国际荒漠化协会联合主席,水土保持专家王飞先生论基于土盐-水盐双分离的旱区盐碱地水土资源管理模式
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摘要
[目的]从区域资源综合利用与水土资源管理角度探讨干旱地区土壤盐碱地治理问题,旨在寻求旱区盐碱地治理与开发利用新模式,以创新旱区盐碱地治理观念与技术,为旱区农业可持续发展、生态保护和环境治理提供支撑。[方法]根据在陕西、宁夏和新疆等省区的野外调查和研究经验,结合有关水土资源高效利用研究成果,通过综合分析目前国内外盐碱地治理方法中存在的主要问题,提出了一种旱区盐碱地水土资源高效利用的管理新模式。[结果]旱区盐碱地水土资源管理新模式是通过高效水调控促进土盐—水盐分离(简称:旱区盐碱地双分离治理模式),可以综合概括为"减少区域水损失,低耗水充分洗盐,集约化水盐分离,水土资源高效利用"。其中"减少区域水损失"是旱区水资源管理与生态保障的前提,"低耗水充分洗盐"是节省洗盐的时间成本和水资源成本的基础,"集约化水盐分离"是实现水盐分离和水盐分别再利用的核心技术,"水土资源高效利用"是旱区农业发展用水的核心经济原则。[结论]旱区盐碱地双分离治理模式通过集约化水土资源管理,可以提高水盐分离效率,提升土地和水资源利用效率,其资源、环境和生态风险小,治理效益持续时间长,有助于维持和提升盐碱地治理的区域经济功能和生态系统服务价值。
[Objective]The countermeasures for soil salinization control based on the comprehensive utilization of regional resources and management of soil and water resources were discussed in order to develop a new strategy for the management of soil and water resources and provide support for agricultural sustainable development,ecological protection and environmental management in semiarid and arid areas.[Methods]We reviewed the details on the measurements of salt-affected soils worldwide,and summed up the research experiences based on the field investigation in arid areas suffering from soil salinization in Northwest China.A new strategy was proposed by integrated analyzing the main issues existing in saline-alkali treatments.[Results]The main approach of the new developed strategy has two steps:to separate the salts from soil firstly,and then to desalt the salted drainage for irrigation,that would improve the efficiency of soil salinization control measures.It can be abbreviated as "double desalinization approach(DDA)" of soil salinization control measures.The strategy of DDA of soil salinization control measures can be summarized as "reducing regional water loss,leaching of soil salts with less water,intensive desalination of salted soil,and efficient utilization of soil and water resources" .Among them,reducing regional water loss is the premise of water resource management and ecological protection in arid area.Leaching of soil salts with less water is the basis to reduce the cost of salt leaching time and water resources.Intensive desalination of salted soil is the key technology to separate the salts and water for reusing.And efficient utilization of water and soil resources is the core economic principle of agricultural development in semiarid and arid areas.[Conclusion]The new strategy of DDA of soil salinization control measures can increase the efficiency of desalination of soil and water by intensive management of soil and water resources in the arid areas.The risks relating to regional natural resources,environment and ecology of this strategy are relatively lower than the traditional methods,and the benefits of management could last for a longer time.The strategy can maintain and improve the regional economic development and the ecological services of ecosystem.
[Objective]The countermeasures for soil salinization control based on the comprehensive utilization of regional resources and management of soil and water resources were discussed in order to develop a new strategy for the management of soil and water resources and provide support for agricultural sustainable development,ecological protection and environmental management in semiarid and arid areas.[Methods]We reviewed the details on the measurements of salt-affected soils worldwide,and summed up the research experiences based on the field investigation in arid areas suffering from soil salinization in Northwest China.A new strategy was proposed by integrated analyzing the main issues existing in saline-alkali treatments.[Results]The main approach of the new developed strategy has two steps:to separate the salts from soil firstly,and then to desalt the salted drainage for irrigation,that would improve the efficiency of soil salinization control measures.It can be abbreviated as "double desalinization approach(DDA)" of soil salinization control measures.The strategy of DDA of soil salinization control measures can be summarized as "reducing regional water loss,leaching of soil salts with less water,intensive desalination of salted soil,and efficient utilization of soil and water resources" .Among them,reducing regional water loss is the premise of water resource management and ecological protection in arid area.Leaching of soil salts with less water is the basis to reduce the cost of salt leaching time and water resources.Intensive desalination of salted soil is the key technology to separate the salts and water for reusing.And efficient utilization of water and soil resources is the core economic principle of agricultural development in semiarid and arid areas.[Conclusion]The new strategy of DDA of soil salinization control measures can increase the efficiency of desalination of soil and water by intensive management of soil and water resources in the arid areas.The risks relating to regional natural resources,environment and ecology of this strategy are relatively lower than the traditional methods,and the benefits of management could last for a longer time.The strategy can maintain and improve the regional economic development and the ecological services of ecosystem.
