油气开发用钛合金油井管选材及工况适用性研究进展
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摘要
钛合金材料由于具有高比强度、低弹性模量,优异的韧性、疲劳性能和耐蚀性,已经成为严酷工况环境下油井管和海洋开发工具的热门候选材料。目前国内外很多研究机构和学者都开展了用于油气开发领域的钛合金材料的研究,包括钛合金石油管的可行性、钛合金管材的制备加工、实验室内钛合金性能评价以及钛合金管材的现场应用等方面。然而,我国油气开发环境较为恶劣,油井管在井下服役不但要面临高温高压的挑战,还要经受硫化氢、二氧化碳、高浓度盐水/完井液、单质硫和强酸等腐蚀环境的共同作用,因此我国对油井管的要求高于国外一般水平。此外,钛合金是钛含量大于50%的金属的总称,仅我国国标所列举的不同成分钛合金就多达76种。这些已经标准化的钛合金材料大多用于航空航天、石化炼化、生物医学、船舶以及海洋工程领域,这些应用环境和油气开发环境具有巨大的区别,已有牌号的钛合金能否适用于油气开发工况尚不得而知。国内有关钛合金油井管在硫化氢、二氧化碳、高浓度盐水/完井液、单质硫和强酸环境下服役的研究报道和应用经验都较为缺乏,导致油气开发油井管用钛合金材料在选择和使用上存在风险,为了防止钛合金在应用时出现大的安全事故而造成生命财产的损失,迫切需要结合国内外研究经验对可用于油气开发环境的钛合金材料进行筛选和评价,明确每种钛合金材料的工况适用性和使用极限,以保证其使用的安全可靠性。本文在国外近30年已发表的钛合金油井管相关研究成果和国内钛合金油井管最新研究进展的基础上,总结了油气开发用钛合金油井管选材经验,并对七种典型钛合金材料在油气开发工况下的适用性和使用极限做出了归纳总结,分析了钛合金油井管要真正实现大规模应用面临的问题并展望了前景,以期为油气开发用钛合金材料的选用提供参考。
Titanium alloy has become a promising candidate material for oil country tubular goods( OCTG) and offshore components in rigorous service environment,owing to its high specific strength,low density,low elastic modulus,excellent toughness,fatigue and corrosion resistance. Numerous researchers at home and abroad have carried out extensive researches on titanium alloys used for oil and gas exploration,including the feasibility of titanium alloy for oil country tubular goods,the processing technical of titanium alloy pipes,the performance evaluation of titanium alloy in laboratory and the field application.Unfortunately,there exist quite harsh environment for oil and gas exploration in China. The underground oil well pipes not only confronted with challenges of high temperature and high pressure,but also suffered from impacts by hydrogen sulfide,carbon dioxide,high concentration saline/completion fluid,elemental sulfur and strong acid. Consequently,the requirement of oil country tubular goods in China exceeds the general standard of other countries. Besides,titanium alloy is a general term for a family of metal whose titanium content is over 50%,and there are 76 kinds of titanium alloy with various components listed in national standard of China. Most of these standardized titanium alloys are applied in aerospace,petrochemical refining,biomedicine,shipping and marine engineering,whereas,there is huge difference in application environments of the above mentioned fields and oil & gas exploration,whether these titanium alloys can be employed for oil and gas exploration remains unexplained. Moreover,the lack of research results and application experiences of titanium alloy OCTG in service of harsh environment with H2 S,CO2,concentrated brine workover/completion fluids,elemental sulfur and strong acids in China will pose risk in selecting and using of titanium alloy OCTG for oil &gas exploration. For the sake of preventing the loss of life and property caused by large safety accident in the application of titanium alloy,it is urgent to select and evaluate titanium alloy materials which will be used in oil & gas exploration in China according to domestic and foreign research experience,and define the service condition applicability and limit of each titanium alloy material to ensure the safety and reliability.On the basis of the related overseas research achievements of titanium alloy OCTG published in recent 30 years and the latest research results of titanium alloy OCTG in China,this article summarize the latest developments of titanium alloy materials selection for OCTG and oil & gas exploration service condition applicability of seven typical titanium alloys. Finally,the existing problems of the current application about titanium alloy OCTG are pointed out and the future development direction of titanium alloy OCTG is also proposed,providing a reference for the selection of titanium alloy materials for oil & gas exploration.
