南海夏季风爆发早晚的经向环流异常的机理研究
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摘要
南海夏季风爆发与东亚地区的局地经向环流密切相关。本文利用线性局地经向环流诊断模式,定量诊断分析了1979~2003年5月1~15日的局地经向环流及其在夏季风爆发早晚年的差异,分析找出了在该关键时段对经向环流异常有正贡献的主要因子,从而确立影响季风爆发的相应天气过程及贡献机制。结果表明,在季风爆发早年期间,局地经向环流异常呈现为"Hadley环流"形态:上升运动(下沉运动)影响南海中北部(江淮地区),低空非地转南风(北风)影响南海中南部(华南和江南地区)。季风爆发晚年的情况则与季风爆发早年相反。对造成经向环流异常的各个因子进行定量分析发现,经向分布不均匀的潜热加热的贡献作用最大,其次是温度平流和西风动量输送过程,与越赤道气流有关的边界效应则对南海中南部的低空南风有一定贡献。相应的天气学分析表明,季风爆发偏早年的副热带高空急流强度偏强且位置偏南,其动量输送过程导致对流层上层出现非地转南风、急流轴南侧(北侧)的华南(华北)地区出现高空辐散(辐合)和低层辐合上升(辐散下沉)。与此同时,中纬度西风带扰动的南下和副热带高压脊从南海地区的撤出,中低层温度平流导致华中地区冷却和南海中北部增暖,进一步加强低纬地区上升、中纬地区下沉的经向环流异常。华南地区异常的非地转北风与南海中南部异常的非地转南风,显著加强了南海中北部的低空水汽辐合和对流潜热释放,从而激发出强烈上升运动。由此可见,中低纬天气系统配置能有效调节中国东部及南海地区的潜热加热和冷暖平流的南北分布,从而引起与季风爆发对应的局地经向环流的显著变化。
The onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon is strongly associated with the variations of meridionalcirculation over East Asia, particularly during 1–15 May. Using a linear diagnostic model, numerical experiments are performed that successfully capture the local meridional circulation and its anomaly relating to early and delayed onsets of the summer monsoon. It is shown that, in years with an early monsoon onset, anomalous ascending(descending) motion tends to occur over the South China Sea(central China), in clear contrast to the pattern in years with a delayed monsoon onset. Such a difference of meridional circulation is found to result from the meridional gradient of latent heat release, thermal and momentum advection, and the forcing effect of the southern boundary. An analysis of the related synoptic patterns suggests that the southward-shifted subtropical upper-level jets, westerly disturbances, frontal activities, and the retreat of the subtropical high from the South China Sea can trigger a direct circulation between low and middle latitudes through an effective transport of heat and momentum. The anomalous northerly wind from middle latitudes and the westerly wind from tropical regions work together to strengthen the low-level moisture convergence and convection over the South China Sea, driving strong upward motion. The results highlight that a strong interaction between midlatitude and tropical weather systems may play an important role in regulating the timing of the onset of the summer monsoon.
The onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon is strongly associated with the variations of meridionalcirculation over East Asia, particularly during 1–15 May. Using a linear diagnostic model, numerical experiments are performed that successfully capture the local meridional circulation and its anomaly relating to early and delayed onsets of the summer monsoon. It is shown that, in years with an early monsoon onset, anomalous ascending(descending) motion tends to occur over the South China Sea(central China), in clear contrast to the pattern in years with a delayed monsoon onset. Such a difference of meridional circulation is found to result from the meridional gradient of latent heat release, thermal and momentum advection, and the forcing effect of the southern boundary. An analysis of the related synoptic patterns suggests that the southward-shifted subtropical upper-level jets, westerly disturbances, frontal activities, and the retreat of the subtropical high from the South China Sea can trigger a direct circulation between low and middle latitudes through an effective transport of heat and momentum. The anomalous northerly wind from middle latitudes and the westerly wind from tropical regions work together to strengthen the low-level moisture convergence and convection over the South China Sea, driving strong upward motion. The results highlight that a strong interaction between midlatitude and tropical weather systems may play an important role in regulating the timing of the onset of the summer monsoon.
引文
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陈尚锋,温之平,陈文.2011.南海地区大气30~60天低频振荡及其对南海夏季风的可能影响[J].大气科学,35(5):982-992.Chen Shangfeng,Wen Zhiping,Chen Wen.2011.Tropical low frequency oscillations with 30-60 day period and its possible influence on the South China Sea summer monsoon[J].Chinese J.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),35(5):982-992,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.05.17.
