近地卫星长期SEU事件退火分析
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摘要
针对近地卫星在轨运行中的单粒子翻转事件(Single Event Upset,SEU)的退火问题,选取某卫星器件长期积累的SEU数据为样本,在分析器件长期温度变化的基础上,详细统计SEU事件的星下点以及年、月等时空分布特征,并讨论SEU事件与地球磁场分布、F10.7曲线、中子监测数据的关联特性,最后以SEU事件发生的平均间隔为目标,建立退火模型,用实际数据进行退火估计。结果表明,SEU事件星下点发生在南大西洋异常区的达到67%以上,发生在南、北两极高纬度区域的超过16%,其它区域的不足17%;8、9、10、12这4个月份的SEU事件最多,占全年的38%以上;以远、近日点为参考时,发生在4～9月的约占50%,发生在其它月份的也在50%附近,两者十分接近;长期SEU事件受宇宙射线、太阳活动影响明显,长期性变化以宇宙射线影响为主,短期性变化以太阳活动影响为主;在轨道周期内温度变化约2℃、长期温升接近5℃的条件下,SEU事件时间间隔的均值约4.57d,退火零值约1.56×10-13 d,退火因子约7.94×10-15 d-1,衰减零值约24.34d,衰减因子约0.12d-1,退火特征并不明显,退火影响可不用考虑。
To examine the annealing effect of Single Event Upsets(SEU),a single device from a Low Earth Orbit(LEO)satellite running in sun-synchronous orbit for more than nine years was selected as a sample.The working temperature from satellite telemetry data was investigated,and details of the SEU nadir and time were discussed in relation to the geomagnetic field,F10.7,neutrons monitoring data,etc.By averaging the SEU time intervals,a model was developed to estimate the annealing characteristics,and this model was analyzed using telemetry data.The results of this analysis indicate that the SEU nadir occurred above the South Atlantic Abnormal area more than 67% of the time,more than 16%over the polar area,and less than 17%over the remaining areas.Moreover,the SEUs have the highest probability of occurrence(more than 38%)in August,September,October,and December.However,the probabilities are equal when one group of months spans April to September and the other group contains the remaining months.Furthermore,the SEU frequency is influenced by cosmic rays in the long-term when the sun is relatively quiet and by the sun in the short-term when the sun is relatively active.The annealing estimation shows that the mean time interval between SEUs is about 4.57 d,the annealing zero value is close to 1.56×10-13 d with an annealing factor of 7.94×10-15 d-1,and the degradation zero value is nearly 24.34 dwith a factor of 0.12 d-1.The estimation results indicate that the annealing effect is approximately negligible.
To examine the annealing effect of Single Event Upsets(SEU),a single device from a Low Earth Orbit(LEO)satellite running in sun-synchronous orbit for more than nine years was selected as a sample.The working temperature from satellite telemetry data was investigated,and details of the SEU nadir and time were discussed in relation to the geomagnetic field,F10.7,neutrons monitoring data,etc.By averaging the SEU time intervals,a model was developed to estimate the annealing characteristics,and this model was analyzed using telemetry data.The results of this analysis indicate that the SEU nadir occurred above the South Atlantic Abnormal area more than 67% of the time,more than 16%over the polar area,and less than 17%over the remaining areas.Moreover,the SEUs have the highest probability of occurrence(more than 38%)in August,September,October,and December.However,the probabilities are equal when one group of months spans April to September and the other group contains the remaining months.Furthermore,the SEU frequency is influenced by cosmic rays in the long-term when the sun is relatively quiet and by the sun in the short-term when the sun is relatively active.The annealing estimation shows that the mean time interval between SEUs is about 4.57 d,the annealing zero value is close to 1.56×10-13 d with an annealing factor of 7.94×10-15 d-1,and the degradation zero value is nearly 24.34 dwith a factor of 0.12 d-1.The estimation results indicate that the annealing effect is approximately negligible.