Titanium alloy has become a promising candidate material for oil country tubular goods( OCTG) and offshore components in rigorous service environment,owing to its high specific strength,low density,low elastic modulus,excellent toughness,fatigue and corrosion resistance. Numerous researchers at home and abroad have carried out extensive researches on titanium alloys used for oil and gas exploration,including the feasibility of titanium alloy for oil country tubular goods,the processing technical of titanium alloy pipes,the performance evaluation of titanium alloy in laboratory and the field application.Unfortunately,there exist quite harsh environment for oil and gas exploration in China. The underground oil well pipes not only confronted with challenges of high temperature and high pressure,but also suffered from impacts by hydrogen sulfide,carbon dioxide,high concentration saline/completion fluid,elemental sulfur and strong acid. Consequently,the requirement of oil country tubular goods in China exceeds the general standard of other countries. Besides,titanium alloy is a general term for a family of metal whose titanium content is over 50%,and there are 76 kinds of titanium alloy with various components listed in national standard of China. Most of these standardized titanium alloys are applied in aerospace,petrochemical refining,biomedicine,shipping and marine engineering,whereas,there is huge difference in application environments of the above mentioned fields and oil & gas exploration,whether these titanium alloys can be employed for oil and gas exploration remains unexplained. Moreover,the lack of research results and application experiences of titanium alloy OCTG in service of harsh environment with H2 S,CO2,concentrated brine workover/completion fluids,elemental sulfur and strong acids in China will pose risk in selecting and using of titanium alloy OCTG for oil &gas exploration. For the sake of preventing the loss of life and property caused by large safety accident in the application of titanium alloy,it is urgent to select and evaluate titanium alloy materials which will be used in oil & gas exploration in China according to domestic and foreign research experience,and define the service condition applicability and limit of each titanium alloy material to ensure the safety and reliability.On the basis of the related overseas research achievements of titanium alloy OCTG published in recent 30 years and the latest research results of titanium alloy OCTG in China,this article summarize the latest developments of titanium alloy materials selection for OCTG and oil & gas exploration service condition applicability of seven typical titanium alloys. Finally,the existing problems of the current application about titanium alloy OCTG are pointed out and the future development direction of titanium alloy OCTG is also proposed,providing a reference for the selection of titanium alloy materials for oil & gas exploration.
引文
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53中国石油标准化委员会,SY/T 6869.3-2016石油天然气工业特种管材技术规范第三部分:钛合金油管.中国,国家能源局,2016.
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2 Zhang G.Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2009,37(6),6(in Chinese).张桂林.石油钻探技术,2009,37(6),6.
3 Shadravan A,Amani M.Energy Science and Technology,2012,4(2),36.
4 Ye Dengsheng,Ren Yong,Guan Bin,et al.Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(3),77(in Chinese).叶登胜,任勇,管彬,等.天然气工业,2009,29(3),77.
5 Lyu X H,Shu Y,Zhao G X,et al.Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2014,43(6),1518(in Chinese).吕祥鸿,舒滢,赵国仙,等.稀有金属材料与工程,2014,43(6),1518.
6 Du W,Li H L.Petroleum Tubular Goods&Instrument,2015,1(6),1(in Chinese).杜伟,李鹤林.石油管材与仪器,2015,1(6),1.
7 Zi Q.Titanium Industry Progress,2008,25(2),23(in Chinese).訾群.钛工业进展,2008,25(2),23.
8 Schutz R W,Watkins H B.Materials Science and Engineering A,1998,243,305.
9 Clearfield H M,et al.Surface Preparation of Metals.In:Engineered Materials Handbook,Vol.3,Metals Park OH,American Society for Metals,1982,79.
10 Mo W,Deng G Z,Lu D Z.Titanium Metallurgy,Metallurgical Industry Press,China,1978(in Chinese).莫畏,邓国柱,陆德侦.钛冶金,冶金工业出版社,1978.
11 Koster W.Titan and Titanlegierung,Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidberg,NewYork,1976
12 Jin H.Rare Metal,1998,22(6),434(in Chinese).金红.稀有金属,1998,22(6),434.
13 Wang J Y,Ge Z M,Zhou Y B.Titanium Alloy for Aviation,Science and Technology Press,1985(in Chinese).王金友,葛志明,周彦邦.航空用钛合金.科学技术出版社,1985.
14 Tao C H,Liu Q L,Cao C X,Failure and Prevention of Titanium Alloys Used in Aviation,National Defence Industry Press,China,2002(in Chinese).陶春虎,刘庆琅,曹春晓.航空用钛合金的失效和预防.国防工业出版社,2002.
15 Li L,Sun J K,Men X J.Titanium Industry Progress,2004,21(5),19(in Chinese).李梁,孙健科,孟祥军.钛工业进展,2004,21(5),19.
16 James A,Mcmaster.In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion 2002 Conference,Houston,2002,pp.02127.
17 Oartknd P O,Bjamas F,Schutz R W.In:Conference Record of NACECorrosion 2002 Conference.Houston,1997,pp.447.
18 Bob Hargrave,Manuel Gonzalez,et al.In:Conference Record of NACECorrosion 2010 Conference&EXPO.Houston,2010,Paper No.10318.
19 Love W W,et al.In:Conference Record of 6th World Conf.Titanium Proceedings.Cannes,1988.
20 Schutz R W.In:Conference Record of 24th Offshore Technology Conference.Houston,1992,pp.319.
21 Thomas D E,Seagle S R.In:Conference Record of Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Titanium.Munich.Germany,1984,pp.2533.
22 Dunlap D C,Schutz R W.Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1990’s.TMS Publication,Germany,1993,pp.347.
23 Kane R D,Craig B,Venkatesh A.In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion 2009 Conference&EXPO.Houston,2009,pp.09078.