引文
[1]牛东玲,王启基.盐碱地治理研究进展[J].土壤通报,2002,33(6):449-455.
[2]Abrol I,Yadav J,Massoud F.Salt-affected soils and their management[R].Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1988.
[3]Mashali A.Integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt-affected soils and network activities[C]∥Proceedings of the international workshop on integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt-affected soils,Manila,Philippines,1995.
[4]张建锋,张旭东,周金星,等.世界盐碱地资源及其改良利用的基本措施[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(6):28-30.
[5]郧文聚,杨劲松,鞠正山.以科技创新对接国家战略:聚焦“一带一路”沿线盐碱地治理[J].国土资源,2015(9):44-46.
[6]王遵亲.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[7]李彬,王志春,孙志高,等.中国盐碱地资源与可持续利用研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(2):154-158.
[8]杨劲松.中国盐渍土研究的发展历程与展望[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):837-845.
[9]俞仁培,陈德明.我国盐渍土资源及其开发利用[J].土壤通报,1999,30(4):158-159.
[10]Herbert E R,Boon P,Burgin A J,et al.A global perspective on wetland salinization:Ecological consequences of a growing threat to freshwater wetlands[J].Ecosphere,2016,6(10):1-43.
[11]Ca1edo-Argüelles M,Kefford B J,Piscart C,et al.Salinisation of rivers:An urgent ecological issue[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,173:157-167.
[12]王佳丽,黄贤金,钟太洋,等.盐碱地可持续利用研究综述[J].地理学报,2011,66(5):673-684.
[13]张宸.聚谷氨酸生物的合成及其在修复和改良土壤中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(2):323-328.
[14]韩剑宏,李艳伟,姚卫华,等.玉米秸秆和污泥共热解制备的生物质炭及其对盐碱土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(4):92-98,105.
[15]谢晓蓉,刘金荣,王引权,等.功能性盐土改良肥对河西走廊草甸盐土的改土效应[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(3):67-74.
[16]张金龙,王振宇,张清,等.天津滨海新区盐碱土绿化综合治理技术研究[J].天津农业科学,2012,18(6):147-151.
[17]庞喆,陈田庆,郝起礼.陕北盐碱地综合治理新模式探讨:以陕西省定边县堆子梁镇盐碱地治理项目为例[J].农业与技术,2017,37(23):18-20.
[18]任崴,罗廷彬,王宝军,等.新疆生物改良盐碱地效益研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2004,22(4):211-214.
[19]苟树生,张雄文,王彦国,等.近50年来塔里木河干流水量、水质及耗水分析[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(6):861-870.
[20]季方,马英杰,樊自立.塔里木河冲积平原胡杨林的土壤水分状况研究[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(1):17-21.
[21]李佳宣,施泽明,唐瑞玲,等.磷石膏堆场对周围农田土壤重金属含量的影响[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,2010(5):52-55.
[22]张金龙,张清,王振宇,等.排水暗管间距对滨海盐土淋洗脱盐效果的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(9):85-89.
[23]王海江,石建初,张花玲,等.不同改良措施下新疆重度盐渍土壤盐分变化与脱盐效果[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(22):102-111.
[24]杨鹏年,董新光.干旱区竖井灌排下盐分运移对地下水质的影响:以新疆哈密盆地为例[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(5):118-121.
[25]杨志鹏,刘芳,杨晖.太阳能在海水淡化中的应用[J].太阳能,2017,25(5):51-54.
