气候变化对西南亚高山区流域碳水平衡的影响模拟
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摘要
为了揭示气候变化对西南亚高山区流域碳水平衡的影响,应用生物物理/动态植被模式SSi B4/TRIFFID与流域水文模型TOPMODEL的耦合模式SSi B4T/TRIFFID进行西南亚高山区的梭磨河流域不同气候情景下[背景条件(控制试验)、增温2℃(T+2)、增温5℃+增雨40%(T+5,(1+40%) P)]植被与碳水平衡的动态模拟。控制试验结果显示,流域蒸散在流域为苔原灌木覆盖时达到最大而径流深最小;T+5,(1+40%) P试验流域蒸散在流域为森林覆盖时达到最大而径流深最小。随着温度增加,由于森林、苔原灌木和C3草地3种植被类型中森林蒸散增加幅度最大,导致森林从控制试验的增加径流量变为减小径流量。从控制试验到T+5,(1+40%) P试验,森林蒸散从388.1 mm·a-1增加到802.9 mm·a-1,径流深从298.0 mm·a-1减小到157.9 mm·a-1,径流系数从0.43减小到0.16;森林净初级生产力NPP从1 025.5 g·m-2·a-1增加到1 199.5 g·m-2·a-1,净生态系统生产力NEP从476.8g·m-2·a-1增加到650.8g·m-2·a-1。NPP和NEP增加幅度低于蒸散增加的幅度,表征碳水耦合关系的水分利用效率WUE随温度增加而明显减小。WUE和森林-径流关系随海拔高度变化,西南山区气候的垂直地带性分布控制了水分利用效率和森林-径流关系的空间变化。
To investigate the effects of climate changes on carbon-water balances at basin scale in the mountain region of southwestern China, the Biophysical/Dynamic Vegetation Model SSiB4/TRIFFID is coupled with TOPMODEL. Long-term dynamic simulations are run of vegetation succession and carbon-water balances under different climate scenarios for the sub-alpine. The results showed that evapotranspiration of the basin increased and reached its maximal value and runoff reached the minimum during the period of C3 grass succession into shrub. The evapotranspiration decreased, and runoff increased during the period of shrub succession into forest. A temperature increase of 5 ℃ accompanied by an increase in precipitation of 40% [T+5,(1+40%) P] could reduce runoff from forest owing to a significant increase in water loss through canopy interception evaporation and transpiration. Among the three vegetation types forest evapotranspiration increased most, which resulted in forest-runoff relationship changed with variance in temperature. From the control test to the T+5,(1+40%)P test, the forest evapotranspiration increased from 249.7 mm·a-1 to 802.9 mm·a-1 while runoff depth decreased from 298.0 mm·a-1 to 157.9 mm·a-1 and the runoff coefficient decreased from 0.43 to 0.16. The net primary productivity increased from 1 025.5 g·m-2·a-1 to 1 199.5 g·m-2·a-1, while net ecosystem productivity NEP increased from 476.8 g·m-2·a-1 to 650.8 g·m-2·a-1. As the rate of evapotranspiration was higher than both the net primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity, the water use efficiency(WUE) which characterized the coupling relationship between carbon and water decreased with increasing temperature. WUE decreased and the role of forests to increase runoff changed to reduce runoff with altitude. The vertical zonality of climate controls the spatial variation of the forest-runoff relationship and WUE.
To investigate the effects of climate changes on carbon-water balances at basin scale in the mountain region of southwestern China, the Biophysical/Dynamic Vegetation Model SSiB4/TRIFFID is coupled with TOPMODEL. Long-term dynamic simulations are run of vegetation succession and carbon-water balances under different climate scenarios for the sub-alpine. The results showed that evapotranspiration of the basin increased and reached its maximal value and runoff reached the minimum during the period of C3 grass succession into shrub. The evapotranspiration decreased, and runoff increased during the period of shrub succession into forest. A temperature increase of 5 ℃ accompanied by an increase in precipitation of 40% [T+5,(1+40%) P] could reduce runoff from forest owing to a significant increase in water loss through canopy interception evaporation and transpiration. Among the three vegetation types forest evapotranspiration increased most, which resulted in forest-runoff relationship changed with variance in temperature. From the control test to the T+5,(1+40%)P test, the forest evapotranspiration increased from 249.7 mm·a-1 to 802.9 mm·a-1 while runoff depth decreased from 298.0 mm·a-1 to 157.9 mm·a-1 and the runoff coefficient decreased from 0.43 to 0.16. The net primary productivity increased from 1 025.5 g·m-2·a-1 to 1 199.5 g·m-2·a-1, while net ecosystem productivity NEP increased from 476.8 g·m-2·a-1 to 650.8 g·m-2·a-1. As the rate of evapotranspiration was higher than both the net primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity, the water use efficiency(WUE) which characterized the coupling relationship between carbon and water decreased with increasing temperature. WUE decreased and the role of forests to increase runoff changed to reduce runoff with altitude. The vertical zonality of climate controls the spatial variation of the forest-runoff relationship and WUE.
