中间品贸易自由化、技能结构与出口产品质量升级
|
摘要
文章基于2000～2007年中国制造业企业数据,深入考察了中间品贸易自由化和技能结构对中国制造企业出口产品质量的影响。结果发现:中间品贸易自由化显著地提升了出口产品质量,但是这种影响因出口产品目的地、产品类别和企业所有制而具有显著的异质性;增加高技能劳动力投入有利于出口产品质量提升,同时,高技能劳动力与高质量进口中间品存在显著的要素投入组合效应,这种效应有利于出口产品质量提升;中间品贸易自由化存在显著的进口中间品增强效应和技能结构增强效应。
This paper analyzes the effects of the intermediate input trade liberalization and skill structure on Chinese manufacturing enterprises' export product quality by using firm-level data form 2000 to 2007. There are several conclusions indicated by the study as follows. Firstly,trade liberalization of intermediate input facilitates upgrading the export product quality,but this influence is significantly heterogeneous due to export destination,product category and ownership of enterprise. Secondly,enterprises wlth more highly skilled workers will help improve the quality of export products,at the same time,the export product quality can be significantly enhanced by the investment on highly skilled workers in combination with the quality of intermediate imported inputs.Thirdly,there exist significant enhancement effect of trade liberalization on intermediate input import and skill structure.
This paper analyzes the effects of the intermediate input trade liberalization and skill structure on Chinese manufacturing enterprises' export product quality by using firm-level data form 2000 to 2007. There are several conclusions indicated by the study as follows. Firstly,trade liberalization of intermediate input facilitates upgrading the export product quality,but this influence is significantly heterogeneous due to export destination,product category and ownership of enterprise. Secondly,enterprises wlth more highly skilled workers will help improve the quality of export products,at the same time,the export product quality can be significantly enhanced by the investment on highly skilled workers in combination with the quality of intermediate imported inputs.Thirdly,there exist significant enhancement effect of trade liberalization on intermediate input import and skill structure.
引文
[1] Acemoglu D.. Directed Technical Change[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2002,69(4):781-809.
[2] Amiti M,Konings J.. Trade Liberalization,Intermediate Input,and Productivity:Evidence from Indonesia[J]. The American Economic Review,2007,97(5):1161-1638.
[3] Bas M,Strauss-Kahn V.. Input-trade Liberalization,Export Prices and Quality Upgrading[J]. Journal of International Economics,2015,95:250-262.
[4] Bastos P,Silva J,Eric V.. Export Destinations and Input Prices[J]. NBER Working Paper,2014,No. 20143.
[5] Brambilla I,Lederman D,Porto G.. Exports,Export Destinations,and Skills[J]. American Economic Review,2012,102(7):3406-3438.
[6] Bernard A B,Jensen J B,Schott P K.. Transfer Pricing by U. S.-based Multinational Firms[J]. NBER Working Papers,2006,No.12493.
[7] Chen B,Yu MJ,Yu ZH. Measured Skill Premia and Input Trade Liberalization:Evidence from Chinese Firms[J]. Journal of International Economics,2017,109:31-42.
[8] Grossman,G. M.,Helpman,E.. Trade,Knowledge Spillovers,and Growth[J]. European Economic Review,1991,35(2):517-526.
[9] Grossman G,Helpman E.. Quality Ladder in the Theory of Growth[J]. Review of Economic Studies,1991,58(1):43-61.
[10] Ludema R D,Yu Z.. Tariff Pass-through,Firm Heterogeneity and Product Quality[J]. Journal of International Economics,2016,103:234-249.
[11] Feng L,Li Y,Swenson D L.. The Connection between Imported Intermediate Inputs and Exports:Evidence from Chinese Firms[J].NBER Working Paper,2012,No. 18260.
[12] Hallak J C,Schott P R.. Estimating Cross-Country Differences in Product Quality[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,2011,126(1):417-474.
[13] Hallak J C,Sivadasan J.. Product and Process Productivity:Implications for Quality Choice and Conditional Exporter Premia[J]. Journal of International Economic Economics,2013,91(1):53-67.
[14] Khandelwal A.. The Long and Short Quality Ladders[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2010,77:1450-1476.
[15] Lall,S.. The Technological Structure and Performance of Developing Country Manufactured Exports,1985~1988[J]. Oxford Development Studies,2000,28(3):337-369.
