气体火花开关电极的溅射特性
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摘要
电极烧蚀和颗粒溅射是影响气体火花开关绝缘性能和工作可靠性的主要因素之一,为进一步研究其电极烧蚀及颗粒溅射特性。利用充气式真空动态平台开展不同材料(Mo、WCu)电极间的大电流放电实验并利用扫描电镜进行分析。结果表明:无论作为阳极还是阴极,WCu在前500次放电过程中都比Mo更早出现烧蚀痕迹,甚至首次放电即产生4μm溅射颗粒;50次放电后,阴阳极间开始出现相互颗粒溅射,且分布范围随放电次数增加逐步扩大到距阴极孔边缘1 mm左右的区域。这表明采用电极烧蚀率作为衡量材料的耐烧蚀性能的单一指标是存在缺陷的,其无法排除电极间溅射颗粒质量的影响,而溅射颗粒由于其分布广、易脱落等特点成为影响开关绝缘性能的关键因素。
Electrode erosion and particulate sputtering would be inevitable in gas spark gap, which could affect its dielectric performance and reliability. To analyze the process of electrode-to-electrode sputtering in gas spark gap,we conducted discharge experiments between Mo and WCu electrodes in the inflatable vacuum dynamic system and analyzed the results with SEM. Results indicated that WCu, no matter as anode or cathode, turned out to be more easily and early eroded than Mo in their first 500 shots and even sputtered 4 μm particles after only one shot. Anode and cathode began sputtering particles to each other after 50 shots, and its distribution range extended to the region 1 mm apart from cathode hole. Consequently, it was imperfect that electrode erosion rate acted as single index to estimate the anti-erosion performance of electrode, which hardly eliminated sputtering particles' effects. Sputtering particles, scattered widely and shed easily, could be the key factor to influence dielectric performance of the gap.
Electrode erosion and particulate sputtering would be inevitable in gas spark gap, which could affect its dielectric performance and reliability. To analyze the process of electrode-to-electrode sputtering in gas spark gap,we conducted discharge experiments between Mo and WCu electrodes in the inflatable vacuum dynamic system and analyzed the results with SEM. Results indicated that WCu, no matter as anode or cathode, turned out to be more easily and early eroded than Mo in their first 500 shots and even sputtered 4 μm particles after only one shot. Anode and cathode began sputtering particles to each other after 50 shots, and its distribution range extended to the region 1 mm apart from cathode hole. Consequently, it was imperfect that electrode erosion rate acted as single index to estimate the anti-erosion performance of electrode, which hardly eliminated sputtering particles' effects. Sputtering particles, scattered widely and shed easily, could be the key factor to influence dielectric performance of the gap.
引文
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[2]LI N N,WU Z,LIU J L,et al.Study of the effective field emitting angle for an individual carbon nanotube[J].Journal of the Korean Physical Society,2013,63(6):1213-1217.
[3]王虎,危瑾,常家森,等.场畸变气体开关寿命预测[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(19):153-159.WANG Hu,WEI Jin,CHANG Jiasen,et al.Lifetime prediction of field-distortion gas switch[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(19):153-159.
[4]FORBESR G,EDGCOMBE C J,VALDRE U.Some comments on models for field enhancement[J].Ultramicroscopy,2003,95(1/4):57-65.
[5]曾晗,林福昌,蔡礼,等.石墨电极烧蚀机理及实验[J].电工技术学报,2013,28(1):43-49.ZENG Han,LIN Fuchang,CAI Li,et al.Mechanism and experiment of graphite electrode erosion[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2013,28(1):43-49.
[6]ZENG H,LI F C,CAI L,et al.Study on erosion mechanism of graphite electrode in two-electrode spark gap switch[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,2012,83(1):013504.
[7]罗敏,江金生,常安碧,等.高功率气体火花开关电极烧蚀机理研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2004,16(6):781-786.LUO Min,JIANG Jinsheng,CHANG Anbi,et al.Study on mechanism of electrode erosion of high-power gas spark switch[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2004,16(6):781-786.
[8]ENGEL T G,WESTER S L,KRISTIANSEN M.Review of the mechanisms of electrode and insulator erosion and degradation in high current arc environments[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1995,31(1):709-713.
[9]SHOWALTER V.Cathode erosion in high-current high-pressure arc[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2003,36(6):704-712.
[10]WU J W,HAN R Y,DING W D,et al.Electrode erosion characteristics of repetitive long-life gas spark switch under airtight conditions[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2015,43(10):3425-3433.
[11]吴佳玮,丁卫东,韩若愚,等.封腔体、大电流条件下重复频率长寿命气体开关的烧蚀特性[J].高电压技术,2014,40(10):3235-3242.WU Jiawei,DING Weidong,HAN Ruoyu,et al.Electrode erosion of repetive long-life gas spark switch with large current[J].High Voltage Engineering,2014,40(10):3235-3242.
[12]WANG L J,HUANG X L,JIA S L,et al.Experimental investigation of electrode erosion of trigatron in microsecond arc discharge process[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2014,42(5):1393-1399.
[13]谢昌明,谈效华,杜涛,等.气体火花开关电极烧蚀研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2014,26(1):015003.XIE Changming,TAN Xiaohua,DU Tao,et al.Electrode erosion research of gas spark gap[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2014,26(1):015003.
[14]INSEPOV Z,NOREM J.Can surface cracks and unipolar arcs explain breakdown and gradient limits?[J].Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A,2013,31(1):011302.
[15]蔡礼,林福昌,李黎.触发管型气体开关的导通机制[J].高电压技术,2014,40(4):1275-1280.CAI Li,LIN Fuchang,LI Li.Discussion of breakdown mechanism in gas-insulated trigatron switches[J].High Voltage Engineering,2014,40(4):1275-1280.
[16]刘善红,刘轩东,李志兵,等.火花放电喷射等离子体触发气体开关导通特性及工作模式分析[J].高电压技术,2015,41(6):1830-1836.LIU Shanhong,LIU Xuandong,LI Zhibing,et al.Discharge characteristics and working modes of a gas switch ignited by spark-discharge ejected plasma[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(6):1830-1836.