桂西北峰丛洼地土壤结构对不同耕作模式的响应
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摘要
桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地区因其广泛分布的石漠化和较强的石漠化风险,一直是我国典型的生态脆弱与社会贫困区,也是我国生态恢复与精准扶贫的攻坚区域。土壤障碍和人类不合理活动是该区石漠化的主要驱动因子,评价人类活动对土壤的影响,既是综合防治该区生态退化的基础,也是持续利用该区有限土壤资源,提升农户土地收入的前提。以桂西北典型峰丛洼地农作与生态恢复区——广西果化岩溶生态研究基地(建设于2001年初)为研究区,研究了火龙果(HLG,相当于免耕)、玉米(YMD,相当于翻耕)、甘蔗种植(GZD,相当于垄作+枝叶覆盖还田)3种耕作模式下的土壤结构性质,并将其与退耕还林恢复模式(LD)进行了对比,以评价不同耕作模式的土壤结构效应。结果表明:4种模式下土壤结构差异明显,与LD相比,3种耕作模式显著降低了湿筛土壤大团聚体含量,尤以YMD为甚,其>10 mm含量为17.99%,而LD的高达85.36%,相同的趋势同样体现在干筛土壤团聚体含量方面,HLG,YMD,GZD,LD>10 mm含量分别为57.78%,9.29%,28.07%,59.55%;各地类下干筛、湿筛的平均重量直径与几何平均直径变化趋势与含量趋势一致,均以LD最高,YMD最低;土壤质地方面,四者0.01～2,2～20,20～2 000μm含量大小顺序分别为YMD>LD>HLG>GZD,LD>HLG>YMD>GZD,GZD>HLG>LD>YMD;同时,耕作强度较为强烈的YMD增加了土壤容重,并减少了土壤孔隙度。本研究认为火龙果种植具有较好的土壤结构保持效应,相当于一种保护性耕作,加之其较高的经济效益,适于在桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地区推广种植。
Because of the wide distribution and high risk of rocky desertification, the northwest Guangxi, characterized by karst peak-cluster depression, is a typical ecological fragile and poor region. It is important to evaluate the soil quality under different land uses, to strengthen ecological restoration and to increase peasants′ income in karst peak-cluster depression farming area because the soil problem and unscientific human activities are considered to be the key factors that cause the rocky desertification. Based on the Guohua Karst Ecological Research Base(founded in beginning of 2001), the objectives of this paper are to evaluate soil structure dynamics under three cultivation patterns, Hylocereus undatus(HLG), maize(YMD) and sugarcane(GZD) cultivation, which was representative of the no-tillage, plowing and straw returning, respectively. The results showed that, compare to conversion of cropland to forest(LD), HLG, YMD and GZD decreased the contents of soil macroaggregate significantly both by the methods of wet sieving and dry sieving, the content of >l0 mm soil macroaggregate was 17.99% in the patter of YMD under wet sieving, and 9.29% in dry sieving, and the contents of LD were 85.36% and 59.55% in the pattern of LD. Also, the mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter by wet sieving and dry sieving decreased in the order: LD>HLG>GZD>YMD. Soil particle size changed with the cultivation pattern obviously, the particle size decreased in the order: YMD>LD>HLG>GZD, LD>HLG>YMD>GZD and GZD>HLG>LD>YMD presented in 0.01～2 μm, 2～20 μm and 20～2 000 μm respectively. However, the soil bulk density increased in the pattern of YMD with the highest value of 1.28 g/cm~3 and the lowest value of soil porosity 51.52%. Consequently, it is suggested that Hylocereus undatus plantation is beneficial for karst peak-cluster depression area because of its strong ability of soil structure maintenance and high economic benefits.
Because of the wide distribution and high risk of rocky desertification, the northwest Guangxi, characterized by karst peak-cluster depression, is a typical ecological fragile and poor region. It is important to evaluate the soil quality under different land uses, to strengthen ecological restoration and to increase peasants′ income in karst peak-cluster depression farming area because the soil problem and unscientific human activities are considered to be the key factors that cause the rocky desertification. Based on the Guohua Karst Ecological Research Base(founded in beginning of 2001), the objectives of this paper are to evaluate soil structure dynamics under three cultivation patterns, Hylocereus undatus(HLG), maize(YMD) and sugarcane(GZD) cultivation, which was representative of the no-tillage, plowing and straw returning, respectively. The results showed that, compare to conversion of cropland to forest(LD), HLG, YMD and GZD decreased the contents of soil macroaggregate significantly both by the methods of wet sieving and dry sieving, the content of >l0 mm soil macroaggregate was 17.99% in the patter of YMD under wet sieving, and 9.29% in dry sieving, and the contents of LD were 85.36% and 59.55% in the pattern of LD. Also, the mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter by wet sieving and dry sieving decreased in the order: LD>HLG>GZD>YMD. Soil particle size changed with the cultivation pattern obviously, the particle size decreased in the order: YMD>LD>HLG>GZD, LD>HLG>YMD>GZD and GZD>HLG>LD>YMD presented in 0.01～2 μm, 2～20 μm and 20～2 000 μm respectively. However, the soil bulk density increased in the pattern of YMD with the highest value of 1.28 g/cm~3 and the lowest value of soil porosity 51.52%. Consequently, it is suggested that Hylocereus undatus plantation is beneficial for karst peak-cluster depression area because of its strong ability of soil structure maintenance and high economic benefits.
