不同复合肥对玉米光合作用及生长发育的影响
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摘要
[目的]我国粮食生产经历了依靠品种更新和肥料施用而达到高产的发展阶段。当前的高产农业基本上以高肥料投入为代价。但这带来了肥料利用率不断下降,养分资源流失而加剧农业非点源污染。因此精确施肥成为我国农业养分利用与施肥技术发展的方向。[方法]本研究于2017年在山西省中部地区通过田间试验,设4个处理(处理1:不施肥,处理2:施基肥,处理3:施试验肥,处理4:施硝酸磷肥)研究追施复合肥方式对玉米光合作用、生长、产量的影响。[结果]经试验肥处理,秃尖长下降,株高、光合参数、叶绿素含量、叶干重、茎干重、茎粗、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、单穗粒重、千粒重上升,茎粗、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、单穗粒重、千粒重分别达2.71 mm、19.1cm、5.3cm、40、237.2g、393.3g,公顷产量由11 760kg上升至14 235kg,处理3的产量最高,较处理4增产21%。[结论]说明新型配比化肥对玉米生长和产量有利,这种施肥方式减少了田间操作次数,降低经济成本,具有广阔应用前景。
[Objective]Cereal production in China has experienced several developmental stages based on crop cultivar innovation and fertilizer application and modification.Presently,high agricultural production mainly relies on high application rate of chemical fertilizers starting from 1990's.However,widespread utilization of fertilizers at a higher than necessary rate resulted in lowered use efficiency and increased surface and ground water pollution from farmlands.Therefore,precise fertilization has been a new frontier for nutrition and fertilization technology development in agriculture.[Methods]The field experiment was conducted in middle region of Jilin province in 2017.Four treatments,including non fertilizer(T1),basic fertilizer(T2),tested fertilizer(T3),and nitrophosphate(T4),were set up in the field.The effects of dressing nitrogen application methods on photosynthetic and developmental rate as well as yield of corns in different treatments were determined.[Results]Study produced a descent result in T3 treatment,which showed shorter bald length,and improved traits on plant height,photosynthetic parameters,chlorophyll content,leaf dry weight,stem dry weight,stems thick,spike length,ear thick,line grain,grain weight per spike,and thousand grain weight.Amongst those traits,stems thick,spike length,ear thick,line grain,grain weight per spike,and thousand grain weight were increased by 2.71 mm,19.1 cm,5.3 cm,40,237.2 g,and 393.3 g,respectively.Hectare yield was increased from 1 1760 kg to 14 235 kg,and grain yield was significantly higher in all T2,T3,and T4 treatments compared to control treatment T1.[Conclusion]The study demonstrated that the new formula fertilizers are functional in term of improving the growth rate and yield of corns.This fertilization method decreases the frequency of field operations,reduces the cost,and provides an adoptable application strategy.
[Objective]Cereal production in China has experienced several developmental stages based on crop cultivar innovation and fertilizer application and modification.Presently,high agricultural production mainly relies on high application rate of chemical fertilizers starting from 1990's.However,widespread utilization of fertilizers at a higher than necessary rate resulted in lowered use efficiency and increased surface and ground water pollution from farmlands.Therefore,precise fertilization has been a new frontier for nutrition and fertilization technology development in agriculture.[Methods]The field experiment was conducted in middle region of Jilin province in 2017.Four treatments,including non fertilizer(T1),basic fertilizer(T2),tested fertilizer(T3),and nitrophosphate(T4),were set up in the field.The effects of dressing nitrogen application methods on photosynthetic and developmental rate as well as yield of corns in different treatments were determined.[Results]Study produced a descent result in T3 treatment,which showed shorter bald length,and improved traits on plant height,photosynthetic parameters,chlorophyll content,leaf dry weight,stem dry weight,stems thick,spike length,ear thick,line grain,grain weight per spike,and thousand grain weight.Amongst those traits,stems thick,spike length,ear thick,line grain,grain weight per spike,and thousand grain weight were increased by 2.71 mm,19.1 cm,5.3 cm,40,237.2 g,and 393.3 g,respectively.Hectare yield was increased from 1 1760 kg to 14 235 kg,and grain yield was significantly higher in all T2,T3,and T4 treatments compared to control treatment T1.[Conclusion]The study demonstrated that the new formula fertilizers are functional in term of improving the growth rate and yield of corns.This fertilization method decreases the frequency of field operations,reduces the cost,and provides an adoptable application strategy.
引文
[1]张世贤.中国的农业发展及平衡施肥在农业生产中的应用[A].中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所.国际平衡施肥学术讨论会论文集[C].北京:农业出版社,1989:10-12.
[2]毛达如.植物营养研究方法[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1994:11-12.
[3]尤·李比希著,刘更另译.化学在农业和生理学上的应用[M].北京:农业出版社,1983:21-22.
[4]周鸣铮.测土施肥的科学基础[J].土壤通报,1984(4):156-160.
[5]吴玉群,史振声,王志斌,等.玉米不同复合肥施用效果及其经济效益分析[J].杂粮作物,2007,27(1):49-51.