Dima I M,Wallace J M.2003.On the seasonality of the Hadley cell[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,60(12):1522-1527,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1522:OTSOTH>2.0.CO;2.
Eady E T.1950.The cause of the general circulation of the atmosphere[J]Centen.Proc.Roy.Meteor.Soc,76:156-172.
冯然,李建平,王金成.2011.北半球夏季Hadley环流的主导模态及其变率[J].大气科学,35(2):201-216.Feng Ran,Li Jianping,Wang Jincheng.2011.The principal modes of variability of the boreal summer Hadley circulation and their variations[J].Chinese J.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),35(2):201-216,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.02.02.
何金海,丁一汇,高辉,等.2001.南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数[M].北京:气象出版社,123pp.He Jinhai,Ding Yihui,Gao Hui,et al.2001.Dates of Summer Monsoon Onset in the South China Sea and Monsoon Indices[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,123pp.
Hoskins B J,Hsu H H,Janes I N,et al.1989.Diagnostics of the Global Atmospheric Circulation Based on ECMWF Analyses 1979-1989[M].Reading:Reading University,217pp.
Huang R H,Zhou L T,Chen W.2003.The progresses of recent studies on the variabilities of the East Asian monsoon and their causes[J].Adv Atmos.Sci.,20(1):55-69,doi:10.1007/BF03342050.
Huang R H,Chen J L,Wang L,et al.2012.Characteristics,processes,and causes of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon system[J].Adv.Atmos.Sci.,29(5):910-942,doi:10.1007/s00376-012-2015-x.
Lau K M,Kim K M,Yang S.2000.Dynamical and boundary forcing characteristics regional components of the Asian summer monsoon[J].J.Climate,13(14):2461-2482,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2461:DABFCO>2.0.CO;2.
梁肇宁,温之平,袁卓建,等.2004.影响1991年和1994年南海夏季风爆发迟早的物理因子探讨[J].大气科学,28(2):216-230.Liang Zhaoning,Wen Zhiping,Yuan Zhuojian,et al.2004.The comparison between the mechanism of the early(1994)and later(1991)onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon[J].Chinese J.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),28(2):216-230,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2004.02.05.
Murakami T,Chen L X,Xie A.1986.Relationship among seasonal cycles,low-frequency oscillations,and transient disturbances as revealed from outgoing longwave radiation data[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,114(8):1456-1465,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1456:RASCLF>2.0.CO;2.
覃慧玲,简茂球,袁卓建,等.2004.1984年南海夏季风经向环流强迫因子的诊断分析[J].热带气象学报,20(1):39-50.Qin Huiling,Jian Maoqiu,Yuan Zhuojian,et al.2004.A numerical diagnosis on the evolution of summer monsoon meridional circulation over South China Sea in 1984[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),20(1):39-50,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2004.01.005.
So C H,Chan J C L.1997.An observational study on the onset of the summer monsoon over South China around Hong Kong[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,75(1):43-57.
Uccellini L W,Johnson D R.1979.The coupling of upper and lower tropospheric jet streaks and implications for the development of severe convective storms[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,107(6):682-703,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0682:TCOUAL>2.0.CO;2.
Uccellini L W,Kocin P J.1987.The interaction of jet streak circulations during heavy snow events along the east coast of the United States[J].Wea.Forecasting,2(4):289-308,doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1987)002<0289:TIOJSC>2.0.CO;2.
Ueda H,Yasunari T.1998.Role of warming over the Tibetan Plateau in early onset of the summer monsoon over the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,76(1):1-12.
Wang B,Lin Ho,Zhang Y S,et al.2004.Definition of South China Sea monsoon onset and commencement of the East Asia summer monsoon[J]J.Climate,17(4):699-710,doi:10.1175/2932.1.
王世玉,钱永甫.2001.1998年地面加热场的基本特征及其与南海夏季风爆发的可能联系[J].气象学报,59(1):31-40.Wang Shiyu,Qian Yongfu.2001.Basic characteristic of surface heat field in 1998 and the possible connections with the SCS summer monsoon onset[J].Acta Meteor.Sinica(in Chinese),59(1):31-40,doi:10.11676/qxxb2001.004.
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