基于信道状态信息的WiFi环境感知技术
|
摘要
随着Wi Fi技术的日益成熟和广泛部署,在使用Wi Fi信号实现基础通信功能的同时,研究者开始将Wi Fi技术应用于环境感知。传统基于Wi Fi的环境感知通常基于接收信号强度RSS信息,然而其性能受限于多径效应等因素影响。近年来,随着信道状态信息CSI可基于普通商用设备获得,研究者开始研究基于CSI的环境感知技术,并进行了一系列开创性工作。相比于RSS,CSI更细粒度地描述了无线信道状态,并可较好地区分多径成分,从而实现更为鲁棒、可靠的环境感知。文中主要对基于CSI的环境感知新趋势进行了综述分析,在深入分析现有工作的基础上,根据CSI的使用方式将这些工作分为人体检测、室内定位、视距路径识别和活动识别等4类。针对每类应用,文中详细介绍了其基本工作原理及代表性原型系统,最后指出了基于CSI的环境感知技术的未来潜在发展方向。
With the increasingly mature and widespread deployment of Wi Fi,researchers have been seeking to reuse Wi Fi signals for environment sensing beyond a basic communication service. Although received signal strength( RSS) has been adopted in traditional Wi Fi environment sensing,it suffers from dramatic performance degradation in indoor environment because of multipath effect. In recent years,with the availability of channel state information( CSI) in common commercial devices,CSI-based environment sensing is studied and some pioneer works are proposed. Compared with RSS,CSI is a finer-grained descriptor of the wireless channel,which can discriminate multipath components,thus holding the potential for more robust and reliable environment sensing. This paper summerizes the new trend of CSI-based environment sensing. Based on the in-depth analysis of existing works,four categories are classified according to how to use CSI: human detection,indoor localization,line-of-sight identification,and activity recognition. For each category,the basic principles and representative prototype systems are introduced. Finally future directions of CSI-based environment sensing are pointed out.
With the increasingly mature and widespread deployment of Wi Fi,researchers have been seeking to reuse Wi Fi signals for environment sensing beyond a basic communication service. Although received signal strength( RSS) has been adopted in traditional Wi Fi environment sensing,it suffers from dramatic performance degradation in indoor environment because of multipath effect. In recent years,with the availability of channel state information( CSI) in common commercial devices,CSI-based environment sensing is studied and some pioneer works are proposed. Compared with RSS,CSI is a finer-grained descriptor of the wireless channel,which can discriminate multipath components,thus holding the potential for more robust and reliable environment sensing. This paper summerizes the new trend of CSI-based environment sensing. Based on the in-depth analysis of existing works,four categories are classified according to how to use CSI: human detection,indoor localization,line-of-sight identification,and activity recognition. For each category,the basic principles and representative prototype systems are introduced. Finally future directions of CSI-based environment sensing are pointed out.
引文
[1]WU K,XIAO J,YI Y,et al.FILA:Fine-grained indoor localization[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2012:2210-2218.
[2]WILSON J,PATWARI N.See-through walls:Motion tracking using variance-based radio tomography networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2011,10(5):612-621.
[3]NERGUIZIAN C,NERGUIZIAN V.Indoor fingerprinting geolocation using wavelet-based features extracted from the channel impulse response in conjunction with an artificial neural network[C]∥IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.2007:2028-2032.
[4]PATWARI N,KASERA S K.Robust location distinction using temporal link signatures[C]∥ACM MobiC om.2007:111-122.
[5]ZHANG J,FIROOZ M H,PATWARI N,et al.Advancing wireless link signatures for location distinction[C]∥ACMMobiC om.2008:26-37.
[6]HALPERIN D,HU W,SHETH A,et al.Tool release:Gathering 802.11n traces with channel state information[J].ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,2011,41(1):53-53.
[7]YANG Z,ZHOU Z,LIU Y.From RSSI to CSI:Indoor localization via channel response[J].ACM Computing Survey,2013,46(2):25.
[8]HALPERIN D,HU W,SHETH A,et al.802.11 with multiple antennas for dummies[J].ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,2010,40(1):19-25.
[9]YOUSSEF M,MAH M,AGRAWALA A.Challenges:Device-free passive localization for wireless environments[C]∥ACM MobiC om.2007:222-229.
[10]YANG J,GE Y,XIONG H,et al.Performing joint learning for passive intrusion detection in pervasive wireless environments[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2010:1-9.
