氮素运筹对滴灌春小麦生长及光合特性的影响
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摘要
为探讨氮素运筹对南疆滴灌春小麦生长及光合特性的影响,以新春6号(大穗型)和宁2038(多穗型)为供试材料,采用土柱栽培的方法,开展施氮配比与施氮量两因素试验,设置N_0(0 kg/hm~2)、N_1(103. 5 kg/hm~2)、N_2(207 kg/hm~2)和N_3(310. 5 kg/hm~2)4个施氮水平,每个施氮水平下设置4个施氮时期:R_1(100%基肥)、R_2(60%基肥+40%拔节肥)、R_3(40%基肥+40%拔节肥+20%孕穗肥)和R_4(20%基肥+40%拔节肥+20%孕穗肥+20%灌浆肥)。结果表明:(1)增施氮肥和氮肥后移能促进春小麦植株的生长性状和产量构成因素的增加,其中,N_3R_2、N_3R_3和N_3R_4处理的株高显著高于其他处理,新春6号N_3R_4、N_2R_4和N_3R_3处理及宁2038 N_3R_4、N_2R_4和N_1R_4处理的单株叶面积最大,两品种的平均SPAD值、Pn、Tr均以N_3R_3、N_3R_2及N_3R_4处理最高,WUE则以N_0处理最高。N_3处理及R_3处理的产量最高,但与N_2及R_4处理差异不大,其中新春6号的N_3R_3、N_3R_4、N_2R_3处理产量较高,达7 842. 93～8 930. 72 kg/hm~2,宁2038的N_3R_3、N_3R_4、N_3R_2处理较高,达8 010. 87～8 362. 59 kg/hm~2;(2)施氮量对各性状的影响程度均高于施氮配比,氮肥运筹对大穗型品种光合性状及产量因子影响较大,而对多穗型品种的生长性状影响较大,其中大穗型品种对施氮配比更敏感;(3)施氮量为207. 0～310. 5 kg/hm~2、施氮配比为基肥︰拔节肥︰孕穗肥︰灌浆肥=40︰40︰20︰0或20︰40︰20︰20是本地区较为适合的氮素运筹方案,大穗型品种更应注意后期追肥。
In order to explore the effects of nitrogen management on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat underdrip irrigation in Southern Xinjiang, Xinchun 6(large spike variety) and Ning 2038(multi-spike variety) were used as experimental ma-terials, a two-factor experiment of different nitrogen management and application rates by using soil column cultivation method whichwas with four nitrogen application levels of N_0(0 kg/hm~2), N_1(103.5 kg/hm~2), N_2(207 kg/hm~2) and N_3(310.5 kg/hm~2) and four nitrogenapplication ratios tof Nitrogen application period: R_1(100% base fertilizer), R_2(60% base fertilizer + 40% jointing fertilizer), R_3(40%base fertilizer + 40% jointing fertilizer + 20% booting fertilizer) and R_4(20% base fertilizer + 40% jointing fertilizer + 20% booting fertilizer + 20% filling fertilizer) was carried out. The results showed that:(1) Increased of nitrogen rate and nitrogen postponed could pro-mote the growth traits and yield components of spring wheat. The plant height of N_3 R_2, N_3 R_3 and N_3 R_4 treatments was significantly high-er than that of other treatments. N_3 R_4, N_2 R_4 and N_3 R_3 treatments of Xinchun 6 and N_3 R_4, N_2 R_4 and N_1 R_4 treatments of Ning 2038 had thelargest leaf area per plant, and the average SPAD, Pn and Tr of the two varieties were the highest in N_3 R_3, N_3 R_4 and N_3 R_4 treatnments,while the highest in WUE was in the N_0 treatment. N_3 treatment and R_3 treatment had the highest yield, but no significant differencewas found between the N_2 and R_4 treatment. The N_3 R_3, N_3 R_4 and N_2 R_3 treatments of Xinchun 6 had the highest yield of 7 842.93～8 930.72 kg/hm~2, while, the N_3 R_3, N_3 R_4 and N_3 R_2 treatments of Ning 2038 had the highest yield of 8 010.87～8 362.59 kg/hm~2.(2) Theeffect of nitrogen application rate on all traits of spring wheat was higher than that of nitrogen application ratio. Nitrogen fertilizer man-agement had a greater impact on photosynthetic traits and yield factors of large panicle varieties than that of the multiple panicle varieties, whereas, it had a greater impact on growth traits of multi-panicle varieties than that of the large panicle varieties, and the largepanicle varieties were more sensitive to nitrogen application ratio than the multiple panicle ones.(3) Nitrogen application rate of207.0～310.5 kg/hm~2, and the ratio of nitrogen application of being base fertilizer: jointing fertilizer: booting fertilizer: grouting fertilizer = 40:40:20:0 or 20:40:20:20, is the most suitable nitrogen management scheme in this area. And more attention should be paid for the large panicle varieties to late topdressing.
