.边界层气象学导论.北京:气象出版社,738.
文圣常,余宙文.1984.海浪理论与计算原理.北京:科学出版社,662.
王宏娜,陈锦年,左涛.2014.印度洋潜热通量对南海夏季风爆发的影响.热带气象学报,30(1):189-193.
肖卫华,符养,高太长,等.2011.利用折射指数推算大气纬圈平均风场方法.应用气象学报,22(3):346-355.
姚日升,涂小萍,丁烨毅,等.2015.华东沿海ASCAT反演风速的检验和订正.应用气象学报,26(6):735-742.
张文煜,白庆梅,张秀珍.等.2008.渤海南岸空气动力学粗糙度和动量通量特征.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),44(4):62-65.
张增海,曹越男,刘涛,等.2014.ASCAT散射计风场在我国近海的初步检验与应用.气象,40(4):473-481.
赵小平,朱晶晶,樊晶,等.2016.强台风海鸥登陆期间近地层风特性分析.气象,42(4):415-423.
植石群,钱光明,罗金铃,等.2001.广东省沿海风随高度变化研究.热带地理,21(2):131-134.
中国气象局.2007.地面观测规范第7部分:风向和风速观测.QX/T51—2007.北京:气象出版社.
中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.2002.风电场风能资源评估方法.GB/T 18710—2002.北京:中国标准出版社.
周良明,郭佩芳.2005.利用卫星高度计风速资料研究海面粗糙度.海洋湖沼通报,(4):10-14.
周艳莲,孙晓敏,朱治林,等.2006.几种不同下垫面地表粗糙度动态变化及其对通量机理模型模拟的影响.中国科学#地球科学,36(S1):244-254.
朱彦良,凌超,陈洪滨,等.2012.两种再分析资料与RS92探空资料的比较分析.气候与环境研究,17(3):381-391.
褚晓春,陈信雄,周庆,等.2010.船舶风力观测资料对风场动力和热力订正的检验.海洋预报,27(5):40-43.
Beljaars A C M.1994.The parametrization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection.Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc,121,255-270.
Chan Y C,Chan S T.2015.Use of Wind measurements from offshore platforms for TC monitoring.29th Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Seminar on Meteorological Science and Technology,Macao,20—22 January 2015.http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/reprint/r1172.pdf.
ECMWF.2007.IFS Documentation-Cy31rl Part IV:Physical Processes,http?//www.ecmwf.int/sites/default/files/elibrary/2007/9221-part-iv-physical-processes.pdf.
Harper B A,Kepert J D,Ginger]D.2010.Guidelines for converting between various wind averaging periods in tropical cyclone conditions.WMO TD-No.1555,54.
Shi J,Zhong Z,Li R J,et al.2011.Dependence of Sea surface drag coefficient on wind-wave parameters.Acta Oceanol Sin,30(2),14-24.
Wu J.1969.Wind stress and surface roughness at air-sea interface.J Geophys Res,74(2):444-455.
WMO.2012.Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No.8,716.