三枚东南亚“椰子珍珠”特征（英文）
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摘要
我们对从一个私人收藏家处借到的三枚所谓的"椰子珍珠"进行了研究分析。白色圆形的"椰子珍珠"表面具有奇特的平行沟槽结构,一侧有一个或三个小凸起。拉曼光谱学测试、密度测试和盐酸试验显示出样品本身是由多晶文石组成,显示平行的层状结构,与壳类材料一致。表面凹槽锉削痕迹清晰可见,表明这些"珍珠"是手工打磨成型的。根据制作这些样品的贝壳的厚度,以及在砗磲中观察到的类似结构,推测该样品是用巨大的蚌壳制作的,没有迹象表明这些"珍珠"是从椰子相关的原料中获得的。
We investigated three so-called"coconut pearls"loaned to us by aprivate collector.The white,roundish"pearls"possessed peculiar longitudinal surface grooves,and on one side they showed one or three small bulges.The samples were found to consist of polycrystalline aragonite,as shown by Raman spectroscopy,supported by SG measurements and their reaction to hydrochloric acid.They showed a parallel-layered structure that is consistent with shell material.The surface grooves showed evidence of filing,and it was obvious that the samples had been manually shaped.Based on the thickness of the shell that must have been used for making these imitations,and the similar structures seen in Tridacnashell material,we infer that they were manufactured from giant clam shell.There are no indications to suggest the samples actually derived from a coconut-related origin.
We investigated three so-called"coconut pearls"loaned to us by aprivate collector.The white,roundish"pearls"possessed peculiar longitudinal surface grooves,and on one side they showed one or three small bulges.The samples were found to consist of polycrystalline aragonite,as shown by Raman spectroscopy,supported by SG measurements and their reaction to hydrochloric acid.They showed a parallel-layered structure that is consistent with shell material.The surface grooves showed evidence of filing,and it was obvious that the samples had been manually shaped.Based on the thickness of the shell that must have been used for making these imitations,and the similar structures seen in Tridacnashell material,we infer that they were manufactured from giant clam shell.There are no indications to suggest the samples actually derived from a coconut-related origin.
引文
Anonymous,1947.No pearls in coco-nuts.Nature,160(4 071):653.http://doi.org/10.1038/160653a0.
Armstrong,W.P.,2000.Botanical jewelry:Necklaces & bracelets made from plants.Retrieved from www.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/ww0901.htm.
Bolman,J.,1941.The mystery of the pearl.Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie.Leiden,The Netherlands:E.J.Brill,170pp.
Campbell-Pedersen,M.,2010.Gem and ornamental materials of organic origin.London:Robert Hale Ltd,282pp.
Child,R.,1974.Coconuts.2nd edn.London:Longmans Group Ltd,335pp.
Cleyern,D.A.,Rumphen,G.E.,de Jager,H.& ten Rhyne,W.,1704.Oost-indianische send-schreiben.Frankfurt,Germany:Verlegung Johann David Zunners,119pp.
Gumbiner,D.,2017.Selling killer-clam shells at the world’s largest gem show.The Atlantic.Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/02/tucson-gem-show/517065.
Hainschwang T.,2011.Gem News International:A skillfully crafted non-nacreous pearl imitation.Gems & Gemology,47(1):70-71.
H?nni,H.A.,2010.Explaining the flame structure of non-nacreous pearls.Australian Gemmologist,24(4):85-88.
H?nni,H.A.& Hunziker,J.C.,2011.A portable Raman system for gemstone identification:The Gem Expert Raman probe.International Gemmological Conference,Interlaken,Switzerland,13-17 July,167-168.
H?nni,H.A.& Parenzan,C.,2019.A brief study of three reported "coconut pearls" from South East Asia.Journal of Gemmology,36(5):468-471.
Kinch,J.,2008.From prehistoric to present:Giant clam (Tridacnidae) use in Papua New Guinea.In:Antczak,A.& Cipriani,R.(eds) Early human impact on megamolluscs.BAR International Series 1865,Oxford,Archaeopress,179-188.