In order to explore the effects of nitrogen management on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat underdrip irrigation in Southern Xinjiang, Xinchun 6(large spike variety) and Ning 2038(multi-spike variety) were used as experimental ma-terials, a two-factor experiment of different nitrogen management and application rates by using soil column cultivation method whichwas with four nitrogen application levels of N_0(0 kg/hm~2), N_1(103.5 kg/hm~2), N_2(207 kg/hm~2) and N_3(310.5 kg/hm~2) and four nitrogenapplication ratios tof Nitrogen application period: R_1(100% base fertilizer), R_2(60% base fertilizer + 40% jointing fertilizer), R_3(40%base fertilizer + 40% jointing fertilizer + 20% booting fertilizer) and R_4(20% base fertilizer + 40% jointing fertilizer + 20% booting fertilizer + 20% filling fertilizer) was carried out. The results showed that:(1) Increased of nitrogen rate and nitrogen postponed could pro-mote the growth traits and yield components of spring wheat. The plant height of N_3 R_2, N_3 R_3 and N_3 R_4 treatments was significantly high-er than that of other treatments. N_3 R_4, N_2 R_4 and N_3 R_3 treatments of Xinchun 6 and N_3 R_4, N_2 R_4 and N_1 R_4 treatments of Ning 2038 had thelargest leaf area per plant, and the average SPAD, Pn and Tr of the two varieties were the highest in N_3 R_3, N_3 R_4 and N_3 R_4 treatnments,while the highest in WUE was in the N_0 treatment. N_3 treatment and R_3 treatment had the highest yield, but no significant differencewas found between the N_2 and R_4 treatment. The N_3 R_3, N_3 R_4 and N_2 R_3 treatments of Xinchun 6 had the highest yield of 7 842.93～8 930.72 kg/hm~2, while, the N_3 R_3, N_3 R_4 and N_3 R_2 treatments of Ning 2038 had the highest yield of 8 010.87～8 362.59 kg/hm~2.(2) Theeffect of nitrogen application rate on all traits of spring wheat was higher than that of nitrogen application ratio. Nitrogen fertilizer man-agement had a greater impact on photosynthetic traits and yield factors of large panicle varieties than that of the multiple panicle varieties, whereas, it had a greater impact on growth traits of multi-panicle varieties than that of the large panicle varieties, and the largepanicle varieties were more sensitive to nitrogen application ratio than the multiple panicle ones.(3) Nitrogen application rate of207.0～310.5 kg/hm~2, and the ratio of nitrogen application of being base fertilizer: jointing fertilizer: booting fertilizer: grouting fertilizer = 40:40:20:0 or 20:40:20:20, is the most suitable nitrogen management scheme in this area. And more attention should be paid for the large panicle varieties to late topdressing.
引文
[1]武姣娜,魏晓东,李霞,等.植物氮素利用效率的研究进展[J].植物生理学报,2018,54(9):1401-1408.
[2]王冀川,杨正华.新疆小麦栽培研究与技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2015:3.
[3]薛丽华.新疆滴灌小麦的生产应用与研究进展[A].中国作物学会栽培专业委员会小麦学组.第十五次中国小麦栽培科学学术研讨会论文集[C].中国作物学会栽培专业委员会小麦学组:中国作物学会,2012:3.
[4]李青军,赖宁,耿庆龙,等.不同灌溉方式下冬小麦和春小麦施肥现状与评价[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(5):893-900.
[5]张永平,张英华,王志敏.不同供水条件下冬小麦叶与非叶绿色器官光合日变化特征[J].生态学报,2011, 31(5):1312-1322.
[6]叶子飘,杨小龙,康华靖.C3和C4植物光能利用效率和水分利用效率的比较研究[J].浙江农业学报,2016,28(11):1867-1873.
[7]刘强,葛鑫,于松溪,等.氮肥运筹对强筋小麦济南17群体结构和产量的影响[J].耕作与栽培, 2003(5):7-9.
[8]陈慧,黄振江,王冀川,等.水氮耦合对滴灌冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2018,55(1):44-56.
