西加拿大盆地二白斑组地球化学特征与页岩油有利勘探区筛选
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摘要
通过对9口井岩心样品岩石热解、气相色谱质谱、有机地球化学和X射线衍射分析,探讨了西加拿大盆地二白斑组富有机质页岩的地球化学特征以及页岩油有利勘探区。饱和烃色谱质谱分析显示:烃类以短链正构烷烃(nC_9—nC_(19))为主,ααα20RC_(27)规则甾烷占优势,奥利烷相对含量较低,有机质以藻类、浮游生物为主。Pr/Ph受成熟度影响比较小,基本记录了沉积阶段及成岩作用早期的氧化还原环境。二苯并噻吩/菲与姥鲛烷/植烷关系显示二白斑组沉积环境-岩石相东西方向上存在较大变化,在阿尔伯塔东部为强还原环境,中西部为弱还原环境,在西部还原性增强。另一方面,由于所有实验室热解产物通常含有大量的极性、高分子化合物,使得把惰性碳算在内的质量平衡模型高估烃源岩的生烃潜量。针对此问题,应用死碳矫正新方法对二白斑组成熟—高成熟烃源岩原始有机碳含量、原始生烃潜量进行恢复,并探讨潜在的页岩油压裂生产有利区,认为除研究区中—西部5口井烃源岩镜质体反射率大于0.5%外,其余井的残留油均未达到工业开采价值。
Based on the data analyses of rock pyrolysis, gas chromatographic mass spectrometry(GC-MS), organic geochemistry and X-raydiffraction on core samples from 9 wells, this paper discusses the geochemical characteristics and the favorable areas for shale oil explora-tion. GC-MS analysis of saturated hydrocarbon shows that the hydrocarbon is dominated by short-chain n-alkanes(n C9—n C19)with the pre-dominance of ααα20RC27steranes and relatively low content of oleanane. The organic matter is dominated by algae and plankton. Maturityhas a little impact on Pr/Ph, which basically records the oxidation and deoxidation environment during deposition and early diagenesisstage. The relationship between dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene and pristane/phytane indicates that the sedimentary environment-lithofa-cies of Second White Specks formation vary largely from east to west. Strong reducing environment occurs in the east of Alberta, weak re-ducing environment in the middle-west and relatively strong reducing environment in the west. On the other hand, the pyrolysis products inthe lab usually contain large amount of polar, high-molecular compounds, which results in the over-estimation of hydrocarbon potential ob-tained by mass balance model counting inert carbon. A new method of dead carbon correction is used to reconstruct the original organic car-bon content and original hydrocarbon potential of matured-high matured source rocks in Second White Specks formation. The favorable ar-eas for shale oil production are discussed, and it is concluded that the vitrinite reflectance of the source rocks is greater than 0.5 in 5 wellsof the middle-western part of the study area and the residual oil in other wells can't meet the commercial production requirement.
Based on the data analyses of rock pyrolysis, gas chromatographic mass spectrometry(GC-MS), organic geochemistry and X-raydiffraction on core samples from 9 wells, this paper discusses the geochemical characteristics and the favorable areas for shale oil explora-tion. GC-MS analysis of saturated hydrocarbon shows that the hydrocarbon is dominated by short-chain n-alkanes(n C9—n C19)with the pre-dominance of ααα20RC27steranes and relatively low content of oleanane. The organic matter is dominated by algae and plankton. Maturityhas a little impact on Pr/Ph, which basically records the oxidation and deoxidation environment during deposition and early diagenesisstage. The relationship between dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene and pristane/phytane indicates that the sedimentary environment-lithofa-cies of Second White Specks formation vary largely from east to west. Strong reducing environment occurs in the east of Alberta, weak re-ducing environment in the middle-west and relatively strong reducing environment in the west. On the other hand, the pyrolysis products inthe lab usually contain large amount of polar, high-molecular compounds, which results in the over-estimation of hydrocarbon potential ob-tained by mass balance model counting inert carbon. A new method of dead carbon correction is used to reconstruct the original organic car-bon content and original hydrocarbon potential of matured-high matured source rocks in Second White Specks formation. The favorable ar-eas for shale oil production are discussed, and it is concluded that the vitrinite reflectance of the source rocks is greater than 0.5 in 5 wellsof the middle-western part of the study area and the residual oil in other wells can't meet the commercial production requirement.