引文
[1]袁道先.岩溶石漠化问题的全球视野和我国的治理对策与经验[J].草业科学,2008,25(9):19-27.
[2]袁道先.我国西南岩溶石山的环境地质问题[J].世界科技研究与发展,1997,19(5):41-43.
[3]张殿发,王世杰,周德全,等.贵州省喀斯特地区土地石漠化的内动力作用机制[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(4):1-5.
[4]Jiang Z, Lian Y, Qin X. Rocky desertification in Southwest China: Impacts, causes, and restoration[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014,132(3):1-12.
[5]蒋忠诚,罗为群,童立强,等.21世纪西南岩溶石漠化演变特点及影响因素[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(5):461-468.
[6]覃星铭,何丙辉,吴华英.岩溶山区土壤水的地球化学特征及其与土壤环境的关系[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(11):280-289.
[7]曹建华,袁道先,潘根兴.岩溶生态系统中的土壤[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):37-44.
[8]李阳兵,侯建筠,谢德体.中国西南岩溶生态研究进展[J].地理科学,2002,22(3):365-371.
[9]Amézketa E. Soil aggregate stability: a review[J]. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 1999,14(2/3):83-151.
[10]彭新华,张斌,赵其国.土壤有机碳库与土壤结构稳定性关系的研究进展[J].土壤学报,2004,41(4):618-623.
[11]王彩霞,王旭东,朱瑞祥.保护性耕作对土壤结构体碳氮分布的影响[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(3):386-495.
[12]田效琴,田佳乔,李卓,等.保护性耕作下西南黄壤坡地的土壤结构效应[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(14):62-68.
[13]Márquez C O, Garcia V J, Cambardella C A, et al. Aggregate-size stability distribution and soil stability[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004,68(3):725-735.
[14]Xiao S S, Zhang W, Ye Y Y, et al. Soil aggregate mediates the impacts of land uses on organic carbon, total nitrogen, and microbial activity in a Karst ecosystem [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, DOI:10.1038/srep41402.
[15]卢凌霄,宋同清,彭晚霞,等.喀斯特峰丛洼地原生林土壤团聚体有机碳的剖面分布[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(5):1167-1174.
[16]罗为群,张辉旭,蒋忠诚,等.岩溶峰丛洼地不同环境水土流失差异及防治研究:以广西果化岩溶生态研究基地为例[J].地球学报,2014,35(4):473-480.
[17]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1978.
[18]黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[19]周虎,吕贻忠,杨志臣,等.保护性耕作对华北平原土壤团聚体特征的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(9):1973-1979.
[20]Boix-Fayos C, Calvo-Cases A, Imeson A C, et al. Influence of soil properties on the aggregation of some Mediterranean soils and the use of aggregate size and stability as land degradation indicators [J]. Catena, 2001,44(1):47-67.
[21]Chan K Y, Heenan D P, So H B. Sequestration of carbon and changes in soil quality under conservation tillage on light-textured soils in Australia: a review[J]. Animal Production Science, 2003,43(4):325-334.
[22]Bronick C J, Lal R. Soil structure and management: a review[J]. Geoderma, 2005,124(1):3-22.
[23]Six J, Elliott E T, Paustian K. Soil structure and soil organic matter: II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2000,64(3):1042-1049.
[24]张治伟,傅瓦利,张洪,等.石灰岩土壤结构稳定性及影响因素研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):164-168.
[25]李娟,廖洪凯,龙健,等.喀斯特山区土地利用对土壤团聚体有机碳和活性有机碳特征的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(7):2147-2156.
[26]胡阳,邓艳,蒋忠诚,等.典型岩溶山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(1):61-67.
[27]Duiker S W, Rhoton F E, Torrent J, et al. Iron (hydr) oxide crystallinity effects on soil aggregation[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003,67(2):606-611.
[28]Tisdall J M, Oades J M. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils [J]. Journal of Soil Science, 2010, 33(2):141-163.