[16] Romer P M.. Endogenous Technological Change[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1990,98(5):S71-S102.
[17] Shepherd B,Stone S.. Imported Intermediates,Innovation,and Product Scope:Firm-level Evidence from Developing Countries[A].MPRA paper,2012.
[18] Stokey N.. Human Capital,Product Quality and Growth[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1991,106(2):587-616.
[19]李飞跃,葛玉好,黄玖立.技术技能结构、人力资本构成与中国地区经济差距[J].中国人口科学,2012(4).
[20]李怀建,沈坤荣.出口产品质量的影响因素分析——基于跨国面板数据的检验[J].产业经济研究,2015(6).
[21]刘晴,程玲,邵智.融资约束、出口模式与外贸转型升级[J].经济研究,2017(5).
[22]毛其淋,许家云.中间品贸易自由化与制造业就业变动——来自中国加入WTO的微观证据[J].经济研究,2016(1).
[23]马述忠,吴国杰.中间品进口、贸易类型与企业出口产品质量——基于中国微观企业数据的研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(11).
[24]施炳展,邵文波.中国企业出口产品质量测算及其决定因素——培育出口竞争新优势的微观视角[J].管理世界,2014(9).
[25]宋东林.技能偏向性技术进步存在吗?——来自中国的经验证据[J].经济研究,2010(5).
[26]汤毅,尹翔硕.贸易自由化、异质性企业与全要素生产率[J].财贸经济,2014(11).
[27]吴小康.国际贸易中的同质和差异产品分配:小问题也可以有大贡献[J].国际经贸探索,2015(5).
[28]许家云,毛其淋,胡鞍钢.中间品进口与企业出口产品质量升级:基于中国证据的研究[J].世界经济,2017(3).
[29]许明.市场竞争、融资约束与中国企业出口产品质量提升[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(4).
[30]余淼杰,李乐融.贸易自由化与进口中间品质量升级——来自中国海关产品层面的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2017(4).
[31]张明志,季克佳.人民币汇率变动对中国制造业企业出口产品质量的影响,中国工业经济[J]. 2018(1).
[32]祝树金,钟腾龙,李仁宇.中间品贸易自由化与多产品出口企业的产品加成率[J].中国工业经济,2018(1).
[33]张杰,翟福昕,周晓艳.政府补贴、市场竞争与出口产品质量[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2015(4).
(1)2015年12月14日中央政治局关于2016年经济工作会议和2016年1月26日中央财经领导小组第十二次会议均强调了提高供给体系质量与效率。
(1)本文所定义的技能结构为就业中高技能劳动力与低技能劳动力的比例。
(1)本文也尝试引入被解释滞后一阶,使用动态GMM进行估计,但是Sargan等相关检验结果显示这些方法可能不适合。
(1)限于篇幅,未汇报估计结果,不影响主要结论。
(2)产品划分依据是一支丰富且独立的文献,本文仅介绍简单内涵,具体内容可参考吴小康(2015)的综述文章《国际贸易中的同质和差异产品分类:小问题也可以有大贡献》。同质产品:HS编码(2位码)1~21和25~29的产品;异质性产品:HS编码(2位码)84~97的产品。
[2] Amiti M,Konings J.. Trade Liberalization,Intermediate Input,and Productivity:Evidence from Indonesia[J]. The American Economic Review,2007,97(5):1161-1638.
[3] Bas M,Strauss-Kahn V.. Input-trade Liberalization,Export Prices and Quality Upgrading[J]. Journal of International Economics,2015,95:250-262.
[4] Bastos P,Silva J,Eric V.. Export Destinations and Input Prices[J]. NBER Working Paper,2014,No. 20143.
[5] Brambilla I,Lederman D,Porto G.. Exports,Export Destinations,and Skills[J]. American Economic Review,2012,102(7):3406-3438.
[6] Bernard A B,Jensen J B,Schott P K.. Transfer Pricing by U. S.-based Multinational Firms[J]. NBER Working Papers,2006,No.12493.
[7] Chen B,Yu MJ,Yu ZH. Measured Skill Premia and Input Trade Liberalization:Evidence from Chinese Firms[J]. Journal of International Economics,2017,109:31-42.
[8] Grossman,G. M.,Helpman,E.. Trade,Knowledge Spillovers,and Growth[J]. European Economic Review,1991,35(2):517-526.