引文
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[21]MUSCIO G P A,HORSFIELD B.Neoformation of inert carbon during the natural maturation of a marine source rock:Bakken shale,Williston basin[J].Energy Fuels,1996,10(1):10-18.
[22]ESPITALI J,MARQUIS F,BARSONY I.9-geochemical logging[J].Analytical Pyrolysis,1984:276-304.
[23]LARTER S R,HORSFIELD B.Determination of structural components of kerogens by the use of analytical pyrolysis methods[M]//Organic Geochemistry.New York:Springer US,1993:271-287.
[24]JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:part 1-shalegas resource systems[J].AAPG Memoir,2012,97:69-87.
[25]JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:part 2-shaleoil resource systems[J].AAPG Memoir,2012,97:89-119.
[26]张振苓,邬立言,脱奇,等.烃源岩热解分析参数Tmax异常值的还原[J].石油勘探与开发,2007,34(5):580-584.ZHANG Zhenling,WU Liyan,TUO Qi,et al.Abnormal value recovery of maturity parameter Tmaxfor rock-eval[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2007,34(5):580-584.
[27]邬立言,顾信章,盛志伟.油气储集岩热解快速定性定量评价[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2000:74-78.WU Liyan,GU Xinzhang,SHENG Zhiwei.The rapid qualitative and quantitative evalution on oil and gas resevior rock pyrolysis[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2000:74-78.
[28]ROSS D J K,BUSTIN R M.Characterizing the shale gas resource potential of Devonian-Mississippian strata in the Western Canada sedimentary basin:application of an integrated formation evaluation[J].AAPG Bulletin,2008,92(1):87-125.
[29]LOUCKS R G,RUPPEL S C.Mississippian Barnett Shale:lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth basin,Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):579-601.
[30]邹才能,杨智,崔景伟,等.页岩油形成机制、地质特征及发展对策[J].石油勘探与开发,2013,40(1):14-26.ZOU Caineng,YANG Zhi,CUI Jingwei,et al.Formation mechanism,geological characteristics and development strategy of nonmarine shale oil in China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(1):14-26.
[2]CREANEY S,ALLAN J.Hydrocarbon generation and migration in the Western Canada sedimentary basin[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,1990,50(1):189-202.
[3]MUKHOPADHYAY P K,WADE J A,KRUGE M A.Organic facies and maturation of Jurassic/Cretaceous rocks,and possible oil-source rock correlation based on pyrolysis of asphaltenes,Scotian basin,Canada[J].Organic Geochemistry,1995,22(1):85-104.
[4]GELPíE,SCHNEIDER J,MANN J,et al.Hydrocarbons of geochemical significance in microscopic algae[J].Phytochemistry,1970,9(3):603-612.
[5]TISSOT B P,WELTE D H.Petroleum formation and occurrence(2nd edition)[M].New York,Tokyo:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,1984:643-644.
[6]MARZI R,TORKELSON B E,OLSON R K.A revised carbon preference index[J].Organic Geochemistry,1993,20(8):1 303-1 306.
[7]SHANMUGAM G.Significance of coniferous rain forests and related organic matter in generating commercial quantities of oil,Gippsland basin,Australia[J].AAPG Bulletin,1985,69(8):1 241-1 254.
[8]HUANG W Y,MEINSCHEIN W G.Sterols as Ecological Indicators[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1979,43(5):739-745.
[9]ADEGOKE A K,ABDULLAH W H,HAKIMI M H,et al.Geochemical characterisation of Fika formation in the Chad(Bornu)basin,northeastern Nigeria:implications for depositional environment and tectonic setting[J].Applied Geochemistry,2014,43(4):1-12.
[10]MOLDOWAN J M.C 30-steranes,novel markers for marine petroleums and sedimentary rocks[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1984,48(12):2 767-2 768.
[11]MOLDOWAN J M,SEIFERT W K,GALLEGOS E J.Relationship between petroleum composition and depositional environment of petroleum source rock[J].AAPG Bulletin,1985,69(8):1 255-1 268.