[11]KOSBA A E,SAEED A,YOUSSEF M.RASID:A robust WLAN device-free passive motion detection system[C]∥IEEE PerC om.2012:180-189.
[12]WALLBAUM M,DIEPOLDER S.A motion detection scheme for wireless LAN stations[C]∥ICMU.2006:2-9.
[13]MOORE R S,HOWARD R,KUKSA P,et al.A geometric approach to device-free motion localization using signal strength[R].New Jersey:Rutgers University,2010.
[14]ZHANG D,LIU Y,NI L M.RASS:A real-time,accurate and scalable system for tracking transceiver-free objects[C]∥IEEE PerC om.2011:197-204.
[15]LIU Z,LI Z,LI G,et al.Recent advances in computer science and information engineering[M].Berlin:Springer,2012:295-308.
[16]XIAO J,WU K,YI Y,et al.FIMD:Fine-grained devicefree motion detection[C]∥IEEE ICPADS.2012:229-235.
[17]ZHOU Z,YANG Z,WU C,et al.Towards omnidirectional passive human detection[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2013:3057-3065.
[18]RUBNER Y,TOMASI C,GUIBAS L J.The earth mover’s distance as a metric for image retrieval[J].Springer International Journal on Computer Vision,2000,40(2):99-121.
[19]QIAN K,WU C,YANG Z,et al.PADS:Passive detection of moving targets with dynamic speed using PHY layer information[C]∥IEEE ICPADS.2014:1-8.
[20]ZHAO Y,PATWARI N,PHILLIPS J M,et al.Radio tomographic imaging and tracking of stationary and moving people via kernel distance[C]∥ACM IPSN.2013:229-240.
[21]WILSON J,PATWARI N.Radio tomographic imaging with wireless networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2010,9(5):621-632.
[22]WILSON J,PATWARI N.A fade-level skew-laplace signal strength model for device-free localization with wireless networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2012,11(6):947-958.
[23]WU C,YANG Z,ZHOU Z,et al.Non-invasive detection of moving and stationary human with WiF i[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2015,33(11):2329-2342.
[24]SEN S,CHOUDHURY R R,RADUNOVIC B,et al.Precise indoor localization using PHY layer information[C]∥ACM HotN ets.2011:18.
[25]SEN S,RADUNOVIC B,CHOUDHURY R R,et al.You are facing the Mona Lisa:Spot localization using PHY layer information[C]∥ACM MobiS ys.2012:183-196.
[26]BAHL P,PADMANABHAN V N.RADAR:An in-building RF-based user location and tracking system[C]∥IEEEINFOCOM.2000:775-784.
[27]XIAO J,WU K,YI Y,et al.FIFS:Fine-grained indoor fingerprinting system[C]∥IEEE ICCCN.2012:1-7.
[28]FANG S,LIN T,LEE K.A novel algorithm for multipath fingerprinting in indoor WLAN environments[J].IEEETransactions on Wireless Communications,2008,7(9):3579-3588.
[29]YOUSSEF M,AGRAWALA A.The Horus WLAN location determination system[C]∥ACM MobiS ys.2005:205-218.
[30]SEN S,CHOUDHURY R R,NELAKUDITI S.SpinL oc:Spin once to know your location[C]∥ACM HotM obile.2012:12.
[31]ZHANG Z,ZHOU X,ZHANG W,et al.I am the antenna:Accurate outdoor AP location using smartphones[C]∥ACM MobiC om.2011:109-120.
[32]CHAPRE Y,IGNJATOVIC A,SENEVIRATNE A,et al.CSI-MIMO:Indoor Wi-Fi fingerprinting system[C]∥IEEE LCN.2014:202-209.
[33]ENGE P,MISRA P.Special issue on global positioning system[C]∥IEEE.1999:3-15.
[34]YOUSSEF M,YOSEF M A,EL-DERINI M A.GAC:Energy-efficient hybrid GPS-accelerometer-compass GSM localization[C]∥IEEE GLOBECOM.2010:1-5.
[35]WANT R,HOPPER A,FALCAO V,et al.The active badge location system[J].ACM Transactions on Information Systems,1992,10(1):91-102.
[36]YANG Y,FATHY A E.See-through-wall imaging using ultra wideband short-pulse radar system[C]∥IEEE AP-SURSI.2005:334-337.