引文
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STIEGLITZ M,RIND D,FAMIGLIETH J,et al.,1996.An Efficient Approach to Modeling the Topographic Control of Surface Hydrology for Regional and Global Climate Modeling[J].Journal of Climate,10:118-137.
WARRACH K,STIEGLITZ M,MENGELKAMP H T,et al.,2002.Advantages of a Topographically Controlled Runoff Simulation in a Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer Model[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,3:131-148.
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XUE Y K,DENG H P,COX P M,2006.Testing a coupled biophysical/dynamic vegetation model(SSiB-4/TRIFFID)in different climate zones using satellite-derived and ground-measured data,86th AMS Annual Meeting,18th Conference on Climate Variability and Change[EB/OL](2006-01-31)[2018-09-04].https://ams.confex.com/ams/An nual2006/webprogram/Paper101721.html.
ZENG Z Z,PIAO S L,LI L Z X,et al.,2018.Impact of earch greening on the terrestrial water cycle[J].Journal of Climate,31(7):2633-2650.
ZHAN X W,XUE Y K,COLLATZ G J,2003.An Analytical Approach for Estimating CO2 and Heat Fluxes over the Amazonian Region[J].Ecological Modeling,162(1-2):97-117.
陈军锋,李秀彬,张明,2004.模型模拟梭磨河流域气候波动和土地覆被变化对流域水文的影响[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,34(7):668-674.
邓慧平,2010.流域植被水文效应的动态模拟[J].长江流域资源与环境.19(12):1404-1409.
邓慧平,刘惠民,肖燕,2012.流域植被与土壤导水系数对青弋江流域水文影响的数值试验[J].水资源与水工程学报,23(3):4-9.
邓慧平,2012.森林与径流关系的模拟与分析[J].地理科学研究(汉斯),1(2):31-38.
马雪华,1980.岷江上游森林的采伐对河流流量和泥沙悬移质的影响[J].自然资源,4(3):78-87.
马雪华,1987.四川米亚罗地区高山冷杉林水文作用的研究[J].林业科学,23(3):253-264.
张发会,陈林武,吴雪仙,2007.长江上游低山丘陵区小流域森林植被变化对径流影响分析[J].四川林业科技,28(4):49-53.
张远东,刘世荣,顾峰雪,2011.西南亚高山森林植被变化对流域产水量的影响[J].生态学报,31(24):7601-7608.
BETTS R A,2004.Global vegetation and climate:Self-beneficial effects,climate forcings and climate feedbacks[J].Journal De Physique IV,121(12):37-60.
BEVEN K J,2000.Rainfall-Runoff Modeling[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,LTD:187-199.
BONAN,G B,LEVIS S,SITCH S,et al.,2003.A dynamical global vegetation model for use with climate models:Concepts and description of simulated vegetation dynamics[J].Global Change Biology,9(11):1543-1566.
CHEN J,KUMAR P,2001.Topographic Influence on the seasonal and interannual variation of water and energy balance of basins in North America[J].Journal of Climate,14(9):1989-2014.
COWLING S A,JONES C D,COX P M,2009.Greening the terrestrial biosphere:Simulated feedbacks on atmospheric heat and energy circulation[J].Climate Dynamics,32(2-3):287-299.
COX P M,BETTS R A,JONES C D,et al.,2000.Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model[J].Nature,408(6809):184-187.
COX P,2001.Description of the"TRIFFID"dynamic global vegetation model[J].Hadley Centre Technical Note,24.
DAN L,JI J J,HE Y,2007.Use of ISLSCP II data to intercompare and validate the terrestrial net primary production in a land surface model coupled to a general circulation model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,doi:10.1029/2006JD007721.