24 Kane R D,Sridhar Srinivasan,Craig B,et al.In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion 2015 Conference&EXPO.Houston,2015,pp.5512.
25 Schutz R W.In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion 2002 Conference.Houston,1997,Paper No.32.
26 Schutz R W,Xiao M,Bednarowicz T A.In:Conference Record of 47th NACE Annual Conference.Houston,1992,pp.51.
27 Oartknd P O,Bjamas F,Schutz R W.In:Conference Record of NACECorrosion 2002 Conference.Houston,1997,pp.447.
28 Schutz RW.Platinum Metals Review,1996,40(2),54.
29 Schutz RW,Horrigan J M,Bednarowicz T A.In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion 1998 Conference.Houston,1998,pp.261.
30 Schutz R W.In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion 1995 Conference.Houston,1995,pp.244.
31 Schutz R W,Van der Lingen E.In:Conference Record of Proceedings of Eurocon’97 Congress.Tapir,1997,pp.259.
32 Schutz R W,Schutz H B.Materials Science and Engineering A,1998,243,305.
33 Schutz R W,Jena B C,In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion 2015Conference&EXPO.Houston,2015,pp.5794.
34 Jackie E,Schutz R W,Edmond I.In:Conference Record of 2000 IADC/SPE Drilling Conference,New Orleans,Louisiana,2000,IADC/SPE 59140
35 Yuan W Y,Zhang Q H.Xin Jiang Oil Technology,2006,16(3),13(in Chinese).袁文义,张泉海.新疆石油科技,2006,16(3),13.
36 Hu X H.China Petroleum Machinery,2000,28(6),75(in Chinese).胡辛禾.石油机械,2000,28(6),75.
37 Bob Hargrave,Manuel Gonzalez,et al.In:Conference Record of NACECorrosion 2010 Conference&EXPO.Houston,2010,pp.10318.
38 Zhao Y Q,Ge P.Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2015,34(4),51(in Chinese).赵永庆,葛鹏.航空材料学报,2015,34(4),51.
39 Meniconi L C M,Reid S R,Soden P D.Applied Science and Manufacturing,2001,32(5),597.
40 Watters A J,Smith I C,Garrett D L.Applied Ocean Research,1998,20(1-2),69.
41 Keith Lichti,Jessica Wong.In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion1995 Conference.Houston,1995.pp.4142.
42 Hargrave B,Gonzalez M,Maskos K,et al.In:Conference Record of65th NACE Annual Conference.Houston,2010,pp.318
43 Kitayama S,Shida Y,Ueda M.In:Conference Record of 47th NACEAnnual Conference.Houston,1992,pp.052.
44 Li X J,Wang G,Yang Y L,et al.China Metal Bulletin,2012(38),20(in Chinese).李献军,王镐,羊玉兰,等.中国金属通报,2012(38),20.
45 Liu Q,Song S Y,et al.Oil Field Equipment,2014,43(12),89(in Chinese).刘强,宋生印,等.石油矿场机械,2014,43(12),89.
46 Li Y L,Zhu B H,Wang P J,et al.Titanium Industry Progress,2013,30(4),28(in Chinese).李永林,朱宝辉,王培军,等.钛工业进展,2013,30(4),28.
47孟祥林,何佳持.攀钢钛合金油管有望填补国内市场空白,世界金属报导,2014,12.
48杨冬梅.抗腐蚀钛合金油管井首次在超深高含硫气井应用,钢铁钒钛,2015,3.
49 Shi X Z,Zhou X H,et al.China Petroleum Machinery,2016,44(8),11(in Chinese).史雪枝,周小虎,等.石油机械,2016,44(8),11.
50 Shi X Z,Zhou X H.Steel Pipe,2014,44(1),10(in Chinese).史雪枝,周小虎.钢管,2014,44(1),10.
51 API Specification 5ct(9th)2011,Specification for Casing and Tubing.USA,API,2012
52 ISO 15156-3:2015 Petroleum and natural gas industries-Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production-Part 3:Cracking-resistant CRAs(corrosion-resistant alloys)and other alloys.
53中国石油标准化委员会,SY/T 6869.3-2016石油天然气工业特种管材技术规范第三部分:钛合金油管.中国,国家能源局,2016.
54 Schutz R W.Corrosion,2003,59(12),1043.
55 Brossia C S,Cragnolino G A.Corrosion Science,2004,46,1693.
56 Schmitt G,Pankoke U,Klemp G,et al.In:Conference Record of NACECorrosion 1997 Conference.Houston,1997,pp.33.
57 Schutz R W.In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion 2001 Conference.Houston,2001.pp.01003.
58中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 20972.3-2008,石油天然气工业油气开采中用于含硫化氢环境的材料第3部分:抗开裂耐蚀合金和其他合金.中国,中国标准出版社,2009.
59 Uade M,Kudo T,Kitayama S,et al.Corrosion,1990,48(1),79.
60 Klink D R,Schutz R W.In:Conference Record of NACE Corrosion1992Conference.Houston,1992,pp.63.
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