引文
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[2]张晓芳,刘松涛,吴耀平.影响卫星故障的空间天气分析[J].空间科学学报,2015,35(4):461-472.ZHANG X F,LIU S T,WU Y P.Statistical analysis of space weather effects on satellites anomalies[J].Chinese Space Science and Technology,2015,35(4):461-472.(in Chinese)
[3]周飞,李强,信太林,等.空间辐射环境引起在轨卫星故障分析与加固对策[J].航天器环境工程,2012,29(4):392-396.ZHOU F,LI Q,XIN T L,et al..Analyses and countermeasures of in-orbit satellite failures caused by space radiation environment[J].Spacecraft Environment Engineering,2012,29(4):392-396.(in Chinese)
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[5]王义元,韩冬梅,赵志明,等.卫星元器件抗辐射指标优化分析[J].装备环境工程,2017,14(11):89-93.WANG Y Y,HAN D M,ZHAO ZH M,et al..Optimization of radiation-hardening device for spacecraft[J].Equipment Environmental Engineering,2017,14(11):89-93.(in Chinese)
[6]沈自才,闫德葵.空间辐射环境工程的现状及发展趋势[J].航天器环境工程,2014,31(3):229-240.SHEN Z C,YAN D K.Present status and prospect of space radiation environmental engineering[J].Spacecraft Environment Engineering,2014,31(3):229-240.(in Chinese)
[7]KELLER A M,WHITING T A,SAWYER K B,et al..Dynamic SEU sensitivity of designs on two 28-nm SRAM-based FPGA architectures[J].IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,2018,65(1):280-287.
[8]王园明,阮林波,罗尹虹,等.直接数字式频率合成器单粒子效应实验研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2016,28(10):167-172.WANG Y M,RUAN L N,LUO Y H,et al..Experiment study of DDS for single event effect[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2016,28(10):167-172.(in Chinese)
[9]范基坪,焦健,赵海涛,等.导航卫星单粒子软错误影响建模与仿真方法[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2016,(5):1008-1015.FAN J P,JIAO J,ZHAO H T,et al..SEU soft error effect modeling and simulation method for navigation satellite[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2016,(5):1008-1015.(in Chinese)
[10]刘鹏程,邢克飞,何伟,等.在轨单粒子翻转与太阳活动变化的相关性研究[J].电子测量技术,2017,40(5):23-26.LIU P CH,XING K F,HE W,et al..Study on correlationship between solar activity and on-orbit SEU rate[J].Electronic Measurement Technology,2017,40(5):23-26.(in Chinese)
[11]国硕,毕津顺,罗家俊,等.基于Geant4的三维半导体器件单粒子效应仿真[J].半导体技术,2015,40(8):592-595.GUO SH,BI J SH,HAN J J,et al..Simulation of the single event effect in 3Dsemiconductor devices based on geant4[J].Semiconductor Technology,2015,40(8):592-595.(in Chinese)
[12]赵海涛,于登云,吕欣琦,等.航天器单粒子防护薄弱点的识别[J].宇航学报,2016,37(5):600-604.ZHAO H T,YU D Y,LX Q,et al..Weakness identification of single eventprotection for spacecraft[J].Journal of Astronautics,2016,37(5):600-604.(in Chinese)
[13]KELLER A M,WIRTHLIN M J.Benefits of complementary SEU mitigation for the LEON3soft processor on SRAM-based FPGAs[J].IEEETransactions on Nuclear Science,2017,64(1):519-528.
