西南地区文化多样性时空格局
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摘要
我国西南地区少数民族类别众多,各民族在历史发展中形成了许多优秀的文化传统和独特的生态意识。本研究以县级行政区为基本研究单元,基于民族类别及其人口定量测度了西南地区的文化多样性指数,并比较了1990年、2000年与2010年的动态变化。西南地区文化多样性指数具有明显的空间异质性,整体上呈现西北低东南高的格局。虽然文化多样性指数在时间序列上有一定程度的增加,但总体上县域尺度的文化多样性水平偏低。此外,随着空间尺度的扩大,文化多样性指数逐渐增加,即西南地区整体上表现为"大杂居,小聚居"的分布格局。省域尺度上,文化多样性的差异总和与各组分差异均随时间的推移而减少,同时,其民族构成的相似性趋于增加,表明西南地区各民族人口的分布更加融合,民族交融成为趋势。在西南地区的生态环境背景下,文化多样性的空间分布与平均坡度密切相关。研究探讨了民族融合的社会历史背景,分析了阶梯过渡带具有较高文化多样性的原因,并呼吁加强对西南地区优秀传统文化的重视与保护。
Cultural diversity is just as essential to humankind as biodiversity is to nature,and ethnicity can be used as a rich and concise measurement of cultural diversity. There are a variety of ethnic minorities in Southwest China. During the long history of complex ecosystem development,the ethnic groups in Southwest China have formed many excellent cultural traditions and unique ecological awareness. However,with the deepening modernization of ethnic areas,as well as rapid social transformation,population migration,and cultural changes,ethnic culture that is rooted in social history and traditional customs is suffering from unprecedented change and erosion,which has resulted from the excessive pursuit of economic growth and short-term benefits. Accordingly,studies of cultural diversity in Southwest China have attracted the attention of interdisciplinary scholars. In the present study,the cultural diversity of county-level administrative regions was quantitatively measured using the Shannon-Wiener Index,and dynamic changes among the regions in 1990,2000,and 2010 were compared to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural diversity. The cultural diversity of Southwest China exhibited clear spatial heterogeneity,with lower diversity observed in the northwest part of the region and higher diversity observed in the southeast part. In addition,even though cultural diversity increased to a certain degree in the time series,cultural diversity was relatively low at the county scale. However,cultural diversity also increased with the expansion of spatial scale,which demonstrated that ethnic groups tended to live together at large scales but were inclined to clustertogether at small scales. Spatial differences in cultural diversity were also observed when using the Theil Index at the province scale,with total and local differences among provinces decreasing over time,and the modified Morisita-Horn Index,which was used to assess similarities of ethnic composition,revealed that the similarity of provinces increased over time. Together,these results indicated that the distribution of ethnic groups in Southwest China was more blended and that ethnic integration has become a trend from 1990 to 2010. Further analysis,using Arc GIS 10. 2,also indicated that the distribution of cultural diversity was closely related to the average slope of the distribution areas of ethnic groups in context of Southwest China's ecological environment. The social history and main causes of ethnic integration,reasons for the high cultural diversity of the stepped transition zones,and protection of Southwest China's traditional culture were discussed as well. The present study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural diversity underlying ecological factors in Southwest China and highlighted the importance of preserving and promoting the splendid cultural traditions of ethnic groups under the premise of respecting the nature. Thereby,it provided a useful reference for the sustainable development of the ecological environment and the construction of ecological civilization in Southwest China.