[37]LIN A,LING H.Doppler and direction-of-arrival(DDOA)radar for multiple-mover sensing[J].IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2007,43(4):1496-1509.
[38]HAIMOVICH A M,BLUM R S,CIMINI L J.MIMO radar with widely separated antennas[J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2008,25(1):116-129.
[39]MOESLUND T B,HILTON A,KRGER V.A survey of advances in vision-based human motion capture and analysis[J].Computer Vision and Image Understanding,2006,104(2):90-126.
[40]SEIFELDIN M,YOUSSEF M.A deterministic large-scale device-free passive localization system for wireless environments[C]∥ACM PETRA.2010:51.
[41]SEIFELDIN M,SAEED A,KOSBA A E,et al.Nuzzer:Alarge-scale device-free passive localization system for wireless environments[J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2013,12(7):1321-1334.
[42]XIAO J,WU K,YI Y,et al.Pilot:Passive device-free indoor localization using channel state information[C]∥IEEE ICDCS.2013:236-245.
[43]ABDEL-NASSER H,SAMIR R,SABEK I,et al.MonoPHY:Mono-stream-based device-free WLAN localization via physical layer information[C]∥IEEE WCNC.2013:4546-4551.
[44]SABEK I,YOUSSEF M.MonoS tream:A minimal-hardware high accuracy device-free WLAN localization system[EB/OL].[2013-08-04].http:∥arxiv.org/abs/1308.0768.
[45]GIUSTINIANO D,MANGOLD S.CAESAR:Carrier sensebased ranging in off-the-shelf 802.11 wireless LAN[C]∥ACM CoN EXT.2011:10.
[46]XIONG J,JAMIESON K.ArrayT rack:A fine-grained indoor location system[C]∥USENIX NSDI.2013:71-84.
[47]JOSHI K,HONG S,KATTI S.PinP oint:Localizing interfering radios[C]∥USENIX NSDI.2013:241-254.
[48]TEPEDELENLIOGLU C,ABDI A,GIANNAKIS G.The Ricean K factor:Estimation and performance analysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2003,2(4):799-810.
[49]ZHAO Y,LIU Y,HE T,et al.FREDI:Robust RSS-based ranging with multipath effect and radio interference[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2013:505-509.
[50]RAPPAPORT T.Wireless communications:Principles and practice[M].2nd ed.London:Prentice Hall PTR,2002.
[51]ZHOU Z,YANG Z,WU C,et al.LiF i:Line-Of-Sight identification with WiF i[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2014:2688-2696.
[52]WU C,YANG Z,ZHOU Z,et al.PhaseU:Real-time LOSidentification with WiF i[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2015:2038-2046.
[53]LEI J,REN X,FOX D.Fine-grained kitchen activity recognition using RGB-D[C]∥ACM UbiC omp.2012:208-211.
[54]ADIB F,KABELAC Z,KATABI D,et al.3D tracking via body radio reflections[C]∥USENIX NSDI.2014:317-329.
[55]ADIB F,KATABI D.See through walls with WiF i![C]∥ACM SIGCOMM.2013:75-86.
[56]PU Q,GUPTA S,GOLLAKOTA S,et al.Whole-home gesture recognition using wireless signals[C]∥ACM MobiCom.2013:27-38.
[57]WANG Y,LIU J,CHEN Y,et al.E-eyes:Device-free location-oriented activity identification using fine-grained WiF i signatures[C]∥ACM MobiC om.2014:617-628.
[58]HAN C,WU K,WANG Y,et al.WiF all:Device-free fall detection by wireless networks[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2014:271-279.
[59]XI W,ZHAO J,LI X,et al.Electronic frog eye:Counting crowd using WiF i[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2014:361-369.
[2]WILSON J,PATWARI N.See-through walls:Motion tracking using variance-based radio tomography networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2011,10(5):612-621.
[3]NERGUIZIAN C,NERGUIZIAN V.Indoor fingerprinting geolocation using wavelet-based features extracted from the channel impulse response in conjunction with an artificial neural network[C]∥IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.2007:2028-2032.
[4]PATWARI N,KASERA S K.Robust location distinction using temporal link signatures[C]∥ACM MobiC om.2007:111-122.
[5]ZHANG J,FIROOZ M H,PATWARI N,et al.Advancing wireless link signatures for location distinction[C]∥ACMMobiC om.2008:26-37.