[6]刘蝴蝶,李晓萍,赵国平,等.山西省主要耕作土壤肥力现状及变化规律[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(1):73-77.
[7]王晓娟,贾志宽,梁连友,等.不同有机肥量对旱地玉米光合特性和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(2):419-425.
[8]蒋达波,宗秀虹,李帮秀,等.氮素胁迫对玉米光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,40(1):135-139.
[9]李合生.现代植物生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:55-56.
[10]武鹏,李琦,杨克军,等.叶面肥黄金宝一号对玉米叶绿素及产量的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2017(6):23-26.
[11]毕银丽,孙江涛,解文武,等.不同施磷水平下接种菌根玉米营养状况及光谱特征分析[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(5):1227-1235.
[12]张福锁,樊小林,李晓林.土壤与植物营养研究新动态[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:52.
[13]Wissuwa M.How do plants achieve tolerance to phosphorus deficiency?Small causes with big effects[J].Plant Physiology,2003,133(4):1947-1958.
[14]Abel S,Ticconi C A,Delatorre C A.Phosphate sensing in higher plants.[J].Physiologia Plantarum,2002,115(1):1-8.
[15]刘建中,李振声,李继云.利用植物自身潜力提高土壤中磷的生物有效性[J].生态农业研究,l994,2(1):16-23.
[16]龚江,李绍长,夏春兰,等.低磷胁迫下玉米自交系磷高效基因型筛选[J].新疆农业科学,2002,39(2):77-81.
[17]李绍长,龚江,王军.玉米自交系苗期耐低磷基因型的筛选[J].玉米科学,2003,11(3):85-89.
[18]王艳,孙杰,王荣萍,等.玉米自交系苗期生物学性状与磷效率的相关性[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,23(1):28-31.
[19]王艳,孙杰,王荣萍,等.玉米自交系磷效率基因型差异的筛选[J].山西农业科学,2003,31(1):7-10.
[20]米国华,邢建平,陈范骏,等.玉米苗期根系生长与耐低磷的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(5):468-472.
[21]孔丽丽,杨建,于雷,等.氮肥追施方式对不同类型土壤玉米养分吸收及利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2015,23(3):124-129.
[22]张建青,于立芝,刘少杰,等.控释氮肥在玉米上应用效果研究[J].山东农业科学,2014,46(2):92-94.
[2]毛达如.植物营养研究方法[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1994:11-12.
[3]尤·李比希著,刘更另译.化学在农业和生理学上的应用[M].北京:农业出版社,1983:21-22.
[4]周鸣铮.测土施肥的科学基础[J].土壤通报,1984(4):156-160.
[5]吴玉群,史振声,王志斌,等.玉米不同复合肥施用效果及其经济效益分析[J].杂粮作物,2007,27(1):49-51.
[6]刘蝴蝶,李晓萍,赵国平,等.山西省主要耕作土壤肥力现状及变化规律[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(1):73-77.
[7]王晓娟,贾志宽,梁连友,等.不同有机肥量对旱地玉米光合特性和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(2):419-425.
[8]蒋达波,宗秀虹,李帮秀,等.氮素胁迫对玉米光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,40(1):135-139.
[9]李合生.现代植物生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:55-56.
[10]武鹏,李琦,杨克军,等.叶面肥黄金宝一号对玉米叶绿素及产量的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2017(6):23-26.
[11]毕银丽,孙江涛,解文武,等.不同施磷水平下接种菌根玉米营养状况及光谱特征分析[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(5):1227-1235.
[12]张福锁,樊小林,李晓林.土壤与植物营养研究新动态[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:52.
[13]Wissuwa M.How do plants achieve tolerance to phosphorus deficiency?Small causes with big effects[J].Plant Physiology,2003,133(4):1947-1958.
[14]Abel S,Ticconi C A,Delatorre C A.Phosphate sensing in higher plants.[J].Physiologia Plantarum,2002,115(1):1-8.
[15]刘建中,李振声,李继云.利用植物自身潜力提高土壤中磷的生物有效性[J].生态农业研究,l994,2(1):16-23.
[16]龚江,李绍长,夏春兰,等.低磷胁迫下玉米自交系磷高效基因型筛选[J].新疆农业科学,2002,39(2):77-81.
[17]李绍长,龚江,王军.玉米自交系苗期耐低磷基因型的筛选[J].玉米科学,2003,11(3):85-89.
[18]王艳,孙杰,王荣萍,等.玉米自交系苗期生物学性状与磷效率的相关性[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,23(1):28-31.
[19]王艳,孙杰,王荣萍,等.玉米自交系磷效率基因型差异的筛选[J].山西农业科学,2003,31(1):7-10.
[20]米国华,邢建平,陈范骏,等.玉米苗期根系生长与耐低磷的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(5):468-472.
[21]孔丽丽,杨建,于雷,等.氮肥追施方式对不同类型土壤玉米养分吸收及利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2015,23(3):124-129.
[22]张建青,于立芝,刘少杰,等.控释氮肥在玉米上应用效果研究[J].山东农业科学,2014,46(2):92-94.