Cultural diversity is just as essential to humankind as biodiversity is to nature,and ethnicity can be used as a rich and concise measurement of cultural diversity. There are a variety of ethnic minorities in Southwest China. During the long history of complex ecosystem development,the ethnic groups in Southwest China have formed many excellent cultural traditions and unique ecological awareness. However,with the deepening modernization of ethnic areas,as well as rapid social transformation,population migration,and cultural changes,ethnic culture that is rooted in social history and traditional customs is suffering from unprecedented change and erosion,which has resulted from the excessive pursuit of economic growth and short-term benefits. Accordingly,studies of cultural diversity in Southwest China have attracted the attention of interdisciplinary scholars. In the present study,the cultural diversity of county-level administrative regions was quantitatively measured using the Shannon-Wiener Index,and dynamic changes among the regions in 1990,2000,and 2010 were compared to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural diversity. The cultural diversity of Southwest China exhibited clear spatial heterogeneity,with lower diversity observed in the northwest part of the region and higher diversity observed in the southeast part. In addition,even though cultural diversity increased to a certain degree in the time series,cultural diversity was relatively low at the county scale. However,cultural diversity also increased with the expansion of spatial scale,which demonstrated that ethnic groups tended to live together at large scales but were inclined to clustertogether at small scales. Spatial differences in cultural diversity were also observed when using the Theil Index at the province scale,with total and local differences among provinces decreasing over time,and the modified Morisita-Horn Index,which was used to assess similarities of ethnic composition,revealed that the similarity of provinces increased over time. Together,these results indicated that the distribution of ethnic groups in Southwest China was more blended and that ethnic integration has become a trend from 1990 to 2010. Further analysis,using Arc GIS 10. 2,also indicated that the distribution of cultural diversity was closely related to the average slope of the distribution areas of ethnic groups in context of Southwest China's ecological environment. The social history and main causes of ethnic integration,reasons for the high cultural diversity of the stepped transition zones,and protection of Southwest China's traditional culture were discussed as well. The present study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural diversity underlying ecological factors in Southwest China and highlighted the importance of preserving and promoting the splendid cultural traditions of ethnic groups under the premise of respecting the nature. Thereby,it provided a useful reference for the sustainable development of the ecological environment and the construction of ecological civilization in Southwest China.
引文
[1]United Nations Educational,Cultural and Scientific Organization.Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.Paris:UNESCO,2005.
[2]United Nations Educational,Cultural and Scientific Organization.UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity.Paris:UNESCO,2001.
[3]渠爱雪,孟召宜.我国文化多样性时空格局及其成因研究.人文地理,2014,29(6):53-59,124-124.
[4]Michalopoulos S.The origins of ethnolinguistic diversity.American Economic Review,2012,102(4):1508-1539.
[5]Kutukdjian G,Corbett J.Investing in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue.Paris:UNESCO,2009.
[6]孟召宜,沈正平,渠爱雪,马晓冬.文化多样性研究述评与展望.淮海工学院学报:人文社会科学版,2015,13(4):74-81.
[7]杨圣敏,丁宏.中国民族志.北京:中央民族大学出版社,2003.
[8]熊姝婷.西南地区少数民族文化流失现象刍议.西南农业大学学报:社会科学版,2011,9(10):95-96.
[9]李建华.西南聚落形态的文化学诠释[D].重庆:重庆大学,2010.
[10]杨军昌.西南山地民族人口生态文化及其价值.贵州大学学报:社会科学版,2011,29(6):129-133.
[11]管彦波.水文生态视野下的“神山森林”文化研究---以西南民族村落为例.贵州社会科学,2013,(6):132-136.
[12]李孝聪.中国区域历史地理---地缘政治、区域经济开发和文化景观.北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[13]国家统计局人口统计司,国家民族事务委员会经济司.中国民族人口资料(1990年人口普查数据).北京:中国统计出版社,1994.
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[15]国家统计局人口和就业统计司,国家民族事务委员会经济发展司.中国2010年人口普查分民族人口资料(下).北京:民族出版社,2013.
[16]邬建国.景观生态学---格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[17]马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法IIβ多样性的测度方法.生物多样性,1995,3(1):38-43.
[18]Theil H.Economics and Information Theory.Amsterdam:North-Holland,1967.
[19]魏后凯,刘楷,周民良,杨大利,胡武贤.中国地区发展---经济增长、制度变迁与地区差异.北京:经济管理出版社,1997.
[20]薛俊菲,邱道持.2000年以来中国城市化水平的空间分异研究---以市域为单元的分析.西南大学学报:自然科学版,2011,33(10):136-142.
[21]Wolda H.Diversity,diversity indices and tropical cockroaches.Oecologia,1983,58(3):290-298.
[22]Mitchell A.The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis.Redlands,CA:ESRI Press,2005.
[23]Pei Q,Zhang D D,Lee H F.Contextualizing human migration in different agro-ecological zones in ancient China.Quaternary International,2016,426:65-74.
[24]王恩涌,胡兆量,周尚意,赫维红,刘岩.中国文化地理.北京:科学出版社,2008.
[25]刘盛和,邓羽,胡章.中国流动人口地域类型的划分方法及空间分布特征.地理学报,2010,65(10):1187-1197.
[26]Paik C,Shawa T W.Altitude and adaptation:A study of geography and ethnic division.Applied Geography,2013,40:212-221.