[6]HALPERIN D,HU W,SHETH A,et al.Tool release:Gathering 802.11n traces with channel state information[J].ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,2011,41(1):53-53.
[7]YANG Z,ZHOU Z,LIU Y.From RSSI to CSI:Indoor localization via channel response[J].ACM Computing Survey,2013,46(2):25.
[8]HALPERIN D,HU W,SHETH A,et al.802.11 with multiple antennas for dummies[J].ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,2010,40(1):19-25.
[9]YOUSSEF M,MAH M,AGRAWALA A.Challenges:Device-free passive localization for wireless environments[C]∥ACM MobiC om.2007:222-229.
[10]YANG J,GE Y,XIONG H,et al.Performing joint learning for passive intrusion detection in pervasive wireless environments[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2010:1-9.
[11]KOSBA A E,SAEED A,YOUSSEF M.RASID:A robust WLAN device-free passive motion detection system[C]∥IEEE PerC om.2012:180-189.
[12]WALLBAUM M,DIEPOLDER S.A motion detection scheme for wireless LAN stations[C]∥ICMU.2006:2-9.
[13]MOORE R S,HOWARD R,KUKSA P,et al.A geometric approach to device-free motion localization using signal strength[R].New Jersey:Rutgers University,2010.
[14]ZHANG D,LIU Y,NI L M.RASS:A real-time,accurate and scalable system for tracking transceiver-free objects[C]∥IEEE PerC om.2011:197-204.
[15]LIU Z,LI Z,LI G,et al.Recent advances in computer science and information engineering[M].Berlin:Springer,2012:295-308.
[16]XIAO J,WU K,YI Y,et al.FIMD:Fine-grained devicefree motion detection[C]∥IEEE ICPADS.2012:229-235.
[17]ZHOU Z,YANG Z,WU C,et al.Towards omnidirectional passive human detection[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2013:3057-3065.
[18]RUBNER Y,TOMASI C,GUIBAS L J.The earth mover’s distance as a metric for image retrieval[J].Springer International Journal on Computer Vision,2000,40(2):99-121.
[19]QIAN K,WU C,YANG Z,et al.PADS:Passive detection of moving targets with dynamic speed using PHY layer information[C]∥IEEE ICPADS.2014:1-8.
[20]ZHAO Y,PATWARI N,PHILLIPS J M,et al.Radio tomographic imaging and tracking of stationary and moving people via kernel distance[C]∥ACM IPSN.2013:229-240.
[21]WILSON J,PATWARI N.Radio tomographic imaging with wireless networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2010,9(5):621-632.
[22]WILSON J,PATWARI N.A fade-level skew-laplace signal strength model for device-free localization with wireless networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2012,11(6):947-958.
[23]WU C,YANG Z,ZHOU Z,et al.Non-invasive detection of moving and stationary human with WiF i[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2015,33(11):2329-2342.
[24]SEN S,CHOUDHURY R R,RADUNOVIC B,et al.Precise indoor localization using PHY layer information[C]∥ACM HotN ets.2011:18.
[25]SEN S,RADUNOVIC B,CHOUDHURY R R,et al.You are facing the Mona Lisa:Spot localization using PHY layer information[C]∥ACM MobiS ys.2012:183-196.
[26]BAHL P,PADMANABHAN V N.RADAR:An in-building RF-based user location and tracking system[C]∥IEEEINFOCOM.2000:775-784.
[27]XIAO J,WU K,YI Y,et al.FIFS:Fine-grained indoor fingerprinting system[C]∥IEEE ICCCN.2012:1-7.
[28]FANG S,LIN T,LEE K.A novel algorithm for multipath fingerprinting in indoor WLAN environments[J].IEEETransactions on Wireless Communications,2008,7(9):3579-3588.
[29]YOUSSEF M,AGRAWALA A.The Horus WLAN location determination system[C]∥ACM MobiS ys.2005:205-218.
[30]SEN S,CHOUDHURY R R,NELAKUDITI S.SpinL oc:Spin once to know your location[C]∥ACM HotM obile.2012:12.
[31]ZHANG Z,ZHOU X,ZHANG W,et al.I am the antenna:Accurate outdoor AP location using smartphones[C]∥ACM MobiC om.2011:109-120.
[32]CHAPRE Y,IGNJATOVIC A,SENEVIRATNE A,et al.CSI-MIMO:Indoor Wi-Fi fingerprinting system[C]∥IEEE LCN.2014:202-209.