[26]朱敏.我国新能源消纳困难原因及其对策[J].中国发展观察,2018(21):35-37.
[27]蒋莉,代翠玲,黄伟文.弃光现象成因及光伏产能转化路径研究:以西北地区为例[J].中国集体经济,2018(35):30-31.
[28]严俊杰,王金华,邵树峰,等.多级闪蒸海水淡化系统的改进研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2005,39(11):1165-1168.
[2]Abrol I,Yadav J,Massoud F.Salt-affected soils and their management[R].Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1988.
[3]Mashali A.Integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt-affected soils and network activities[C]∥Proceedings of the international workshop on integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt-affected soils,Manila,Philippines,1995.
[4]张建锋,张旭东,周金星,等.世界盐碱地资源及其改良利用的基本措施[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(6):28-30.
[5]郧文聚,杨劲松,鞠正山.以科技创新对接国家战略:聚焦“一带一路”沿线盐碱地治理[J].国土资源,2015(9):44-46.
[6]王遵亲.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[7]李彬,王志春,孙志高,等.中国盐碱地资源与可持续利用研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(2):154-158.
[8]杨劲松.中国盐渍土研究的发展历程与展望[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):837-845.
[9]俞仁培,陈德明.我国盐渍土资源及其开发利用[J].土壤通报,1999,30(4):158-159.
[10]Herbert E R,Boon P,Burgin A J,et al.A global perspective on wetland salinization:Ecological consequences of a growing threat to freshwater wetlands[J].Ecosphere,2016,6(10):1-43.
[11]Ca1edo-Argüelles M,Kefford B J,Piscart C,et al.Salinisation of rivers:An urgent ecological issue[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,173:157-167.
[12]王佳丽,黄贤金,钟太洋,等.盐碱地可持续利用研究综述[J].地理学报,2011,66(5):673-684.
[13]张宸.聚谷氨酸生物的合成及其在修复和改良土壤中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(2):323-328.
[14]韩剑宏,李艳伟,姚卫华,等.玉米秸秆和污泥共热解制备的生物质炭及其对盐碱土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(4):92-98,105.
[15]谢晓蓉,刘金荣,王引权,等.功能性盐土改良肥对河西走廊草甸盐土的改土效应[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(3):67-74.
[16]张金龙,王振宇,张清,等.天津滨海新区盐碱土绿化综合治理技术研究[J].天津农业科学,2012,18(6):147-151.
[17]庞喆,陈田庆,郝起礼.陕北盐碱地综合治理新模式探讨:以陕西省定边县堆子梁镇盐碱地治理项目为例[J].农业与技术,2017,37(23):18-20.
[18]任崴,罗廷彬,王宝军,等.新疆生物改良盐碱地效益研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2004,22(4):211-214.
[19]苟树生,张雄文,王彦国,等.近50年来塔里木河干流水量、水质及耗水分析[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(6):861-870.
[20]季方,马英杰,樊自立.塔里木河冲积平原胡杨林的土壤水分状况研究[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(1):17-21.
[21]李佳宣,施泽明,唐瑞玲,等.磷石膏堆场对周围农田土壤重金属含量的影响[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,2010(5):52-55.
[22]张金龙,张清,王振宇,等.排水暗管间距对滨海盐土淋洗脱盐效果的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(9):85-89.
[23]王海江,石建初,张花玲,等.不同改良措施下新疆重度盐渍土壤盐分变化与脱盐效果[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(22):102-111.
[24]杨鹏年,董新光.干旱区竖井灌排下盐分运移对地下水质的影响:以新疆哈密盆地为例[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(5):118-121.
[25]杨志鹏,刘芳,杨晖.太阳能在海水淡化中的应用[J].太阳能,2017,25(5):51-54.
[26]朱敏.我国新能源消纳困难原因及其对策[J].中国发展观察,2018(21):35-37.
[27]蒋莉,代翠玲,黄伟文.弃光现象成因及光伏产能转化路径研究:以西北地区为例[J].中国集体经济,2018(35):30-31.
[28]严俊杰,王金华,邵树峰,等.多级闪蒸海水淡化系统的改进研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2005,39(11):1165-1168.