DAN L,JI J J,XIE Z H,et al.,2012.Hydrological projections of climate change scenarios over the 3H region of China:A VIC model assessment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,doi:10.1029/2011JD017131.
DENG H P,SUN S F,2012.Incorporation of TOPMODEL into land surface model SSiB and numerically testing the effects of the corporation at basin scale[J].Science China Earth Sciences,55(10):1731-1741.
GEDNEY N,COX P M,2003.The Sensitivity of Global Climate Model Simulations to the Representation of Soil Moisture Heterogeneity[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,4(6):1265-1275.
MINVILLE M,BRISSETTE F,LECONTE R,2008.Uncertainty of the impact of climate change on the hydrology of a nordic watershed[J].Journal of Hydrology,358(1-2):70-83.
NIU G Y,YANG Z L,2005.A Simple TOPMODE-based Runoff Parameterization(SIMTOP)for Use in Global Climate Models[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,110(D21106):1-15.
PENG J,DAN L,2015.Impacts of CO2 concentration and climate change on the terrestrial carbon flux using six global climate-carbon coupled models[J].Ecological Modelling,304:69-83.
SELLERS P J,MINTZ Y,SUD Y C,et al.,1986.A Simple Biosphere Model(SiB)for Use within General Circulation Models[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Science,43(6):505-531.
SELLERS P J,RANDALL D A,COLLATZ G J,et al.,1996.A Revised Land Surface Parameterization(SiB2)for Atmospheric GCMs[J].Journal of Climate,9:676-705.
SIVAPALAN M,BEVEN K J,WOOD E F,1987.On Hydrologic Similarity:2.A Scaled Method of Storm Runoff Production[J].Water Resource Research,23(12):2266-2278.
STIEGLITZ M,RIND D,FAMIGLIETH J,et al.,1996.An Efficient Approach to Modeling the Topographic Control of Surface Hydrology for Regional and Global Climate Modeling[J].Journal of Climate,10:118-137.
WARRACH K,STIEGLITZ M,MENGELKAMP H T,et al.,2002.Advantages of a Topographically Controlled Runoff Simulation in a Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer Model[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,3:131-148.
XUE Y K,SELLERS P J,KINTER J L,et al.,1991.A Simplified Biosphere Model for Global Climate Studies[J].Journal of Climate,4(3):345-364.
XUE Y K,DENG H P,COX P M,2006.Testing a coupled biophysical/dynamic vegetation model(SSiB-4/TRIFFID)in different climate zones using satellite-derived and ground-measured data,86th AMS Annual Meeting,18th Conference on Climate Variability and Change[EB/OL](2006-01-31)[2018-09-04].https://ams.confex.com/ams/An nual2006/webprogram/Paper101721.html.
ZENG Z Z,PIAO S L,LI L Z X,et al.,2018.Impact of earch greening on the terrestrial water cycle[J].Journal of Climate,31(7):2633-2650.
ZHAN X W,XUE Y K,COLLATZ G J,2003.An Analytical Approach for Estimating CO2 and Heat Fluxes over the Amazonian Region[J].Ecological Modeling,162(1-2):97-117.
陈军锋,李秀彬,张明,2004.模型模拟梭磨河流域气候波动和土地覆被变化对流域水文的影响[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,34(7):668-674.
邓慧平,2010.流域植被水文效应的动态模拟[J].长江流域资源与环境.19(12):1404-1409.
邓慧平,刘惠民,肖燕,2012.流域植被与土壤导水系数对青弋江流域水文影响的数值试验[J].水资源与水工程学报,23(3):4-9.
邓慧平,2012.森林与径流关系的模拟与分析[J].地理科学研究(汉斯),1(2):31-38.
马雪华,1980.岷江上游森林的采伐对河流流量和泥沙悬移质的影响[J].自然资源,4(3):78-87.
马雪华,1987.四川米亚罗地区高山冷杉林水文作用的研究[J].林业科学,23(3):253-264.
张发会,陈林武,吴雪仙,2007.长江上游低山丘陵区小流域森林植被变化对径流影响分析[J].四川林业科技,28(4):49-53.
张远东,刘世荣,顾峰雪,2011.西南亚高山森林植被变化对流域产水量的影响[J].生态学报,31(24):7601-7608.