Krzemnicki,M.S.& Cartier,L.E.,2017.Fake pearls made from Tridacna gigas shells.Journal of Gemmology,35(5):424-429.http://doi.org/10.15506/JoG.2017.35.5.424.
Kunz,G.F.& Stevenson,C.H.,1908.The Book of the pearl.New York,NY,USA:The Century Co,548pp.
O’Donoghue M.,2006.Gems.6th edn .Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,873pp.
Reyne,A.,1951.On the structure of shells and pearls of Tridacna squamosa Lam.and Hippopus hippopus (Linn.).Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie,8(1):206-241.http://doi.org/10.1163/187530151x00027.
Strack,E.,2006.Pearls.Stuttgart,Germany:Ruhle-Diebener-Verlag.
Veldkamp,J.F.,2002.Mestica calappa,the coconut pearl,trick or true?Flora Malesiana Bulletin,13:143-153.
Zhou,C.H.& Ho,J.W.Y.,2015.Lab Notes:Large natural fossil blister pearl from Tridacna (giant clam) species.Gems & Gemology,51(4):432-434.
Armstrong,W.P.,2000.Botanical jewelry:Necklaces & bracelets made from plants.Retrieved from www.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/ww0901.htm.
Bolman,J.,1941.The mystery of the pearl.Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie.Leiden,The Netherlands:E.J.Brill,170pp.
Campbell-Pedersen,M.,2010.Gem and ornamental materials of organic origin.London:Robert Hale Ltd,282pp.
Child,R.,1974.Coconuts.2nd edn.London:Longmans Group Ltd,335pp.
Cleyern,D.A.,Rumphen,G.E.,de Jager,H.& ten Rhyne,W.,1704.Oost-indianische send-schreiben.Frankfurt,Germany:Verlegung Johann David Zunners,119pp.
Gumbiner,D.,2017.Selling killer-clam shells at the world’s largest gem show.The Atlantic.Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/02/tucson-gem-show/517065.
Hainschwang T.,2011.Gem News International:A skillfully crafted non-nacreous pearl imitation.Gems & Gemology,47(1):70-71.
H?nni,H.A.,2010.Explaining the flame structure of non-nacreous pearls.Australian Gemmologist,24(4):85-88.
H?nni,H.A.& Hunziker,J.C.,2011.A portable Raman system for gemstone identification:The Gem Expert Raman probe.International Gemmological Conference,Interlaken,Switzerland,13-17 July,167-168.
H?nni,H.A.& Parenzan,C.,2019.A brief study of three reported "coconut pearls" from South East Asia.Journal of Gemmology,36(5):468-471.
Kinch,J.,2008.From prehistoric to present:Giant clam (Tridacnidae) use in Papua New Guinea.In:Antczak,A.& Cipriani,R.(eds) Early human impact on megamolluscs.BAR International Series 1865,Oxford,Archaeopress,179-188.
Krzemnicki,M.S.& Cartier,L.E.,2017.Fake pearls made from Tridacna gigas shells.Journal of Gemmology,35(5):424-429.http://doi.org/10.15506/JoG.2017.35.5.424.
Kunz,G.F.& Stevenson,C.H.,1908.The Book of the pearl.New York,NY,USA:The Century Co,548pp.
O’Donoghue M.,2006.Gems.6th edn .Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,873pp.
Reyne,A.,1951.On the structure of shells and pearls of Tridacna squamosa Lam.and Hippopus hippopus (Linn.).Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie,8(1):206-241.http://doi.org/10.1163/187530151x00027.
Strack,E.,2006.Pearls.Stuttgart,Germany:Ruhle-Diebener-Verlag.
Veldkamp,J.F.,2002.Mestica calappa,the coconut pearl,trick or true?Flora Malesiana Bulletin,13:143-153.
Zhou,C.H.& Ho,J.W.Y.,2015.Lab Notes:Large natural fossil blister pearl from Tridacna (giant clam) species.Gems & Gemology,51(4):432-434.