[33]ENGE P,MISRA P.Special issue on global positioning system[C]∥IEEE.1999:3-15.
[34]YOUSSEF M,YOSEF M A,EL-DERINI M A.GAC:Energy-efficient hybrid GPS-accelerometer-compass GSM localization[C]∥IEEE GLOBECOM.2010:1-5.
[35]WANT R,HOPPER A,FALCAO V,et al.The active badge location system[J].ACM Transactions on Information Systems,1992,10(1):91-102.
[36]YANG Y,FATHY A E.See-through-wall imaging using ultra wideband short-pulse radar system[C]∥IEEE AP-SURSI.2005:334-337.
[37]LIN A,LING H.Doppler and direction-of-arrival(DDOA)radar for multiple-mover sensing[J].IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2007,43(4):1496-1509.
[38]HAIMOVICH A M,BLUM R S,CIMINI L J.MIMO radar with widely separated antennas[J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2008,25(1):116-129.
[39]MOESLUND T B,HILTON A,KRGER V.A survey of advances in vision-based human motion capture and analysis[J].Computer Vision and Image Understanding,2006,104(2):90-126.
[40]SEIFELDIN M,YOUSSEF M.A deterministic large-scale device-free passive localization system for wireless environments[C]∥ACM PETRA.2010:51.
[41]SEIFELDIN M,SAEED A,KOSBA A E,et al.Nuzzer:Alarge-scale device-free passive localization system for wireless environments[J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2013,12(7):1321-1334.
[42]XIAO J,WU K,YI Y,et al.Pilot:Passive device-free indoor localization using channel state information[C]∥IEEE ICDCS.2013:236-245.
[43]ABDEL-NASSER H,SAMIR R,SABEK I,et al.MonoPHY:Mono-stream-based device-free WLAN localization via physical layer information[C]∥IEEE WCNC.2013:4546-4551.
[44]SABEK I,YOUSSEF M.MonoS tream:A minimal-hardware high accuracy device-free WLAN localization system[EB/OL].[2013-08-04].http:∥arxiv.org/abs/1308.0768.
[45]GIUSTINIANO D,MANGOLD S.CAESAR:Carrier sensebased ranging in off-the-shelf 802.11 wireless LAN[C]∥ACM CoN EXT.2011:10.
[46]XIONG J,JAMIESON K.ArrayT rack:A fine-grained indoor location system[C]∥USENIX NSDI.2013:71-84.
[47]JOSHI K,HONG S,KATTI S.PinP oint:Localizing interfering radios[C]∥USENIX NSDI.2013:241-254.
[48]TEPEDELENLIOGLU C,ABDI A,GIANNAKIS G.The Ricean K factor:Estimation and performance analysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2003,2(4):799-810.
[49]ZHAO Y,LIU Y,HE T,et al.FREDI:Robust RSS-based ranging with multipath effect and radio interference[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2013:505-509.
[50]RAPPAPORT T.Wireless communications:Principles and practice[M].2nd ed.London:Prentice Hall PTR,2002.
[51]ZHOU Z,YANG Z,WU C,et al.LiF i:Line-Of-Sight identification with WiF i[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2014:2688-2696.
[52]WU C,YANG Z,ZHOU Z,et al.PhaseU:Real-time LOSidentification with WiF i[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2015:2038-2046.
[53]LEI J,REN X,FOX D.Fine-grained kitchen activity recognition using RGB-D[C]∥ACM UbiC omp.2012:208-211.
[54]ADIB F,KABELAC Z,KATABI D,et al.3D tracking via body radio reflections[C]∥USENIX NSDI.2014:317-329.
[55]ADIB F,KATABI D.See through walls with WiF i![C]∥ACM SIGCOMM.2013:75-86.
[56]PU Q,GUPTA S,GOLLAKOTA S,et al.Whole-home gesture recognition using wireless signals[C]∥ACM MobiCom.2013:27-38.
[57]WANG Y,LIU J,CHEN Y,et al.E-eyes:Device-free location-oriented activity identification using fine-grained WiF i signatures[C]∥ACM MobiC om.2014:617-628.
[58]HAN C,WU K,WANG Y,et al.WiF all:Device-free fall detection by wireless networks[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2014:271-279.
[59]XI W,ZHAO J,LI X,et al.Electronic frog eye:Counting crowd using WiF i[C]∥IEEE INFOCOM.2014:361-369.