[27]林宪德.民居立体分布论---壮族占水头,瑶族占箐头.新建筑,2011,(2):114-118.
[28]余国睿.中国南方喀斯特生物多样性及其世界遗产价值研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2014.
[29]毛舒欣,沈园,邓红兵.生物文化多样性研究进展.生态学报,2017,37(24):8179-8186.
[30]Harmon D.In Light of Our Differences:How Diversity in Nature and Culture Makes Us Human.Washinton,DC:Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press,2002.
[31]薛达元,成功,褚潇白.民族地区传统文化与生物多样性保护.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2009.
[32]刘国华.西南生态安全格局形成机制及演变机理.生态学报,2016,36(22):7088-7091.
[2]United Nations Educational,Cultural and Scientific Organization.UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity.Paris:UNESCO,2001.
[3]渠爱雪,孟召宜.我国文化多样性时空格局及其成因研究.人文地理,2014,29(6):53-59,124-124.
[4]Michalopoulos S.The origins of ethnolinguistic diversity.American Economic Review,2012,102(4):1508-1539.
[5]Kutukdjian G,Corbett J.Investing in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue.Paris:UNESCO,2009.
[6]孟召宜,沈正平,渠爱雪,马晓冬.文化多样性研究述评与展望.淮海工学院学报:人文社会科学版,2015,13(4):74-81.
[7]杨圣敏,丁宏.中国民族志.北京:中央民族大学出版社,2003.
[8]熊姝婷.西南地区少数民族文化流失现象刍议.西南农业大学学报:社会科学版,2011,9(10):95-96.
[9]李建华.西南聚落形态的文化学诠释[D].重庆:重庆大学,2010.
[10]杨军昌.西南山地民族人口生态文化及其价值.贵州大学学报:社会科学版,2011,29(6):129-133.
[11]管彦波.水文生态视野下的“神山森林”文化研究---以西南民族村落为例.贵州社会科学,2013,(6):132-136.
[12]李孝聪.中国区域历史地理---地缘政治、区域经济开发和文化景观.北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[13]国家统计局人口统计司,国家民族事务委员会经济司.中国民族人口资料(1990年人口普查数据).北京:中国统计出版社,1994.
[14]国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司,国家民族事务委员会经济发展司.2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料(下).北京:民族出版社,2003.
[15]国家统计局人口和就业统计司,国家民族事务委员会经济发展司.中国2010年人口普查分民族人口资料(下).北京:民族出版社,2013.
[16]邬建国.景观生态学---格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[17]马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法IIβ多样性的测度方法.生物多样性,1995,3(1):38-43.
[18]Theil H.Economics and Information Theory.Amsterdam:North-Holland,1967.
[19]魏后凯,刘楷,周民良,杨大利,胡武贤.中国地区发展---经济增长、制度变迁与地区差异.北京:经济管理出版社,1997.
[20]薛俊菲,邱道持.2000年以来中国城市化水平的空间分异研究---以市域为单元的分析.西南大学学报:自然科学版,2011,33(10):136-142.
[21]Wolda H.Diversity,diversity indices and tropical cockroaches.Oecologia,1983,58(3):290-298.
[22]Mitchell A.The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis.Redlands,CA:ESRI Press,2005.
[23]Pei Q,Zhang D D,Lee H F.Contextualizing human migration in different agro-ecological zones in ancient China.Quaternary International,2016,426:65-74.
[24]王恩涌,胡兆量,周尚意,赫维红,刘岩.中国文化地理.北京:科学出版社,2008.
[25]刘盛和,邓羽,胡章.中国流动人口地域类型的划分方法及空间分布特征.地理学报,2010,65(10):1187-1197.
[26]Paik C,Shawa T W.Altitude and adaptation:A study of geography and ethnic division.Applied Geography,2013,40:212-221.
[27]林宪德.民居立体分布论---壮族占水头,瑶族占箐头.新建筑,2011,(2):114-118.
[28]余国睿.中国南方喀斯特生物多样性及其世界遗产价值研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2014.
[29]毛舒欣,沈园,邓红兵.生物文化多样性研究进展.生态学报,2017,37(24):8179-8186.
[30]Harmon D.In Light of Our Differences:How Diversity in Nature and Culture Makes Us Human.Washinton,DC:Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press,2002.
[31]薛达元,成功,褚潇白.民族地区传统文化与生物多样性保护.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2009.
[32]刘国华.西南生态安全格局形成机制及演变机理.生态学报,2016,36(22):7088-7091.