[14]马雪,安永泉,王志斌,等.二维激光告警中DSP抗单粒子翻转加固设计[J].计算机工程与设计,2017,38(1):253-257.MA X,AN Y Q,WANG ZH B,et al..Reinforcement design of mitigating single event upset for DSP in two-dimensional laser warning[J].Computer Engineering and Design,2017,38(1):253-257.(in Chinese)
[15]周国昌,朱启,巨艇,等.一种FPGA单粒子软错误检测电路设计[J].电子设计工程,2015,23(20):1-4.ZHOU G CH,ZHU Q,JU T,et al..Detection circuit design for FPGA soft error of single event effect[J].Electronic Design Engineering,2015,23(20):1-4.(in Chinese)
[16]李林,徐宇,卢凌云,等.基于部分重构的SRAM型FPGA单粒子翻转模拟[J].微电子学与计算机,2015,32(12):95-99.LI L,XU Y,LU L Y,et al..Simulation of single event upsets in SRAM-based FPGA uUsing partial reconfiguration techniques[J].Microelectronics&Computer,2015,32(12):95-99.(in Chinese)
[17]夏加高,李文新,权昕,等.以太网芯片重离子单粒子效应试验[J].强激光与粒子束,2016,28(8):126-129.XIA J G,LI W X,QUAN X,et al..Experimental research of heavy-ion single-event effect on Ethernet chip[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2016,28(8):126-129.(in Chinese)
[18]王忠明,闫逸华,陈荣梅,等.Flash型FPGA的单粒子效应测试系统研制[J].原子能科学技术,2015,49(12):2266-2271.WANG ZH M,YAN Y H,CHEN R M,et al..Development of single-event effect test system for flash-based FPGA[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2015,49(12):2266-2271.(in Chinese)
[19]TRIBBLE A.The Space Environment:Implications for Spacecraft Design[M].New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1995.
[20]FENNELL J F,CLAUDEPIERRE S,BLAKE JB,et al..Van Allen Probes show that the inner radiation zone contains no MeV electrons:ECT/MagEIS data[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2014,42(3):1283-1289.
[21]ERWIN E H.Solar-Geophysical Data prompt reports,No.781[R].DOE,2009.
[22]ZEITLIN C,CASE A W,SPENCE H E,et al..Measurements of galactic cosmic ray shielding with the CRaTER instrument[J].Space Weather,2013,11(5):284-296.
[23]WILKINSON D C,DAUGHTRIDGE S C,STONE JL,et al..TDRS-1single event upsets and the effect of the space environment[J].IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,1991,38(6):1708-1712.
[24]WITCZAK S C,SCHRIMPF R D,FLEETWOODD M,et al..Hardness assurance testing of bipolar junction transistors at elevated irradiation temperatures[J].IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,1997,44(6):1989-2000.
[25]蔡莉,刘建成,范辉,等.加速器单粒子效应样品温度测控系统研制及实验应用[J].原子能科学技术,2015,49(12):2261-2265.CAI L,LIU J CH,FAN W,et al..Development and experimental application of sample temperature measurement and control system for accelerator-based single event effect[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2015,49(12):2261-2265.(in Chinese)
[26]吴文瑞,黄海.太阳同步轨道卫星热控系统分析及优化[J].航天器工程,2012,21(2):44-49.WU W R,HUANG H.Analysis and optimization of SSO satellite thermal control subsystem[J].Spacecraft Engineering,2012,21(2):44-49.(in Chinese)
[27]过九镕.两颗通信卫星热控分系统长期在轨性能评述[J].中国空间科学技术,1991,11(5):29-33,64.GUO J R.Long-term in-orbit performance of thermal subsystem of two communication satellites[J].Chinese Space Science and Technology,1991,11(5):29-33,64.(in Chinese)
[28]宋馨,张有为,刘自军,等.基于卫星在轨温度预示热控涂层性能退化的方法[J].中国空间科学技术,2015,35(6):40-47,56.SONG X,ZHANG Y W,LIU Z J,et al..Prediction on performance degradation of thermal control coating based on satellite temperature on orbit[J].Chinese Space Science and Technology,2015,35(6):40-47,56.(in Chinese)
[29]潘增富.微小卫星热控关键技术研究[J].航天器工程,2007,16(2):16-21.PAN Z F.Study on key thermal control technology for micro-satellite[J].Spacecraft Engineering,2007,16(2):16-21.(in Chinese)
[30]LEVENBURG K.A method for the solution of cartain non-linear problems in least square[J].Quarterly of Applied Mathematics,1944,2:164-168.
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