[29]窦森,李凯,关松.土壤团聚体中有机质研究进展[J].土壤学报,2011,48(2):412-418.
[30]Attou F, Bruand A, Bissonnais Y L. Effect of clay content and silt-clay fabric on stability of artificial aggregates[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 2010,49(4):569-577.
[31]Sollins P, Homann P, Caldwell B A. Stabilization and destabilization of soil organic matter: Mechanisms and controls[J]. Geoderma,1996,74(1/2):65-105.
[2]袁道先.我国西南岩溶石山的环境地质问题[J].世界科技研究与发展,1997,19(5):41-43.
[3]张殿发,王世杰,周德全,等.贵州省喀斯特地区土地石漠化的内动力作用机制[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(4):1-5.
[4]Jiang Z, Lian Y, Qin X. Rocky desertification in Southwest China: Impacts, causes, and restoration[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014,132(3):1-12.
[5]蒋忠诚,罗为群,童立强,等.21世纪西南岩溶石漠化演变特点及影响因素[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(5):461-468.
[6]覃星铭,何丙辉,吴华英.岩溶山区土壤水的地球化学特征及其与土壤环境的关系[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(11):280-289.
[7]曹建华,袁道先,潘根兴.岩溶生态系统中的土壤[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):37-44.
[8]李阳兵,侯建筠,谢德体.中国西南岩溶生态研究进展[J].地理科学,2002,22(3):365-371.
[9]Amézketa E. Soil aggregate stability: a review[J]. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 1999,14(2/3):83-151.
[10]彭新华,张斌,赵其国.土壤有机碳库与土壤结构稳定性关系的研究进展[J].土壤学报,2004,41(4):618-623.
[11]王彩霞,王旭东,朱瑞祥.保护性耕作对土壤结构体碳氮分布的影响[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(3):386-495.
[12]田效琴,田佳乔,李卓,等.保护性耕作下西南黄壤坡地的土壤结构效应[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(14):62-68.
[13]Márquez C O, Garcia V J, Cambardella C A, et al. Aggregate-size stability distribution and soil stability[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004,68(3):725-735.
[14]Xiao S S, Zhang W, Ye Y Y, et al. Soil aggregate mediates the impacts of land uses on organic carbon, total nitrogen, and microbial activity in a Karst ecosystem [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, DOI:10.1038/srep41402.
[15]卢凌霄,宋同清,彭晚霞,等.喀斯特峰丛洼地原生林土壤团聚体有机碳的剖面分布[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(5):1167-1174.
[16]罗为群,张辉旭,蒋忠诚,等.岩溶峰丛洼地不同环境水土流失差异及防治研究:以广西果化岩溶生态研究基地为例[J].地球学报,2014,35(4):473-480.
[17]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1978.
[18]黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[19]周虎,吕贻忠,杨志臣,等.保护性耕作对华北平原土壤团聚体特征的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(9):1973-1979.
[20]Boix-Fayos C, Calvo-Cases A, Imeson A C, et al. Influence of soil properties on the aggregation of some Mediterranean soils and the use of aggregate size and stability as land degradation indicators [J]. Catena, 2001,44(1):47-67.
[21]Chan K Y, Heenan D P, So H B. Sequestration of carbon and changes in soil quality under conservation tillage on light-textured soils in Australia: a review[J]. Animal Production Science, 2003,43(4):325-334.
[22]Bronick C J, Lal R. Soil structure and management: a review[J]. Geoderma, 2005,124(1):3-22.
[23]Six J, Elliott E T, Paustian K. Soil structure and soil organic matter: II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2000,64(3):1042-1049.
[24]张治伟,傅瓦利,张洪,等.石灰岩土壤结构稳定性及影响因素研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):164-168.
[25]李娟,廖洪凯,龙健,等.喀斯特山区土地利用对土壤团聚体有机碳和活性有机碳特征的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(7):2147-2156.
[26]胡阳,邓艳,蒋忠诚,等.典型岩溶山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(1):61-67.
[27]Duiker S W, Rhoton F E, Torrent J, et al. Iron (hydr) oxide crystallinity effects on soil aggregation[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003,67(2):606-611.
[28]Tisdall J M, Oades J M. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils [J]. Journal of Soil Science, 2010, 33(2):141-163.
[29]窦森,李凯,关松.土壤团聚体中有机质研究进展[J].土壤学报,2011,48(2):412-418.
[30]Attou F, Bruand A, Bissonnais Y L. Effect of clay content and silt-clay fabric on stability of artificial aggregates[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 2010,49(4):569-577.
[31]Sollins P, Homann P, Caldwell B A. Stabilization and destabilization of soil organic matter: Mechanisms and controls[J]. Geoderma,1996,74(1/2):65-105.