[12]PETERS K E,MOLDOWAN J M,SCHOELL M,et al.Petroleum isotopic and biomarker composition related to source rock organic matter and depositional environment[J].Organic Geochemistry,1986,10(1-3):17-27.
[13]DAMSTéJ S S,KENIG F,KOOPMANS M P,et al.Evidence for gammacerane as an indicator of water column stratification[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1995,59(9):1 895-1 900.
[14]TEN HAVEN H L,DE LEEUW J W,SINNINGHE DAMSTE J S,et al.Application of biological markers in the recognition of palaeohypersaline environments[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,1988,40(1):123-130.
[15]HUGHES W B,HOLBA A G,DZOU L I P.The ratios of dibenzothiophene to phenanthrene and pristane to phytane as indicators of depositional environment and lithology of petroleum source rocks[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1995,59(17):3 581-3 598.
[16]ZHANG Shuichang,HUANG Haiping,SU Jin,et al.Geochemistry of Paleozoic marine petroleum from the Tarim basin,NW China:part 5.effect of maturation,TSR and mixing on the occurrence and distribution of alkyldibenzothiophenes[J].Organic Geochemistry,2015,86:5-18.
[17]NAUHAUS K,TREUDE T,BOETIUS A,et al.Environmental regulation of the anaerobic oxidation of methane:a comparison of ANME-Ⅰand ANME-Ⅱcommunities[J].Environmental Microbiology,2005,7(1):98-106.
[18]BOETIUS A,SUESS E.Hydrate ridge:a natural laboratory for the study of microbial life fueled by methane from near-surface gas hydrates[J].Chemical Geology,2004,205(3-4):291-310.
[19]彼得斯K E,沃尔特斯C C,莫尔多万J M.生物标志化合物指南(第二版)[M].张水昌,李振西,译.北京:石油工业出版社,2011:101-104.PETERS K E,WALTERS C C,MOLDOWAN J M.The biomarker guide(2nd edition)[M].Translated by ZHANG Shuichang,LI Zhenxi.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2011:101-104.
[20]JARVIE D M,HILL R J,RUBLE T,et al.Unconventional shalegas systems:the Mississippian Barnett Shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):475-499.
[21]MUSCIO G P A,HORSFIELD B.Neoformation of inert carbon during the natural maturation of a marine source rock:Bakken shale,Williston basin[J].Energy Fuels,1996,10(1):10-18.
[22]ESPITALI J,MARQUIS F,BARSONY I.9-geochemical logging[J].Analytical Pyrolysis,1984:276-304.
[23]LARTER S R,HORSFIELD B.Determination of structural components of kerogens by the use of analytical pyrolysis methods[M]//Organic Geochemistry.New York:Springer US,1993:271-287.
[24]JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:part 1-shalegas resource systems[J].AAPG Memoir,2012,97:69-87.
[25]JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:part 2-shaleoil resource systems[J].AAPG Memoir,2012,97:89-119.
[26]张振苓,邬立言,脱奇,等.烃源岩热解分析参数Tmax异常值的还原[J].石油勘探与开发,2007,34(5):580-584.ZHANG Zhenling,WU Liyan,TUO Qi,et al.Abnormal value recovery of maturity parameter Tmaxfor rock-eval[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2007,34(5):580-584.
[27]邬立言,顾信章,盛志伟.油气储集岩热解快速定性定量评价[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2000:74-78.WU Liyan,GU Xinzhang,SHENG Zhiwei.The rapid qualitative and quantitative evalution on oil and gas resevior rock pyrolysis[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2000:74-78.
[28]ROSS D J K,BUSTIN R M.Characterizing the shale gas resource potential of Devonian-Mississippian strata in the Western Canada sedimentary basin:application of an integrated formation evaluation[J].AAPG Bulletin,2008,92(1):87-125.
[29]LOUCKS R G,RUPPEL S C.Mississippian Barnett Shale:lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth basin,Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):579-601.
[30]邹才能,杨智,崔景伟,等.页岩油形成机制、地质特征及发展对策[J].石油勘探与开发,2013,40(1):14-26.ZOU Caineng,YANG Zhi,CUI Jingwei,et al.Formation mechanism,geological characteristics and development strategy of nonmarine shale oil in China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(1):14-26.