街道景观视觉评价量化指标及其有效性分析
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摘要
为建立有效的街道景观视觉评价指标,基于图像处理的思想,提出了6个反映街道景观客观视觉属性的量化指标——视觉熵、色彩丰富指数、街道宽度、沿街建筑高度、天际线变化指数和天空开阔指数,并以10条步行街道的实景数字图像为例验证了其有效性.通过主客观指标之间的数学分析发现:街道宽高比、街道宽度、天空开阔指数、视觉熵和色彩丰富指数均能有效反映街道景观的客观视觉属性(相关系数大于0.633,显著性小于0.05);视觉复杂性在评价结论中所占比重最大(22.6%),是最重要的影响因素.
In order to establish an effective index system of streetscape visual evaluation,6 quantitative indices were proposed to reflect the objective visual attributes of streetscape based on the idea of image processing,and their validity was verified by digital images of 10 walking streets. The mathematical analyses of subjective and objective indices show that street width-to-height ratio,street width,sky openness index,visual entropy,and color complexity can reflect the streetscape's objective visual attributes effectively( correlation coefficient is above 0. 633,significance is smaller than 0. 05);the complexity of sight is the most important factor in the streetscape visual evaluation because of its high weight of 22. 6%.
In order to establish an effective index system of streetscape visual evaluation,6 quantitative indices were proposed to reflect the objective visual attributes of streetscape based on the idea of image processing,and their validity was verified by digital images of 10 walking streets. The mathematical analyses of subjective and objective indices show that street width-to-height ratio,street width,sky openness index,visual entropy,and color complexity can reflect the streetscape's objective visual attributes effectively( correlation coefficient is above 0. 633,significance is smaller than 0. 05);the complexity of sight is the most important factor in the streetscape visual evaluation because of its high weight of 22. 6%.
引文
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[2]LYNCH K.The image of the city[M].Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1960:5-45.
[3]DANIEL T C.Whither scenic beauty?Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2001,54(1/2/3/4):267-281.
[4]BUHYOFF G J,LEUSCHNER W A.Estimating psychological disutility from damaged forest stands[J].Forest Science,1978,24(3):424-432.
[5]张锦.成都市主城区行道树景观美景度研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学风景园林学院,2008.
[6]陈伟.传统商业街区的景观特征分析与量化方法研究[D].杭州:浙江大学建筑学院,2004.
[7]王剑峰.城市空间形态量化分析研究[D].重庆:重庆大学建筑城规学院,2004.
[8]俞孔坚.景观:文化、生态与感知[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:31-41.
[9]KYUSHIK O H.Visual threshold carrying capacity(VTCC)in urban landscape management:a case study of Seoul,Korea[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1998,39(4):283-294.
[10]MOHAJERI N.Effects of landscape constraints on street patterns in cities:examples from Khorramabad,Iran[J].Applied Geography,2012,34:10-20.
[11]ISHIKAWA N,FUKUSHIGE M.Effects of street landscape planting and urban public parks on dwelling environment evaluation in Japan[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2012,11(4):390-395.
[12]GARRE S,MEEUS S,GULINCK H.The dual role of roads in the visual landscape:a case-study in the area around Mechelen(Belgium)[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2009,92:125-135.
[13]秦晴.城市街道景观的视觉评价应用研究[D].西安:长安大学建筑学院,2008.
[14]宋智.现代步行商业街行为模式与空间形态研究[D].长沙:湖南大学建筑学院,2002.
[15]赵玉涛,余新晓,关文彬.景观异质性研究评述[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(4):495-500.ZHAO Yutao,YU Xinxiao,GUAN Wenbin.Review on landscape heterogeneity[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(4):495-500.
[16]傅伯杰.景观多样性分析及其制图研究[J].生态学报,1995,15(4):345-350.FU Bojie.Landscape diversity analysis and mapping[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995,15(4):345-350.
[17]陈彦光,刘继生.城市土地利用结构和形态的定量描述:从信息熵到分数维[J].地理研究,2001,10(2):146-152.CHEN Yanguang,LIU Jisheng.An index of equilibrium of urban land-use structure and information dimension of urban form[J].Geographical Research,2001,10(2):146-152.
[18]窦燕,孔令富,王柳锋.基于视觉熵的视觉注意计算模型[J].光学学报,2009,29(9):511-515.DOU Yan,KONG Lingfu,WANG Liufeng.A computational model of visual attention based on visual entropy[J].Acta Optica Sinica,2009,29(9):511-515.
[19]单列.视觉注意机制的若干关键技术及应用研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学电子工程与信息科学系,2008.
[20]吴熙.步行商业街的空间尺度研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学建筑学院,2008.
[21]钮心毅,徐方.基于视觉影响的建成环境空间开敞度定量评价方法[J].城市规划学刊,2011(1):91-97.NIU Xinyi,XU Fang.Quantitative evaluation of spatial openness of build environment using visual impact analysis[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(1):91-97.
[22]KELLOMAKI S,SAVOLAINEN R.The scenic value of the forest landscape as assessed in the field and the laboratory[J].Landscape Planning,1984,11(2):97-107.
[23]HULL R B,BUHYOFF G J,DANIEL T C.Measurement of scenic beauty:the law of comparative judgment and scenic beauty estimation procedures[J].Forest Science,1984,30(4):1084-1096.