[9] Grossman G,Helpman E.. Quality Ladder in the Theory of Growth[J]. Review of Economic Studies,1991,58(1):43-61.
[10] Ludema R D,Yu Z.. Tariff Pass-through,Firm Heterogeneity and Product Quality[J]. Journal of International Economics,2016,103:234-249.
[11] Feng L,Li Y,Swenson D L.. The Connection between Imported Intermediate Inputs and Exports:Evidence from Chinese Firms[J].NBER Working Paper,2012,No. 18260.
[12] Hallak J C,Schott P R.. Estimating Cross-Country Differences in Product Quality[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,2011,126(1):417-474.
[13] Hallak J C,Sivadasan J.. Product and Process Productivity:Implications for Quality Choice and Conditional Exporter Premia[J]. Journal of International Economic Economics,2013,91(1):53-67.
[14] Khandelwal A.. The Long and Short Quality Ladders[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2010,77:1450-1476.
[15] Lall,S.. The Technological Structure and Performance of Developing Country Manufactured Exports,1985~1988[J]. Oxford Development Studies,2000,28(3):337-369.
[16] Romer P M.. Endogenous Technological Change[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1990,98(5):S71-S102.
[17] Shepherd B,Stone S.. Imported Intermediates,Innovation,and Product Scope:Firm-level Evidence from Developing Countries[A].MPRA paper,2012.
[18] Stokey N.. Human Capital,Product Quality and Growth[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1991,106(2):587-616.
[19]李飞跃,葛玉好,黄玖立.技术技能结构、人力资本构成与中国地区经济差距[J].中国人口科学,2012(4).
[20]李怀建,沈坤荣.出口产品质量的影响因素分析——基于跨国面板数据的检验[J].产业经济研究,2015(6).
[21]刘晴,程玲,邵智.融资约束、出口模式与外贸转型升级[J].经济研究,2017(5).
[22]毛其淋,许家云.中间品贸易自由化与制造业就业变动——来自中国加入WTO的微观证据[J].经济研究,2016(1).
[23]马述忠,吴国杰.中间品进口、贸易类型与企业出口产品质量——基于中国微观企业数据的研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(11).
[24]施炳展,邵文波.中国企业出口产品质量测算及其决定因素——培育出口竞争新优势的微观视角[J].管理世界,2014(9).
[25]宋东林.技能偏向性技术进步存在吗?——来自中国的经验证据[J].经济研究,2010(5).
[26]汤毅,尹翔硕.贸易自由化、异质性企业与全要素生产率[J].财贸经济,2014(11).
[27]吴小康.国际贸易中的同质和差异产品分配:小问题也可以有大贡献[J].国际经贸探索,2015(5).
[28]许家云,毛其淋,胡鞍钢.中间品进口与企业出口产品质量升级:基于中国证据的研究[J].世界经济,2017(3).
[29]许明.市场竞争、融资约束与中国企业出口产品质量提升[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(4).
[30]余淼杰,李乐融.贸易自由化与进口中间品质量升级——来自中国海关产品层面的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2017(4).
[31]张明志,季克佳.人民币汇率变动对中国制造业企业出口产品质量的影响,中国工业经济[J]. 2018(1).
[32]祝树金,钟腾龙,李仁宇.中间品贸易自由化与多产品出口企业的产品加成率[J].中国工业经济,2018(1).
[33]张杰,翟福昕,周晓艳.政府补贴、市场竞争与出口产品质量[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2015(4).
(1)2015年12月14日中央政治局关于2016年经济工作会议和2016年1月26日中央财经领导小组第十二次会议均强调了提高供给体系质量与效率。
(1)本文所定义的技能结构为就业中高技能劳动力与低技能劳动力的比例。
(1)本文也尝试引入被解释滞后一阶,使用动态GMM进行估计,但是Sargan等相关检验结果显示这些方法可能不适合。
(1)限于篇幅,未汇报估计结果,不影响主要结论。
(2)产品划分依据是一支丰富且独立的文献,本文仅介绍简单内涵,具体内容可参考吴小康(2015)的综述文章《国际贸易中的同质和差异产品分类:小问题也可以有大贡献》。同质产品:HS编码(2位码)1~21和25~29的产品;异质性产品:HS编码(2位码)84~97的产品。