[9]王志强,李会,徐心志,等.氮肥水平对限制灌溉下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2015,35(6):806-812.
[10]史力超,翟勇,王雪艳,等.基于叶片SPAD值的滴灌春小麦氮肥分期施用推荐模型[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):103-107.
[11] Hikosaka K. Interspecific difference in the photosynthesisnitrogen relationship:patterns, physiological causes, and ecological importance.[J].Journal of Plant Research,2004,117(6):481-494.
[12]李姗姗,赵广才,常旭虹,等.追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及其相关生理指标的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2008, 28(3):461-465.
[13]李春喜,姜丽娜.小麦氮素营养与后期衰老关系的研究[J].麦类作物学报, 2000, 20(2):39-41.
[14]李凤楼,宋美丽,冯毅,等.施肥量与氮肥基追比对西农979产量和品质的效应[J].麦类作物学报, 2010, 30(3):482-487.
[15]王冀川.新疆小麦滴灌技术的应用与存在问题[A]. Intelligent Information Technology Application Association.Agricultural and Natural Resources Engineering(ANRE2011 ABE V3)[C].Intelligent Information Technology Application Association:智能信息技术应用学会,2011:8.
[16]冯波,刘延忠,孔令安,等.氮肥运筹对垄作小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2008, 28(1):107-112.
[17]张娟,张永丽,武同华,等.氮肥底追比例对超高产栽培中小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2011, 31(3):508-513.
[18]宋任祥,钱兆国,王鑫,等.氮肥运筹对优质小麦光合速率及产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 2003, 31(1):135-136.
[19]张松超,陈慧,黄振江,等.水氮耦合对滴灌春小麦干物质积累分配与运转规律的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(19):38-42.
[2]王冀川,杨正华.新疆小麦栽培研究与技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2015:3.
[3]薛丽华.新疆滴灌小麦的生产应用与研究进展[A].中国作物学会栽培专业委员会小麦学组.第十五次中国小麦栽培科学学术研讨会论文集[C].中国作物学会栽培专业委员会小麦学组:中国作物学会,2012:3.
[4]李青军,赖宁,耿庆龙,等.不同灌溉方式下冬小麦和春小麦施肥现状与评价[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(5):893-900.
[5]张永平,张英华,王志敏.不同供水条件下冬小麦叶与非叶绿色器官光合日变化特征[J].生态学报,2011, 31(5):1312-1322.
[6]叶子飘,杨小龙,康华靖.C3和C4植物光能利用效率和水分利用效率的比较研究[J].浙江农业学报,2016,28(11):1867-1873.
[7]刘强,葛鑫,于松溪,等.氮肥运筹对强筋小麦济南17群体结构和产量的影响[J].耕作与栽培, 2003(5):7-9.
[8]陈慧,黄振江,王冀川,等.水氮耦合对滴灌冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2018,55(1):44-56.
[9]王志强,李会,徐心志,等.氮肥水平对限制灌溉下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2015,35(6):806-812.
[10]史力超,翟勇,王雪艳,等.基于叶片SPAD值的滴灌春小麦氮肥分期施用推荐模型[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):103-107.
[11] Hikosaka K. Interspecific difference in the photosynthesisnitrogen relationship:patterns, physiological causes, and ecological importance.[J].Journal of Plant Research,2004,117(6):481-494.
[12]李姗姗,赵广才,常旭虹,等.追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及其相关生理指标的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2008, 28(3):461-465.
[13]李春喜,姜丽娜.小麦氮素营养与后期衰老关系的研究[J].麦类作物学报, 2000, 20(2):39-41.
[14]李凤楼,宋美丽,冯毅,等.施肥量与氮肥基追比对西农979产量和品质的效应[J].麦类作物学报, 2010, 30(3):482-487.
[15]王冀川.新疆小麦滴灌技术的应用与存在问题[A]. Intelligent Information Technology Application Association.Agricultural and Natural Resources Engineering(ANRE2011 ABE V3)[C].Intelligent Information Technology Application Association:智能信息技术应用学会,2011:8.
[16]冯波,刘延忠,孔令安,等.氮肥运筹对垄作小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2008, 28(1):107-112.
[17]张娟,张永丽,武同华,等.氮肥底追比例对超高产栽培中小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2011, 31(3):508-513.
[18]宋任祥,钱兆国,王鑫,等.氮肥运筹对优质小麦光合速率及产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 2003, 31(1):135-136.
[19]张松超,陈慧,黄振江,等.水氮耦合对滴灌春小麦干物质积累分配与运转规律的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(19):38-42.